प्रोग्रामिंग भाषाओं की तुलना

किसी मशीन (प्रायः संगणक) के व्यवहार को नियंत्रित करने के लिये प्रोग्रामिंग भाषाओं का प्रयोग किया जाता है। प्राकृतिक भाषाओं की भांति प्रोग्रामन भाषाओं के भी सिन्टैक्स और सिमैन्टिक्स होते हैं। इस समय हजारों प्रोग्रामन भाषाएं प्रकाश में हैं। इनमें से कुछ भाषाएँ बहुत लोकप्रिय हैं जिनको बहुत सारे लोक प्रयोग में लाते हैं। दूसरी तरफ यह भी सत्य है कि अनेक प्रोग्रामर दर्जनों भाषाओं में काम करते हैं। सामान्य तुलना भाषा प्रोग्रामिंग सम्बन्धी विशेषता मानकीकृत है? ActionScript 3.0 imperative, object-oriented, event-driven , ECMA Ada concurrent, distributed, generic, imperative, object-oriented , ANSI, ISO ALGOL 58 imperative ALGOL 60 imperative , ISO ALGOL 68 concurrent, imperative APL array-oriented , ISO BASIC procedural , ANSI BLISS procedural Boo सी imperative , ANSI C89, ISO C90/C99 सी++ imperative, object-oriented, generic , ISO C# imperative, object-oriented, generic, reflective , ECMA, ISO Chrome imperative, object-oriented, generic Clean functional, generic COBOL imperative, object-oriented ColdFusion procedural, object-oriented Common Lisp imperative, functional, object-oriented D imperative, object-oriented, generic Dylan functional, object-oriented Eiffel imperative, object-oriented, generic , ECMA, ISOECMA-367; ISO/IEC 25436:2006 Erlang functional, concurrent, distributed F# functional, object-oriented, imperative, generic Forth imperative, stack-oriented , ANSI Fortran imperative, procedural, object-oriented GraphTalk logic-oriented, object-oriented Groovy imperative, object-oriented, aspect-oriented Haskell functional, generic, lazy evaluation Io imperative, object-oriented J array-oriented, function-level, tacit जावा imperative, object-oriented, generic, reflective जावास्क्रिप्ट imperative, object-oriented, functional, reflective Joy functional, stack-oriented Lisp functional, reflective; others vary by dialect only Common Lisp Lua procedural, imperative, reflective Mathematica functional, procedural Modula-2 imperative, generic , ISO/IEC 10514-1:1996 Modula-3 imperative, object-oriented, generic Oberon imperative, object-oriented Objective-C imperative, object-oriented, reflective Objective Caml object-oriented, functional, imperative, generic Object Pascal (Delphi) imperative, object-oriented, generic Oz logic, functional, imperative, object-oriented, concurrent - multi paradigm Pascal imperative, procedural Perl procedural, reflective, functional, object-oriented PHP imperative, object-oriented, reflective Prolog logic , ISO Python imperative, object-oriented, functional, aspect-oriented, reflective Language changes are done using a formally documented procedure, starting with a Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP)s. Python version releases are accompanied with a Language Reference Manual showing syntax and semantics; a reference implementation, and test suite. These are used to generate other Python implementations such as Jython and IronPython Ruby imperative, object-oriented, aspect-oriented S-Lang imperative, procedural Scala object-oriented, functional, generic Scheme functional Smalltalk object-oriented, concurrent, event-driven, imperative, declarative , ANSI Tcl imperative, procedural, event-driven Visual Basic component-oriented, event-driven Visual Basic .NET object-oriented, event-driven Visual Prolog logical, object-oriented, functional, event-driven, imperative, declarative Windows PowerShell imperative, object-oriented, functional, pipeline, reflective XL concept programming, imperative (by default), object-oriented (multiple models), Language Paradigm(s) Standardized? Type systems Language Type strength Type safety Expression of types "Compatibility" Type checking ActionScript 3.0 strong safe static Ada strong safe nominative static ALGOL 58 strong safe static ALGOL 60 strong safe static ALGOL 68 strong safe structural static or dynamic (tagged union) APL strong safe dynamic BASIC varies by dialect BLISS none n/a n/a n/a n/a Boo strong implicit C weak unsafe explicit static C++ strong unsafe explicit nominative static C# strong safe (but unsafe allowed) implicit static Chrome strong safe (but unsafe allowed) implicit static Clean strong implicit static COBOL strong static ColdFusion weak implicit dynamic Common Lisp strong safe dynamic D strong unsafe static Dylan strong safe dynamic Eiffel strong safe nominative static Erlang strong dynamic F# strong safe implicit nominative static Forth none n/a n/a n/a n/a Fortran strong safe nominative static GraphTalk weak Groovy strong safe implicit n/a dynamic Haskell strong implicit static Io strong dynamic J strong safe dynamic Java strong safe explicit nominative static जावास्क्रिप्ट weak dynamic Joy none n/a n/a n/a n/a Lisp strong dynamic Lua strong safe implicit dynamic Mathematica strong dynamic Modula-2 strong safe (but unsafe allowed) explicit structural static Modula-3 strong safe (but unsafe allowed) structural static Oberon strong safe static Objective-C strong static Objective Caml strong safe implicit structural static Object Pascal (Delphi) strong safe (but unsafe allowed) nominative static Oz dynamic Pascal strong safe explicit static Perl strong implicit dynamic PHP weak dynamic Prolog strong dynamic Python strong safe implicit dynamic Ruby strong implicit dynamic S-Lang strong safe dynamic Scala strong partially implicit static Scheme strong dynamic (latent) Smalltalk strong safe implicit dynamic Tcl dynamic Visual Basic strong safe nominative static Visual Basic .NET strong static Visual Prolog strong safe nominative static Windows PowerShell strong safe implicit dynamic XL strong safe nominative static Language Type strength Type safety Expression of types "Compatibility" Type checking प्रयोग (usage) भाषा लक्ष्यित उपयोग (intended use) डिजाइन उद्देश्य (Design goals) ActionScript 3.0 Web design Ada Embedded, Realtime applications Reliability ALGOL Application Readability, Structure APL Data processing Terseness, Expressiveness AutoIt Automation, Scripting Very quick development BASIC Education Simplicity BLISS System Type free Boo Application Python-like syntax, extensibility C System Low level access, Minimal constraint C++ Application, System Abstraction, Efficiency, Compatibility C# Application Rapid application development Chrome Application Extends Object Pascal to work on .NET Clean General Correctness, Modularity COBOL Business and Financial Applications Readability ColdFusion Web Development Rapid Application Development, Ease of use Common Lisp General Standardize Lisp D Application, System Compilability, Correctness, Efficiency Dylan Application, General Dynamic but well-suited for commercial software Eiffel Application Correctness, Efficiency, "Design by contract" Erlang Telecom and distributed applications Fault tolerance, Scalability F# Application Forth Application, Embedded systems Compact implementations Fortran Scientific and numeric applications Runtime efficiency, Simple syntax GraphTalk Groovy Application JVM compatibility Haskell Education Side-effect free Io Application, Host-driven Scripting J Data processing Terseness, Expressiveness, Powerful Data Manipulation Java Application "Write once run anywhere" जावास्क्रिप्ट Client side web scripting Joy Functional programming research Concatenative Lisp General Simple notation for Lambda calculus, Homoiconicity Lua Host-driven Scripting Mathematica Numeric computation and visualization Modula-2 Application, systems programming Source modules, Co-routines, Brevity. Modula-3 OO extension of Modula-2 Oberon Application, Type-safe systems programming Simplicity, safety and efficiency; Simplifed Modula-2 Objective-C Application Smalltalk like, Component based code reuse, C compatibility Objective Caml Application Efficiency, Robustness, Correctness Object Pascal (Delphi) Application, System Readability, Rapid application development, Modularity Oz Education Pascal Education Readability, Discipline, Modularity Perl Text processing, Scripting Terseness, Expressiveness PHP Web Application, CLI Robustness and Simplicity Prolog Problem solving, Artificial intelligence Declarative programming Python Application, Education, Scripting Simplicity, Readability, Expressiveness, Modularity Ruby Application, Scripting Expressiveness, Readability S-Lang Application, Numerical, Scripting Small footprint, Embedded, Fast Numerics Scala Education Scheme General, Education Minimalistic, Lexical Scoping Smalltalk Application, Education Uniformity, Pure object oriented SNOBOL Text processing Tcl Application, Scripting Visual Basic Application Rapid application development, Simplicity Visual Basic .NET Application Rapid application development, Simplicity Windows PowerShell Automation, Scripting Applicability, "One language to program them all" XL Language Intended use Design goals व्यंजनात्मकता (expressiveness) C 1 1 C++ 2.5 1 Fortran 2.5 0.8 Java 2.5 1.5 MS Visual Basic 4.5 ? Perl 6 6 Smalltalk 6 6.25 Python 6 6.5 बाहरी कड़ियाँ 99-bottles-of-beer.net One program in over a thousand variations and multiple languages. The Computer Language Benchmarks Game at Alioth Language Study — Syntax across languages. Programming Language Comparison — A comparison of nine programming languages and related information. Computer Language Shootout Scorecard — Comparison of benchmark results for dozens of languages. Scriptometer scores — Multiple comparisons of 26 programming languages. Are Scripting Languages Any Good? A Validation of Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl against C, C++, and Java — PDF — 2003 study An empirical comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl — PDF — March 2000 refereed journal paper An empirical comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl for a search/string-processing program — PDF — March 2000 technical report (same author, experiment, and data as above, but has additional analysis and charts) ABAP2Java.com Comparision and Translation of ABAP and Javaजून 2020 InternetArchiveBot Comparing Web Languages in Theory and Practice — PDF — Research to fulfill Kristofer J. Carlson's master's degree requirements. The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages — As of May 2006, the encyclopedia lists 8512 computer languages with 17837 bibliographic records featuring 11064 extracts. PLEAC Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook. The hundred-year language by Paul Graham. Keynote from PyCon2003 (about Python): how languages evolve and what increase in CPU speed might bring us. TIOBE Programming Community Index The TIOBE Programming Community index gives an indication of the popularity of programming languages. OHLOH Language Statistics The programming languages page on Ohloh gives an actively updated indication of the popularity of programming languages in open-source projects. History of Programming Language Statements History and Comparing Programming Languages. Comparison Cheat Sheet between Languagesजून 2020 InternetArchiveBot सन्दर्भ श्रेणी:सॉफ्टवेयर श्रेणी:कंप्यूटर श्रेणी:प्रोग्रामिंग भाषा