विकिपिडिया:IPA for Catalan

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Catalan language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. There are two major standards, one of Catalan (based in Barcelona, encompassing most Eastern Catalan features) and one of Valencian (based in Southern Valencia, encompassing most Western Catalan features). Neither variant is preferred over the other at Wikipedia except in cases where a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant (such as a place in the Valencian Community or a Catalan artist). See Catalan phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Catalan. IPA Consonants Catalonia Valencian Community Examples English equivalentb ca bèstia; ca capgròsVoiced obstruents /b d g v z dz ʒ dʒ/ are devoiced ([p t̪ t k f s ts ɕ ʃ tɕ tʃ]) at the end of an utterance. In some dialects (particularly North-Western Catalan and Central Catalan), /p t k/ and /b/ may be elided when occurring utterance-finally after a nasal consonant (e.g. amb, seient, sang), in the case of t̪ t, in some of these dialects, this has extended also after liquids (e.g. alt, hort).bestβca rebost; ca cabraIn Catalan and Valencian, /b d ɡ/ become lenited [β ð ɣ] (that is, fricatives or approximants of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a continuant. Otherwise they are pronounced as voiced (or devoiced) stops, not dissimilar to English b, d, g and p, t, k. Exceptions include d̪ d after a lateral consonant, and b after /f/. In regular speech in Valencian, intervocalic ð may be elided (e.g. fideuada/fideuà).between baby and bevyd̪ d ca dit; ca atmosferaVoiced obstruents are devoiced word-finallydeadðca fada; ca pedrathisfca fase; ca salvfaceɡca gros; ca guix; ca anècdota In most of Majorcan the velar plosives, /k/ and /g/, become palatal, c and ɟ, before front vowels (/i e ɛ a/) and word-finally (e.g. figuera [fiˈɟeɾə], sac [ˈsac]) in some of these dialects, this has extended to all environments except before liquids and back vowels; e.g. sang [ˈsaɲс].gotɣca magatzem; ca agraït; ca figuerabetween go and aholdkca cor; quan; ca quinze; ca mags; ca kelvinscanɫlca laca; ca tela; ca motlle/motle; ca cel·laCatalan orthography distinguishes between ‹ll› (representing ʎ), and ‹l·l› (representing a geminated /lː/). In regular speech gemination of ‹l·l› is ignored altogether.‹l› is always dark ɫ in Eastern Catalan. In other dialects, like Valencian, it may vary allophonically with the alveolar lateral approximant, l~ɫ, as it does in English. In Catalan and Valencian, /l/ is assimilated to ʎ before palatal consonants (e.g. Elx, àlgid), and in La Franja Catalan (Aragon) /l/ is palatalized to ʎ in consonant clusters, such as /bl pl gl kl fl/; e.g. plou [ˈpʎɔw].wool or luckɫca alt; ca rínxolwoolʎca llop; ca cella ca ull; ca motlle/motle; ca Elxroughly like millionmca mare; ca setmana; ca ínfim; ca enmigThe nasal consonants /n m ɲ/ only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, /n/ assimilates to the consonant's place of articulation (e.g. ŋ occurs before a velar consonant, ɲ before a palatal consonant, m before a labial consonant, while n is found elsewhere).mothernca nou; ca cotna; ca sonneedŋca sang; ca cinc; ca conquerir; ca sagnasingɲ ca vinya; ca any; ca arranjar; ca engegarroughly like canyonpca parlar; ca tubspouserrca roba; ca mirra; ca enrenou; ca contrarestarThe rhotic consonants ɾ ‹r› and r ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r› with, r occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, in compounds and at the end of an utterance; ɾ is found elsewhere. Utterance-final /r/ is pronounced as ɾ in Valencian. In all Catalan dialects, except most of Valencian, word final /r/ is generally dropped (e.g. parlar [pərˈɫa], fer [ˈfe]), still and all there are many exceptions (e.g. per [pər]). In most cases, word final ‹r› is pronounced when the following word begins with a vowel (e.g. fer-hi [ˈfeɾi]; notice here intervocalic ‹r› is a tap, ɾ). trilled rɾca hort; ca perladder in American English ɾca mira; ca brut; ca fer-hisca set; ca tassa; ca ascens; ca cel; ca caça; ca brunz In Catalan and Valencian an assimilation process occurs wherein two identical sibilants appearing in sequence within a word are reduced to a single consonant. For details, see Catalan orthography.sacktssca tsar; ca tsugaIn some dialects, /dz/ is deaffricated to z in verbal forms ending in -itzar; e.g. analitzar [ənəɫiˈza]/[analiˈza(ɾ)]. Similarly, /ts/, which only occurs word-initially in loanwords (e.g. tsar, tsuga) is deaffricated in these dialects.cats or sacktsca potser; ca tots; ca fluidscatsɕ ʃɕ ʃca Xixona; ca caixa; ca peixThe pronunciation of words with the digraph ‹ix› varies; an absent j is generally more common in Eastern Catalan dialects (e.g. caixa [ˈkaʃə]) and j-retention is more common in Valencian and North-Western Catalan (e.g. caixa [ˈkajʃa]), though there are exceptions.While /ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ/ are often described simply as "postalveolar" by many sources, phonetic work done by Daniel Recasens shows the postalveolar sibilants to be alveolo-palatal (ɕ, ʑ, tɕ and dʑ, respectively). Nevertheless, since ‹ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ› are overwhelmingly used in the linguistic literature on Catalan and Valencian, those characters are also used at Wikipedia.sheeptɕ tʃca xec; ca clenxa; ca ponxsheep or chintɕ tʃca fletxa; ca despatx; ca txec; ca raigchint̪ tca tothom; ca fredstandvca viu; ca blava; ca afganesa; ca wattSeveral dialects have v as a separate phoneme, in particular, Balearic, Alguerese, standard Valencian, and certain parts of Tarragona; e.g. viu [ˈviw]. Betacism (that is, merging of /b/ and /v/) is general in the rest of Catalan areas (e.g. viu [ˈbiw]).vealzca zel; ca onze; ca casa; ca trànsit; ca feliçmentzebradzzca analitzar; ca localitzaciópads or zebradzca dotze; ca atzar; ca tots alhorapadsʑ ʒʑ ʒca caixmir; ca peix espasavisiondʑ dʒca joc; ca gent; ca suggerirvision or genedʑ dʒca metge; ca platja; ca adjunt; ca raig esbiaixatgene IPA Marginal consonantsMarginal consonants are found in loanwords, largely from Spanish but also from Caló, Arabic, Hebrew, Greek, English, German, etc.θca Zapatero; ca thetathinghca hegelià; ca ehem; ca Sàhara Other than in loanwords and interjections, the letter ‹h› is always silent.hamxca Jaén; ca kharja; ca Hanukkàloch IPA VowelsAll Catalan dialects contrast seven stressed vowels /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/ (though Balearic, especially Majorcan, contrasts eight stressed vowels; the former ones, plus ə). In Alguerese and Northern Catalan open-mid and close-mid vowels may merge into mid vowels [e̞] and [o̞]. In unstressed position, the seven-way vowel contrast is reduced in all dialects. Eastern Catalan (Central Catalan, Northern Catalan, Balearic and Alguerese): /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ reduce to ə (though in Alguerese /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ merge to ä a) while /o/ and /ɔ/ reduce to u (however, in most of Majorcan /ɔ/ and /o/ merge to o). Western Catalan (North-Western Catalan and Valencian): /ɛ/ reduces to e and /ɔ/ reduces to o. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ‹e› and ‹o› may reduce to ä a and u respectively. Furthermore, unstressed ‹e› may reduce to i in some other cases. In these dialects, open-mid vowels ɛ and ɔ can also appear in unstressed syllables. In Catalan and Valencian occurs synalepha (that is the merging of two syllables into one). A synalepha may be produced either by elision (when combining two non-high vowels): una hora [ˈunˈɔɾə]/[ˈunˈɔɾa]; or by diphthongization (when combining any vowel with high vowels); e.g. posa-hi [ˈpɔzəj]/[ˈpɔzaj]. Catalonia Valencian Community Examples English equivalentä aca sac; ca ràpidWhile in most dialects /a/ is central ä, it is front a in many Balearic dialects.fatherɛɛca mel; ca pèl; ca presènciaThe mid-open vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are lower in Valencian and most Balearic dialects, that is, in these dialects the phonetic realization of /ɛ/ approaches æ, while /ɔ/ is as low as ɒ.bedeca secIn most of Balearic, especially Majorcan, ə can appear in stressed position; e.g. sec [ˈsəc]. This corresponds to stressed ɛ or e in other dialects. ca cafè/café; ca Valènciabed or payeca séc; ca anellspayəä aca dona; ca terraMany Valencian dialects feature a sort of vowel harmony when a syllable with stressed ɛ or ɔ precedes another syllable with unstressed ä a or e; e.g. dona/es [ˈdɔnɔ(s)]~[ˈdɔnɛ(s)] and terra/es [ˈtɛrɛ(s)]~[ˈtɛrɔ(s)]. ca envejaIn some Valencian and North-Western Catalan dialects there are some instances where unstressed ‹e› and ‹o› may be reduced: Unstressed ‹e› merges with ä a before a nasal or sibilant consonant (e.g. enveja, espill, eixugar), in monosyllabic clitics, and in some environments before any consonant (e.g. terròs, clevill, trepitjar). Likewise, unstressed ‹e› merges into i, in lexical derivation with -eixement/-aixement (e.g. coneixement). In some subvarieties /e/ is raised to i in all instances when in contact with palatal consonants; e.g. senyor [siˈɲo(ɾ)]. Unstressed ‹o› merges with u before a bilabial consonant (e.g. cobert), when it precedes a stressed syllable with a high vowel (e.g. conill), in contact with palatal consonants (e.g. Josep), and in monosyllabic clitics. ca LleidaIn North-Western Catalan word final unstress ‹a› and ‹e› may reduce to ɛ; e.g. Lleida [ˈʎejðɛ], dona/es [ˈdɔnɛ(s)]; terra/es [ˈtɛrɛ(s)].about or fathereca dones; ca terres ca amb; ca cantavaIn most of Valencian, preposition amb merges with en. Also, some verbal forms ending in unstressed ‹a› are pronounced as e (e.g. verbs in third person singular: cantava, cantaria, canta, thus in Valencian first person singular (jo) cantava [kanˈtava] contrasts with third person singular (ell) cantava [kanˈtave], a similar process also occurs with gender neutral words; e.g. artista (m.) [aɾˈtiste] and artista (f.) [aɾˈtista]).about or payica coneixement; ca creixementabout or see ica sis; ca ties; ca veí; ca raïmseeɔɔca soc; ca mòlt; ca aixòrawoca contra; ca colze; ca peròraw or codeoca sóc; ca moltcodeuoca oratge; ca ferro; ca baixos; ca posar-hofood or codeuca cobert; ca conill; ca Josep; ca ho posafood ca suc; ca múscul; ca dues; ca reüll IPA Marginal vowelsMarginal vowels are found in Northern Catalan in loanwords and interferences from Occitan and French.yca but; ca Gruyère; ca mülleriàroughly like cute (NC)ø̞ øca fulles; ca agulla; ca ajudaIn Northern Catalan /u/ becomes ø̞ ø in some instances in contact with palatal consonants (e.g. fulles [ˈføjəs]~[ˈfuʎəs]). In other cases it may appear in French interferences, such as sœur or jeunesse (instead of Catalan germana and joventut).roughly like bird (NC)   IPA SemivowelsThe semivowels w and j can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs. Catalonia Valencian Community Examples English equivalentjca iode; ca seient; ca posa-hi; ca keynesiàyou or boywca creuar; ca freqüent; ca posa-ho; ca webwine or cow   IPA Suprasegmentals Catalonia Valencian Community Examples Explanationˈ rínxol [ˈriɲʃuɫ] (C) / [ˈriɲtʃoɫ] (V)primary stressˌ capgròs [ˌkabˈgɾɔs] (C/V)secondary stress. ties [ˈti.əs] (C) / [ˈti.es] (V)syllable breakː cotna [ˈkonːə] (C) / [ˈkonːa] (V)geminationSonorants /m n l ʎ/ (except /ɲ/) are the most common geminated consonants (e.g. setmana, cotna), /ʎː/ does not occur in Valencian and Balearic Catalan (e.g. motlle/motle). In north-western and eastern varieties plosives /b/ and /g/ may also be geminated in certain environments, instead of usual lenition (e.g. poble [ˈpɔbːɫə], regla [ˈregːɫə]). Moreover affricates are particularly long in intervocalic position in many dialects; e.g. metge [ˈmeddʒə]. Notes 3 See also Catalan phonology References Catalan Burguet Ardiaca Francesc 1980 Introducció a la fonologia, fonètica i ortografia del català Mataró (Barcelona) Robrenyo 84-7466-025-4 Carbonell Joan F. Llisterri Joaquim 1992 Catalan Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 1-2 53–56 Recasens i Vives Daniel 1991 Fonètica descriptiva del català : assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i consonantisme del català al segle XX Institut d'Estudis Catalans 8472831728 Romeu i Juvé Xavier 1983 Manual de fonologia catalana Barcelona Barcanova 847533119X Veny Joan 1978 Els Parlars Barcelona Dopesa 8472353885 Wheeler Max W 2005 The Phonology Of Catalan https://archive.org/details/phonologyofcatal0000whee Oxford Oxford University Press 0199258147 Valencian http://www.avl.gva.es/PDF/Diccionari/Oral.pdf Pronunciació valenciana] L'estàndard oral valencià Valencia Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL) Catalan