आर (प्रोग्रामन भाषा)

आर (R) R logo.svg 1993 08https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Interface98.pdf R : Past and Future History Ross Ihaka Statistics Department, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Interface '98 1998 23 जनवरी 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190128143013/https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/%7Eihaka/downloads/Interface98.pdf 28 जनवरी 2019 no Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman R Core Teamhttps://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html#What-is-R_003f R FAQ 2.1 What is R? November 26, 2015 Kurt Hornik The Comprehensive R Archive Network 2018-08-05 https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085359/http://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html#What-is-R_003f 9 जुलाई 2011 dead Dynamic Juliahttps://docs.julialang.org/en/stable/manual/introduction/#man-introduction-1 Introduction The Julia Manual 2018-08-05 https://web.archive.org/web/20180620172516/https://docs.julialang.org/en/stable/manual/introduction/#man-introduction-1#man-introduction-1 20 June 2018 dead dmy-all GNU GPL v2https://www.r-project.org/COPYING R license r-project 2018-08-05 https://web.archive.org/web/20190113171101/http://www.r-project.org/COPYING 13 जनवरी 2019 dead R Programming Multi-paradigm: Array, object-oriented, imperative, functional, procedural, reflective 3.5.2 ("Eggshell Igloo")https://CRAN.R-project.org/ The Comprehensive R Archive Network 2018-12-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20190123091845/https://cran.r-project.org/ 23 जनवरी 2019 dead 2018 12 20 Common Lisp S Scheme XLispStat .r, .R, .RData, .rds, .rda आर (R) कम्प्यूटर की एक प्रोग्रामन भाषा है जो विशेषत: सांख्यिकी से संबन्धित गणना करने एवं ग्राफ आदि बनाने हेतु उपयोगी है। यह भाषा विश्व के सांख्यिकीविदों में सांख्यिकी से सम्बन्धित सॉफ्ट्वेयरों के निर्माण के लिये मानक भाषा जैसे प्रचलित हो गयी है। उदाहरण मूलभूत सिन्टैक्स निम्नलिखित उदाहरण भाषा के मूल वाक्यविन्यास और कमांड-लाइन इंटरफ़ेस के उपयोग को दर्शाते हैं। In R, the generally preferred most used assignment operator in R is <- Writing R Extensions https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html#Tidying-R-code 2018-09-11 R Development Core Team [...] we recommend the consistent use of the preferred assignment operator ‘<-’ (rather than ‘=’) for assignment. https://web.archive.org/web/20190106160844/https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html#Tidying-R-code 6 जनवरी 2019 live Google's R Style Guide https://google.github.io/styleguide/Rguide.xml#assignment 2018-09-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20190111060407/https://google.github.io/styleguide/Rguide.xml#assignment 11 जनवरी 2019 live Wickham Hadley Style Guide http://stat405.had.co.nz/r-style.html 2018-09-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20190107005006/http://stat405.had.co.nz/r-style.html 7 जनवरी 2019 live Bengtsson Henrik R Coding Conventions (RCC) – a draft https://docs.google.com/document/preview?id=1esDVxyWvH8AsX-VJa-8oqWaHLs4stGlIbk8kLc5VlII&pli=1 2018-09-11 January 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20160319131206/https://docs.google.com/document/preview?id=1esDVxyWvH8AsX-VJa-8oqWaHLs4stGlIbk8kLc5VlII&pli=1 19 मार्च 2016 live assignment operator is an arrow made from two characters <-, although = can usually be used instead.R Development Core Team Assignments with the = Operator https://developer.r-project.org/equalAssign.html 2018-09-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20190108050445/http://developer.r-project.org/equalAssign.html 8 जनवरी 2019 live > x <- 1:6 # Create vector. > y <- x^2 # Create vector by formula. > print(y) # Print the vector’s contents. [1] 1 4 9 16 25 36 > mean(y) # Arithmetic mean of vector. [1] 15.16667 > var(y) # Sample variance of vector. [1] 178.9667 > model <- lm(y ~ x) # Linear regression model y = A + B * x. > print(model) # Print the model’s results. Call: lm(formula = y ~ x) Coefficients: (Intercept) x -9.333 7.000 > summary(model) # Display an in-depth summary of the model. Call: lm(formula = y ~ x) Residuals: 1 2 3 4 5 6 3.3333 -0.6667 -2.6667 -2.6667 -0.6667 3.3333 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) -9.3333 2.8441 -3.282 0.030453 * x 7.0000 0.7303 9.585 0.000662 *** --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Residual standard error: 3.055 on 4 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared: 0.9583, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9478 F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF, p-value: 0.000662 > par(mfrow = c(2, 2)) # Create a 2 by 2 layout for figures. > plot(model) # Output diagnostic plots of the model. Diagnostic plots from plotting “model” (q.v. “plot.lm()” function). Notice the mathematical notation allowed in labels (lower left plot). फ्ंक्शन की संरचना One of R’s strengths is the ease of creating new functions. Objects in the function body remain local to the function, and any data type may be returned.http://www.statmethods.net/management/userfunctions.html Quick-R: User-Defined Functions Robert Kabacoff 2012 2018-09-28 statmethods.net https://web.archive.org/web/20190107165538/https://www.statmethods.net/management/userfunctions.html 7 जनवरी 2019 dead Here is an example user-created function: # Declare function “f” with parameters “x”, “y“ # that returns a linear combination of x and y. f <- function(x, y) { z <- 3 * x + 4 * y return(z) } > f(1, 2) [1] 11 > f(c(1,2,3), c(5,3,4)) [1] 23 18 25 > f(1:3, 4) [1] 19 22 25 Mandelbrot set Short R code calculating Mandelbrot set through the first 20 iterations of equation z = z2 + c plotted for different complex constants c. This example demonstrates: use of community-developed external libraries (called packages), in this case caTools package handling of complex numbers multidimensional arrays of numbers used as basic data type, see variables C, Z and X. install.packages("caTools") # install external package library(caTools) # external package providing write.gif function jet.colors <- colorRampPalette(c("red", "blue", "#007FFF", "cyan", "#7FFF7F", "yellow", "#FF7F00", "red", "#7F0000")) dx <- 1500 # define width dy <- 1400 # define height C <- complex(real = rep(seq(-2.2, 1.0, length.out = dx), each = dy), imag = rep(seq(-1.2, 1.2, length.out = dy), dx)) C <- matrix(C, dy, dx) # reshape as square matrix of complex numbers Z <- 0 # initialize Z to zero X <- array(0, c(dy, dx, 20)) # initialize output 3D array for (k in 1:20) { # loop with 20 iterations Z <- Z^2 + C # the central difference equation X[, , k] <- exp(-abs(Z)) # capture results } write.gif(X, "Mandelbrot.gif", col = jet.colors, delay = 100) 400px|"Mandelbrot.gif" – graphics created in R with 14 lines of code in Example 2 बाहरी कड़ियाँ The R wiki is a community wiki for R. R books has an extensive list (with brief comments) of books related to R. The R Graphical Manualजून 2020 InternetArchiveBot provides a collection of R graphics from all R packages, as well as an index to all functions in all R packages. The R Wikibook. सन्दर्भ श्रेणी:प्रोग्रामन भाषा श्रेणी:सांख्यिकी सॉफ्टवेयर