महापरियोजना

ऐसी परियोजना को महापरियोजना या मेगाप्रोजेक्ट (megaproject) कहते हैं जिसमें अत्यन्त बड़े स्तर निवेश (investment) करने की जरूरत पड़ती है। प्राय: एक बिलियन अमेरिकी डालर से भी अधिक खर्च वाले परियोजनाओं को महापरियोजना की श्रेणी में रखा जाता है। इन पर जनता का बहुत ध्यान भी आकर्षित होता है क्योंकि इनका आम जनता, पर्यावरण एवं देश की अर्थव्यवस्था पर बड़ा असर पड़ने की सम्भावना रहती है। दूसरे शब्दों में महापरियोजना उस पहल (इनिशिएटिव) को कहते हैं जिनमें कुछ भौतिक चीज बनने वाली हो, जो बहुत खर्चीली हो और जो सार्वजनिक हो। पुल, सुरंग, राजमार्ग, रेलपथ, हवाई अड्डे, समुद्री पत्तन, उर्जा संयंत्र, बांध, विशेष आर्थिक क्षेत्र (SEZ), तेल एवं प्राकृतिक गैस निकालना, वायु-अन्तरिक्ष परियोजना, अस्त्र-प्रणाली परियोजना आदि महापरियोजना की श्रेणी में आ सकतीं हैं। उदाहरण नीचे महापरियोजनाओं के प्रमुख उदाहरण दिये गये हैं- वायु-अन्तरिक्ष परियोजनाएँ thumb|200px|यूरोफाइटर टाइफून F2, रॉयल एयरफोर्स चन्द्रयान, (भारत) (२००९) एयरबस ए380 (2007) B-2 Spirit (1997) बोइंग 747 (1970) Eurofighter Typhoon (2003) F-22 Raptor (2005) Joint Strike Fighter (In progress) KH-11 reconnaissance satellite (1976-1990) हवाई अड्डे की परियोजनाएँ right|thumb|200px|Kansai Airport Abu Dhabi International Airport, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Alcochete Airport, Portugal Athens International Airport, Athens, Greece Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi, India Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai, India Beijing Capital International Airport, Beijing, People's Republic of China Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport, Berlin, Germany Cape Town International Airport, Cape Town, South Africa Denver International Airport, Denver, Colorado, USA Diosdado Macapagal International Airport, Angeles City, Philippines Dubai International Airport, Dubai, UAE Dubai World Central International Airport, Jebel Ali, UAE Frankfurt Airport, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China Incheon International Airport, Incheon, South Korea Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Hong Kong International Airport, Hong Kong, China Kansai International Airport, Japan King Shaka International Airport, Durban, South Africa Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia London Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5, London, UK Long Thanh International Airport, Vietnam Madrid Barajas International Airport, Madrid, Spain O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois, USA OR Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg, South Africa Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok, Thailand New Doha International Airport, Doha, Qatar भवन परियोजनाएँ World Trade Center, New York City, New York (1973) Berlin Hauptbahnhof (Central Station), Berlin, Germany (2006) बुर्ज खलीफा, दुबई, संयुक्त अरब अमीरात (2009) Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, USA (1978) Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, USA (2009) Pagcor Tower, Manila, Philippines (Est. 2012) Jakarta Tower, Jakarta, Indonesia (Est. 2011) Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania (1989) Parliament House, Canberra, Australia (1988) Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1998) Sydney Opera House, Australia (1973) Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (2004) The new Wembley Stadium in London, UK (2007) CN Tower, Toronto, Canada (1976) Sears Tower, Chicago, USA (1973) Empire State building, New York City, USA (1931) नहर परियोजनाएँ Arabian Canal, United Arab Emirates Danube-Black Sea Canal, Romania Erie Canal, New York Grand Canal, China Grand Korean Waterway Kiel Canal, Germany पनामा नहर, पनामा स्वेज नहर, मिश्र Welland Canal, Ontario, Canada Sanitary and Ship Canal, Chicago, Illinois सेतु नहर, भारत बांध परियोजनाएँ thumb|200px|The Hoover Dam Aswan Dam, Egypt Katse Dam, Lesotho Alqueva, Portugal Hoover Dam, USA Itaipu, Brazil/Paraguay Sayano–Shushenskaya Dam, Russia (1961-78) Three Gorges Dam, China Tennessee Valley Authority, USA The Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Project, Iceland Tehri Dam, India Bakun Dam, Sarawak Bhakra Dam, India रक्षा परियोजनाएँ thumb|200px|The Great Wall of China चीन की महान दीवार Maginot Line Hadrian's Wall, UK स्टार वार (Strategic Defense Initiative) (कभी पूर्णत: लागू नहीं हुई) मैनहट्टन परियोजना Željava Air Base अन्तरराष्ट्रीय खेलकूद की परियोजनाएँ Cricket World Cup FIFA World Cup Olympic Games Rugby World Cup सूचना तकनीकी परियोजनाएँ Enabling Grids for E-sciencE: Multi-science Grid infrastructure for the European Research Area. Already largest multi-science Grid infrastructure in the world and expected to greatly expand once the LHC is completed. National Programme for IT for England's National Health Service Navy/Marine Corps Intranet IBM 360 The National Broadband Network, a FTTP network under construction in Australia, proposing to reach 90% of homes. तेल एवं गैस की परियोजनाएँ Oil Megaprojects thumb|200px|The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System runs from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Alaska Gorgon gas project Southstream pipeline Athabasca Oil Sands Corrib Gas Project Hibernia Nord Stream Sakhalin-I Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Peregrino Jamnagar Refinery World's Largest Greenfield Refinery, India पत्तन परियोजनाएँ Punta Colonet in Baja California, Mexico Port of Rotterdam Yangshan port. Port of Sines, Portugal रेलपथ एवं तीव्र आवागमन परियोजनाएँ thumb|200px|The Channel Tunnel under the English Channel linking the United Kingdom and France. Beijing Subway, Beijing, People's Republic of China Athens Metro, Athens, Greece Bay Area Rapid Transit System, San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA Canada Line in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Crossrail, London, UK North West Metro between the CBD and Northwestern suburbs of Sydney, Australia Channel tunnel between France and the UK Delhi Metro, New Delhi, India Dubai Metro in Dubai Gautrain in Gauteng, South Africa between Johannesburg and Pretoria Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland. Great Belt Fixed Link, Denmark Mumbai Metro, India High Speed 1, Ebbsfleet International, London, UK High-speed railway to Jerusalem, (Israel Railways), Israel London Underground Namma Metro, India Marmaray in Istanbul, Turkey, an express railway system connecting Europe and Asia under waters of Bosphorus. Qingzang railway in Qinghai and Tibet, China Seattle Light Rail, Seattle, USA Second Avenue Subway, New York City, USA Seikan Tunnel in Japan Shanghai Metro, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit, Jakarta, Indonesia Transcontinental railroads Washington Metro, Washington, D.C., USA Kolkata Metro, India Transit City, Toronto, Canada Taiwan High Speed Rail, Taiwan, ROC सड़क यातायात की परियोजनाएँ thumb|200px|Oresund Bridge, linking Denmark and Sweden Bang Na Expressway, Thailand, Bang Na Expressway- World's longest bridge by one reading (most of it isn't a bridge.) Sunda Strait Bridge, Indonesia, Southeast-asian longest oversea bridge Rio-Antirio Bridge, Greece, Europe's largest cable-stayed bridge Rio-Niterói Bridge, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Egnatia Odos, Greece A1 (Croatia) between Zagreb and Split, with extension being built to Dubrovnik, Croatia A3 motorway (Romania) between Braşov and Oradea A4 motorway (Romania) between Iaşi and Târgu Mureş Bundesautobahn 20, Germany Central Artery/Tunnel Project, more popularly known as the "Big Dig"), Boston, Massachusetts, USADan McNichol and Andy Ryan, The Big Dig, Silver Lining Press, 1991 National Highways Development Project, India Port Tunnel Dublin, Republic of Ireland Expressway Network of the People's Republic of China Fehmarn Belt bridge and its connections on land, linking Denmark and Germany Interstate Highway System, United States of America Millau Viaduct, France Oresund Bridge and its connections on land, like the City Tunnel, Malmö. Roman road system of antiquity Vasco da Gama Bridge, Portugal, Europe's largest bridge Karakoram Highway, Pakistan, Highest paved international road in the world विज्ञान की परियोजनाएँ 200px|right|thumb|Apollo Program Saturn V awaiting launch. International Space Station, multinational space station in low Earth orbit (1998-2016) ITER International nuclear fusion project, in France (Est. 2018) Large Hadron Collider 14 TeV particle accelerator, in Switzerland and France (2008) सुपरकंडक्टिंग सुपर कोलाइडर (Superconducting Super Collider), canceled 40 TeV particle accelerator, in Texas (1991-1993) मैनहट्टन परियोजना (Manhattan Project), संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका (1945) अपोलो परियोजना (1960-1975) Soviet Moonshot, canceled moon landing program (1962-1969) Project Constellation, planned moon landing spacecraft and space shuttle replacement (Ongoing) Space Shuttle program (1972-2010) Buran program, canceled space shuttle program (1980-1993) मानव जीनोम परियोजना (Human Genome Project), - मानव के आनुवांशिक कूट (human genetic code) तैयार करने की परियोजना (वर्तमान) नगरीय परियोजनाएँ HafenCity in Hamburg, Germany Brasília in Brazil Jakarta Waterfront City, in Jakarta, Indonesia Satrio International Tourism and Shopping belt, in Jakarta, Indonesia Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City, Mexico Dubailand in Dubai Esplanada City Center, Bucharest, Romania Expo 98/Park of the Nations in Lisbon, Portugal Iskandar Development Region in Johor, Malaysia Putrajaya, Malaysia King Abdullah Economic City, Saudi Arabia La Défense in Paris, France Liverpool One, Liverpool, England Lusail City, Doha, Qatar Moscow-City in Moscow, Russia New Songdo City in Incheon, South Korea Okhta Center in Saint Petersburg, Russia Pagcor City in Metro Manila, The Philippines Palm Islands, The World (archipelago) and Dubai Waterfront in Dubai Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, Germany Project CityCenter in Las Vegas, USA Victoria & Alfred Waterfront, Cape Town, South Africa Dublin Docklands in Dublin, Republic of Ireland जल आधारभूत संरचना सम्बन्धी परियोजनाएँ thumb|200px|The Chicago River at night Chicago River reversing its course, Chicago Deep Tunnel Project, Chicago Delta Works, Netherlands East Bay Municipal Utility District in Oakland, California, USAEnvironmental Impact Statement for the East Bay Municipal Utility District Wet Weather Overflow Project, EMI prepared for the U.S. EPA and East Bay Municipal Utility District, Oakland, Ca. (1985) Great Manmade River, Libya G-Cans project, Saitama, Japan HaMovil HaArtzi (National Water Carrier), Israel MOSE Project, Venice, Italy Zuiderzee Works, Netherlands New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, New York, New York Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Snowy Mountains Scheme in New South Wales/Victoria, Australia South-North Water Transfer Project, China State Water Project, California Thames Tideway Scheme, London, United Kingdom Thames Barrier, London, United Kingdom जलवायु एवं पर्यावरण सम्बन्धी परियोजनाएँ Proposed sahara forest project Seawater Greenhouse Great Plains Shelterbelt Green Wall of China Aerially Delivered Re-forestation and Erosion Control System इन्हें भी देखें महाविज्ञान महासंरचना (Megastructure) समष्टि-इंजीनियरी (Macro-engineering) महापरियोजनाओं की सूची सन्दर्भ बाहरी कड़ियाँ What is a megaproject? Borovoye-Biocity — megaproject of Bionic City for Kazakhstan — S. Rastorguev, M. Kudryashov, 2008 श्रेणी:इंजीनियरी परियोजनाएँ