पशु-कल्याण एवं पशु-अधिकारों की समयरेखा

यह पृष्ठ पशु कल्याण एवं पशु अधिकार के इतिहास में सम्पन्न महत्वपूर्ण घटनाओं के बारे में है। विहंगम अवलोकन काल वर्णन14000–1000 ईसापूर्व मानव ने पशुओं को पालतू बनाना आरम्भ किया। सबसे पहले कुत्ते को पालतू बनाया गया। 8500 ईसापूर्व से 1000 ईसापूर्व तक बिल्ली, भेड़, बकरी, गाय, सूकर, मुर्गा, गदहा, घोड़ा, ऊँट, मधुमक्खी, बतख आदि को पालतू बनाया जा चुका था। 1000 ईसापूर्व –700 ई वैदिक धर्म, जैन, और बौद्ध आदि सभी भारतीय धर्मों ने अहिंसा का उपदेश दिया। उनका मानना था कि किसी भी प्राणी से हिंसा नहीं करना श्रेष्ठ आचरण है। इन धर्मों के अधिकांश लोगों ने मांस खाना तथा पशुओ की बलि देना छोड़ दिया। जैन लोग तो इस बात का विशेष ध्यान रखते थे कि किसी भी प्रकार से किसी जीव को कष्ट न दिया जाय। यहूदी, ईसाई और इस्लाम इनकी अपेक्षा पशुओं की कम चिन्ता करते थे किन्तु वहाँ भी पशुओं के साथ 'मानवीय' व्यवहार करने के लिए कुछ न कुछ नियम थे।4093044 E. Szűcs R Geers E. N. Sossidou D. M. Broom Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 25 11 November 2012 1499–1506 Animal Welfare in Different Human Cultures, Traditions and Religious Faiths 10.5713/ajas.2012.r.02 25049508 A number of ancient Greek and Roman philosophers advocate for vegetarianism and kindness toward animals.http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2010/08/the-hidden-history-of-greco-roman-vegetarianism/ The Hidden History of Greco-Roman Vegetarianism Nathan Morgan April 19, 2016 29 अप्रैल 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160429072554/http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2010/08/the-hidden-history-of-greco-roman-vegetarianism/ dead The ancient Indian philosopher Valluvar (1st century BCE) writes an exclusive chapter on moral vegetarianism in his work Tirukkural, insisting strictly on a plant-based diet, with separate chapters on ahimsa (or non-harming) and non-killing.Kamil Zvelebil The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India https://books.google.com/books?id=VF2VMUoY_okC&pg=PA156 December 11, 2010 1973 BRILL 978-90-04-03591-1 156–http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0153.pdf Thirukkural English Translation and Commentary W.H. Allen, & Co Pope GU 1886 160 Vivisection for scientific and medical purposes begins in ancient Greece.https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ncstate/biomedical.htm Richard R. Sharp Ethical Issues in the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research April 23, 2016 7 मई 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160507182105/http://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ncstate/biomedical.htm dead Under the influence of Buddhism, a ban on meat-eating is instated in Japan.http://www.kikkoman.co.jp/kiifc/foodculture/pdf_09/e_002_008.pdf Removal of the Ban on Meat Zenjiro Watanabe May 6, 2016 16 सितंबर 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200916214549/https://www.kikkoman.co.jp/kiifc/foodculture/pdf_09/e_002_008.pdf dead 1600–1800Philosophers take up the question of animals and their treatment, some arguing that they are sentient beings who deserve protection.http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/ Animal Consciousness April 20, 2016http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=bts Raymond Giraud Rousseau and Voltaire: The Enlightenment and Animal Rights April 21, 2016http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/bentham1780.pdf An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Jeremy Bentham April 20, 2016 The first modern animal protection laws are passed in Ireland and the Massachusetts Bay Colony.https://books.google.com/?id=qMjWLkg01IUC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=%22act+Against+Plowing+by+the+Tayle+and+Pulling+the+Wooll+off+Living+Sheep%22#v=onepage&q=%22act%20Against%20Plowing%20by%20the%20Tayle%20and%20Pulling%20the%20Wooll%20off%20Living%20Sheep%22&f=false Ravished by Beauty: The Surprising Legacy of Reformed Spirituality Belden C. Lane April 19, 2016 9780199831685 2011-04-21 1800–1914British Parliament passes the first national animal protection legislation, and the first animal protection and vegetarian organizations form in the U.S. and U.K..http://worldanimal.net/documents/3_Movement_History.pdf History of the Movement April 19, 2016 The American and British anti-vivisection movements grow in the late 19th century, culminating in the Brown Dog affair and declining sharply thereafter. The Japanese taboo against meat-eating dies out under the Meiji Restoration.January 20181914–1966The use of animals grows tremendously with the beginning of intensive animal agriculture in the 1920sJonathan Safran Foer Eating Animals https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780316069908 registration 2009 Little, Brown and Company and the increasing role of animal experimentation in science and cosmetics. Media coverage of animal abuses spurs concern over animal welfare in the U.S. and U.K., and helping bring about the first federal animal welfare legislation in the U.S.http://www.sonoma.edu/users/w/wallsd/pdf/Animal-Rights-Movement.pdf Animal Rights Movement April 20, 2016 13 दिसंबर 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161213044541/http://www.sonoma.edu/users/w/wallsd/pdf/Animal-Rights-Movement.pdf dead https://awic.nal.usda.gov/legislative-history-animal-welfare-act/intro Legislative History of the Animal Welfare Act: Introduction Benjamin Adams Jean Larson April 20, 2016 13 मई 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160513224105/https://awic.nal.usda.gov/legislative-history-animal-welfare-act/intro dead The theoretical possibility of in vitro animal products is recognized.3551074 Zuhaib Fayaz Bhat Hina Fayaz Prospectus of cultured meat—advancing meat alternatives April 2011 Journal of Food Science and Technology 48 2 125–140 10.1007/s13197-010-0198-7 1966–Consumption of intensively farmed animal products booms worldwide, with global meat production rising from approximately 78 million tons in 1963 to 308 million tons in 2014.http://www.globalagriculture.org/report-topics/meat-and-animal-feed.html Meat and Animal Feed April 21, 2013 25 जुलाई 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200725020543/https://www.globalagriculture.org/report-topics/meat-and-animal-feed.html dead In the US and Europe, books, documentaries, and media coverage of controversies surrounding animal cruelty boost the animal rights and welfare movements,http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2007/01/peter-singer/ Peter Singer April 21, 2016 24 अप्रैल 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160424145414/http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2007/01/peter-singer/ dead http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/spira01.htm Henry Spira 1985 Fighting to Win Peter Singer In Defense of Animals Basil Blackwell April 21, 2016https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1991/02/24/the-great-silver-spring-monkey-debate/25d3cc06-49ab-4a3c-afd9-d9eb35a862c3/ Peter Carlson The Great Silver Spring Monkey Debate The Washington Post February 24, 1991 April 21, 2016http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/07/us/blackfish-wrap/ Vivian Kuo Martin Savidge Months after 'Blackfish' airs, debate over orcas continues February 9, 2014 April 23, 2016 while destructive direct actions by groups like the Animal Liberation Front draw public rebuke and government crackdown.https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-european-animal-welfare-laws-2003-present-explaining-downturn Nicholas K. Pedersen Detailed Discussion of European Animal Welfare Laws 2003 to Present: Explaining the Downturn April 20, 2016Will Potter Green is the New Red: An Insider's Account of a Social Movement Under Siege https://archive.org/details/greenisnewredins00pott 2011 City Lights Publishers Research on in vitro animal products gains traction, resulting in the first in vitro meats.https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/06/science/a-lab-grown-burger-gets-a-taste-test.html Henry Fountain A Lab-Grown Burger Gets a Taste Test The New York Times August 5, 2013 April 24, 2016http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/lab-grown-meatball-memphis-meats_us_56b12317e4b04f9b57d7a9b2 Hilary Hanson 'World's First' Lab-Grown Meatball Looks Pretty Damn Tasty February 2, 2016 April 24, 2016 Beginning in the late 1980s, Europe takes the lead in animal welfare reform. In the West and some other countries, public interest in animal welfare, animal rights, and plant-based diets increases significantly.http://www.gallup.com/poll/183275/say-animals-rights-people.aspx Rebecca Rifkin In U.S., More Say Animals Should Have Same Rights as People May 18, 2015 April 23, 2016http://www.cbsnews.com/news/vegan-diets-become-more-popular-more-mainstream/ Vegan Diets Become More Popular, More Mainstream January 5, 2011 CBS News April 23, 2016http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-the-promised-land-for-vegans/ Daphne Rousseau Israel, the promised land for vegans The Times of Israel October 22, 2014 April 23, 2016http://www.hsi.org/news/news/2016/01/global_cosmetics_polling_012716.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/ Global Polls Reveal Consumers Worldwide Want an End to Animal Testing for Cosmetics January 27, 2016 April 23, 2016 14 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181214065006/http://www.hsi.org/news/news/2016/01/global_cosmetics_polling_012716.html?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F dead विस्तृत समयरेखा वर्ष घटना देशया क्षेत्र530 ईसापूर्व यूनानी दार्शनिक पाइथागोरस, यूनानी और रोमन दार्शनिकों में सबसे पहला दार्शनिक था जिसने कहा कि पशुओं में भी आत्मा (soul) होता है। उसने शाकाहार का पक्ष लिया।alt=Flag of Greece|60x60px269 ईसापूर्व - 232 ईसापूर्व भारत के महान सम्राट अशोक ने बौद्ध धर्म को अंगीकार कर लिया। उसने राजाज्ञा दी की प्रजा शाकाहार का पालन करे तथा वन्य जन्तुओं और घरेलू जन्तुओं की रक्षा की जाय। http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/edicts-asoka6.pdf The Edicts of King Asoka Ven. S. Dhammika April 19, 2016alt=Flag of India|60x60pxप्रथम शताब्दीGreek medical researcher and philosopher Galen's experiments on live animals help establish vivisection as a widely used scientific tool.http://science.jrank.org/pages/7246/Vivisection-An-ancient-history.html Vivisection - An Ancient History April 23, 2016alt=Flag of Greece|60x60px675Japanese Emperor Tenmu, a devout Buddhist, bans eating meat (with exceptions for fish and wild animals).alt=Flag of Japan|border|60x60pxEarly 1600s Philosopher and scientist René Descartes argues that animals are machines without feeling, and performs biological experiments on living animals.alt=Flag of France|60x60px1635 The Parliament of Ireland passes "An Act against Plowing by the Tayle, and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep", one of the first known pieces of animal protection legislation.alt=Flag of Ireland|60x60px1641 Regulations against “Tirranny or Crueltie” toward domestic animals are included in the Massachusetts Body of Liberties.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1687The Japanese ban on eating meat, which had waned with the arrival of Portuguese and Dutch missionaries, is reintroduced by the Tokugawa shogunate. Killing animals is also prohibited.alt=Flag of Japan|border|60x60px1780 In An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation philosopher Jeremy Bentham argues for better treatment of animals on the basis of their ability to feel pleasure and pain, famously writing, "The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?"60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1822 Led by Richard Martin, British Parliament passes the "Act to Prevent the Cruel and Improper Treatment of Cattle".http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/animal-welfare Animal Welfare April 20, 201660x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1824 Richard Martin, along with Reverend Arthur Broome and abolitionist Member of Parliament William Wilberforce, founds the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (now the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals), the world's first animal protection organization.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1824Early vegan and anti-vivisectionist Lewis Gompertz publishes Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes, one of the first books advocating for animal rights.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1830sLewis Gompertz leaves the SPCA to found the Animals' Friend Society, opposing all uses of animals which are not for their benefit.Hannah Renier An Early Vegan: Lewis Gompertz London Historians http://www.londonhistorians.org/?s=articles April 20, 201660x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1835 Britain passes its first Cruelty to Animal Act after lobbying from the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, expanding existing legislation to protect bulls, dogs, bears, and sheep, and prohibit bear-baiting and cock-fighting.April 201660x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1847The term "vegetarian" is coined and the Vegetarian Society is founded in Britain.http://www.ivu.org/history/renaissance/words.html History of Vegetarianism: Origins of Some Words April 20, 2016 unfit https://web.archive.org/web/20080630114643/http://www.ivu.org/history/renaissance/words.html June 30, 2008 60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1859Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species is published, demonstrating that humans are the evolutionary descendants of non-human animals.http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecies.html On the Origin of Species R. B. Freeman April 20, 201660x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1866The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is established.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1866 onwardsUnder the Meiji Restoration and renewed contact with the West, the Japanese taboo against meat-eating is actively discouraged by the government. Meat-eating soon becomes the norm.January 2018alt=Flag of Japan|border|60x60px1875Frances Power Cobbe founds the National Anti-Vivisection Society in Britain, the world's first anti-vivisection organization.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1876After lobbying from anti-vivisectionists, Britain passes the Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876, the first piece of national legislation to regulate animal experimentation.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1877Anna Sewell's Black Beauty, the first English novel to be written from the perspective of a non-human animal, spurs concern for the welfare of horses. Although the book is now considered a children's classic, Sewell originally wrote it for those who worked with horses. She said "a special aim was to induce kindness, sympathy, and an understanding treatment of horses".Victorian fiction and the cult of the horse by Gina M. Dorré. p. 95. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. (2006). 0-7546-5515-6. In many respects the book can be read as a guide to horse husbandry, stable management and humane training practices for colts. It is considered to have had an effect on reducing cruelty to horses; for example, the use of bearing reins, which are particularly painful for a horse, was one of the practices highlighted in the novel, and in the years after the book's release the reins became less popular and fell out of favor.http://www.literarynorfolk.co.uk/Norwich/anna_sewell.htm Anna Sewell Cameron www.literarynorfolk.co.uk 2017-04-22Black Beauty: His Grooms and Companions : the Autobiography of a Horse Guest Kristen Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2011 978-1-4438-3382-060x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1892Social reformer Henry Stephens Salt publishes Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress, an early exposition of the philosophy of animal rights.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1903The Brown Dog affair brings anti-vivisection to the forefront of public debate in Britain; the debate lasted till 1910.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1906J. Howard Moore publishes The Universal Kinship, which advocates for the ethical consideration and treatment of all sentient beings, based on Darwinian principle of shared evolutionary kinship and a universal application of the Golden Rule.https://books.google.com/?id=mc4QAQAAMAAJ&dq=universal+kinship+animal+rights&q=j.+howard+moore Keyguide to information sources in animal rights Magel Charles R. 1989 Mansell Pub. 9780899504056 enalt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1923Intensive animal farming begins when Celia Steele raises her first flock of chickens for meat.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1933Nazi Germany introduced the law Reichstierschutzgesetz (Reich Animal Protection Act).alt=Flag of Germany|60x60px1944Donald Watson coins the word "vegan" and founds The Vegan Society in Britain.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United KingdomEarly 1950sWillem van Eelen recognizes the possibility of generating meat from tissue culture.alt=Flag of the Netherlands|60x60px1955The Society for Animal Protective Legislation (SAPL), the first organization to lobby for humane slaughter legislation in the US, is founded.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1958The American Humane Slaughter Act is passed.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1960Indian parliament passes its first national animal welfare legislation, The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act.https://www.animallaw.info/statute/cruelty-prevention-cruelty-animals-act-1960 The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 April 20, 2016alt=Flag of India|60x60px1964The Hunt Saboteurs Association is founded in England to sabotage hunts and oppose bloodsports.Steven Best (ed.) Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? https://archive.org/details/terroristsorfree00lant 2004 Lantern Books60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1964Ruth Harrison's Animal Machines, which documents the conditions of animals on industrial farms, helps to galvanize the animal movement in Britain.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1964Largely due to the outcry following Animal Machines, British Parliament forms the Brambell Committee to investigate animal welfare. The Committee concludes that animals should be afforded the Five Freedoms, which consist of the animal's freedom to “have sufficient freedom of movement to be able without difficulty to turn around, groom itself, get up, lie down, [and] stretch its limbs.”https://www.animallaw.info/article/what-about-wilbur-proposing-federal-statute-provide-minimum-humane-living-conditions-farm Amy Mosel What About Wilbur? Proposing a Federal Statute to Provide Minimum Humane Living Conditions for Farm Animals Raised for Food Production April 21, 201660x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1966Following public outcry over the cases of Pepper and other mistreated animals, the American Animal Welfare Act is passed. This legislation sets minimum standards for handling, sale, and transport of dogs, cats, nonhuman primates, rabbits, hamsters, and guinea pigs, and instates conservative regulations on animal experimentation.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1970Animal rights activist Richard Ryder coins the term "speciesism" to describe the devaluing of nonhuman animals on the basis of species alone.http://homepage.ntlworld.com/amacguru/Critical%20SocietyJournal/Archives_files/CS%20Issue%202%20Entire%20Articles.pdf Richard D. Ryder Speciesism Again: the original leaflet April 21, 2016 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20160604051833/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/amacguru/Critical%20SocietyJournal/Archives_files/CS%20Issue%202%20Entire%20Articles.pdf June 4, 2016 60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1971The United States Department of Agriculture excludes birds, mice, and rats - which make up the vast majority of animals used in research - from protection under the Animal Welfare Act.http://caat.jhsph.edu/publications/animal_alternatives/d.html Animals and Alternatives in Testing: History, Science, and Ethics Joanne Zurlo Deborah Rudacille Alan M. Goldberg April 23, 2016 14 मई 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210514034905/https://caat.jhsph.edu/publications/animal_alternatives/d.html dead https://awionline.org/content/rats-mice-birds Rats, Mice & Birds April 23, 2016alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1971Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry into the Maltreatment of Non-humans is published which argued explicitly in favour of animal liberation/animal rights.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1974Ronnie Lee and Cliff Goodman of the Band of Mercy, a militant group founded by former members of the Hunt Saboteurs Association, are jailed for firebombing a British animal research center.http://www.historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=us_domestic_terrorism_tmln&haitian_elite_2021_organizations=us_domestic_terrorism_tmln_animal_liberation_front US Domestic Terrorism: Animal Liberation Front April 21, 2016 27 मई 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180527023317/http://www.historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=us_domestic_terrorism_tmln&haitian_elite_2021_organizations=us_domestic_terrorism_tmln_animal_liberation_front dead 60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1974The Council of Europe passes a directive requiring that animals be rendered unconscious before slaughter.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px1974Henry Spira founds Animal Rights International after attending a course on animal liberation given by Peter Singer.http://ari-online.org/ Animal Rights International - Animal Rights - Henry Spira - ARI 2014-12-16 2019-11-02 https://web.archive.org/web/20141216185723/http://ari-online.org/ 2014-12-16alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1975Peter Singer publishes Animal Liberation, whose depictions of the conditions of animals on farms and in laboratories and utilitarian arguments for animal liberation are to have a major influence on the animal movement.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1976The European Convention for the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, which mandates that animals be kept in conditions meeting their “physiological and ethological needs”, is passed.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px1976Released from prison, Ronnie Lee founds the Animal Liberation Front in Britain, which soon spreads to the US.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom1976–1977Under the leadership of Henry Spira, Animal Rights International leads a successful campaign to end harmful experiments performed on cats at the American Museum of Natural History.https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/15/business/henry-spira-71-animal-rights-crusader.html Barnaby Feder Henry Spira, 71, Animal Rights Crusader April 21, 2016alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1980A campaign by Animal Rights International opposing Draize tests performed on rabbits by the cosmetics company Revlon results in Revlon making a $250,000 grant to Rockefeller University to research alternatives to animal experimentation. Several other major cosmetics companies soon follow suit.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1980Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco found People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA).alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1981–1983The Silver Spring monkey controversy begins when Alex Pacheco's undercover investigation of Edward Taub's monkey research laboratory results in Taub's arrest for animal cruelty. Taub is later convicted on six counts of inadequate veterinary care, which is then overturned on the grounds that state animal welfare laws do not apply to federally-funded experiments.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1984Tom Regan publishes The Case for Animal Rights, a highly influential philosophical argument that animals have rights (as opposed to Peter Singer's utilitarian case for animal liberation).Lawrence Finsen Susan Finsen The Animal Rights Movement in America: From Compassion to Respect https://archive.org/details/animalrightsmove00fins_0 registration Twayne Publishers 1994alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1990PETA and the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine end their highly publicized legal battle over the Silver Spring monkeys, failing to gain custody of the animals.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px1992Switzerland becomes the first country to include protections for animals in its constitution. alt=Flag of Switzerland|60x60px1997The European Union's Protocol on Animal Protection is annexed to the treaty establishing the European Community. The Protocol recognizes animals as "sentient beings" (rather than mere property) and requires countries to pay "full regard to the welfare requirements of animals" when making laws regarding their use.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px1998The EU passes the Council Directive 98/58/EC Concerning the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, which is based on a revised Five Freedoms: freedom from hunger and thirst; from discomfort; from pain, injury, and disease; from fear and distress; and to express normal behavior.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px1999Willem van Eelen secures the first patent for in vitro meat.alt=Flag of the Netherlands|60x60px1999European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EChttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:203:0053:0057:EN:PDF European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC November 15, 2011 is legislation passed by the European Union on the minimum standards for keeping egg laying hens which effectively bans conventional battery cages.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px2000–2009Bans on fur farming are instituted in the United Kingdom, Austria, Netherlands, Switzerland, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.http://www.djurensratt.se/sites/default/files/best-animal-welfare-in-the-world.pdf Cecilia Mille Eva Frejadotter Diesen Niki Woods (translator) The best animal welfare in the world? An investigation into the myth about Sweden April 21, 2016alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px2001The European Court of Justice issues a conservative interpretation of the 1997 Protocol on Animal Protection in the Jippes case, stating that the law did not create new protections for animals but only codified existing ones.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px2006Veal crates become illegal in the EU.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px2008Spain passes a non-legislative measure to grant non-human primates the right to life, liberty, and freedom from use in experiments. However, this requires further action by the government to become formal law, which has not been taken.alt=Flag of Spain|60x60px2008California passes a ballot measure requiring that a chicken "be able to extend its limbs fully and turn around freely". This has been described as a ban on battery cages, but battery cages giving 116 square inches per hen are allowed under the law.https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_2,_Standards_for_Confining_Farm_Animals_(2008) California Proposition 2, Standards for Confining Farm Animals (2008) April 30, 2016http://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article9697814.html Bradley Miller Flawed ballot measure is coming home to roost February 10, 2015 April 30, 2016alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2009In 2009, Bolivia became the first country to ban all animal use in circuses.http://www.ad-international.org/publications/go.php?id=1684 The perfect storm: How the Bolivian Ban on Animal Circuses was won Animal Defenders International en 2019-11-042010Gary Yourofsky's YouTube lecture on veganism and factory farming entitled "Best Speech You Will Ever Hear" is translated into Hebrew, and goes viral in Israel. The speech helps drive a surge in Israeli interest in veganism and animal rights.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35400314 Israeli veganism takes root in land of milk and honey Erica Chernofsky January 25, 2016 May 17, 2016http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/197361/life-after-brisket Sarah Toth Stub Life After Brisket February 16, 2016 May 17, 2016alt=Flag of Israel|60x60px2010EU Directive 2010/63/EUDirective 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:276:0033:0079:EN:PDF Official Journal of the European Union April 17, 2016 is the EU legislation "on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes" and is one of the most stringent ethical and welfare standards worldwide.http://www.euroscience.org/news/euroscience-supports-directive-201063eu-on-the-protection-of-animals-used-for-scientific-purposes/ EuroScience 2015 May 18, 2016 EuroScience supports Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes 10 अप्रैल 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210410213829/https://www.euroscience.org/news/euroscience-supports-directive-201063eu-on-the-protection-of-animals-used-for-scientific-purposes/ deadalt=Flag of Europe|60x60px2011–2016After undercover investigations spark public outrage over animal abuse on industrial farms, several American states introduce "ag-gag" laws in an effort to criminalize such investigations.https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-ag-gag-laws Alicia Prygoski Detailed Discussion of Ag-gag Laws 2015 April 23, 2016alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2012The EU's ban on battery cages goes into effect. Furnished cages are still allowed, however.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px2012A group of prominent scientists issue the Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, which states that “the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Nonhuman animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including insects and octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates.”http://fcmconference.org/img/CambridgeDeclarationOnConsciousness.pdf The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness April 21, 201660x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom2013The EU bans testing cosmetics on animals.alt=Flag of Europe|60x60px2013The Nonhuman Rights Project files the first-ever lawsuits on behalf of chimpanzees, demanding courts grant them the right to bodily liberty via a writ of habeas corpus.http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2013/11/30/press-release-re-nhrp-lawsuit-dec-2nd-2013/ First-Ever Lawsuits Filed on Behalf of Captive Chimpanzees April 21, 2016 22 दिसंबर 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152933/http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2013/11/30/press-release-re-nhrp-lawsuit-dec-2nd-2013/ dead The petitions are denied and the cases move on to appellate courts.http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2013/12/10/new-york-cases-judges-decisions-and-next-steps/ Michael Mountain New York Cases – Judges' Decisions and Next Steps December 10, 2013 April 23, 2016 25 मई 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160525213227/http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2013/12/10/new-york-cases-judges-decisions-and-next-steps/ dead alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2013The UK legislation to protect animals in research, The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, is amended to protect "...all living vertebrates, other than man, and any living cephalopod." Previously, the only protected invertebrate was the common octopus.60x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom2014India becomes the first country in Asia to ban testing cosmetics on animals as well as imports of animal-tested cosmetics.https://www.thedodo.com/india-bans-cosmetic-testing-764115558.html Melissa Cronin This is the First Country in Asia to Ban All Cosmetics Tested on Animals October 14, 2014 April 24, 2016 24 सितंबर 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060722/https://www.thedodo.com/india-bans-cosmetic-testing-764115558.html dead alt=Flag of India|60x60px2015In a survey of Israelis, 8% of respondents identify as vegetarian and 5% as vegan (up from 2.5% vegetarians in 2010),https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-food-vegan-idUSKCN0PV1H020150721 In the land of milk and honey, Israelis turn vegan July 21, 2015 May 17, 2016 Tova Cohen making Israel the country with the highest percentage of vegans.http://www.jta.org/2014/10/15/life-religion/israelis-growing-hungry-for-vegan-diet Israelis growing hungry for vegan diet Ben Sales October 15, 2014 May 24, 2016alt=Flag of Israel|60x60px2015New Zealand passes the Animal Welfare Amendment Bill, stating animals like humans are sentient beings.https://animalequality.org.uk/blog/2015/05/12/new-zealand-legally-recognises-animals-as-sentient-beings/ New Zealand Legally Recognises Animals as 'Sentient' Beings 2015-05-12 Animal Equality UK en-GB 2019-10-12alt=Flag of New Zealand|60x60px2015–2016Following major public backlash prompted by the 2013 film Blackfish, SeaWorld announces it will end its controversial orca shows and breeding program.http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160317-seaworld-orcas-killer-whales-captivity-breeding-shamu-tilikum/ Brian Clark Howard SeaWorld to End Controversial Orca Shows and Breeding March 17, 2016 11 अगस्त 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20160319132641/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160317-seaworld-orcas-killer-whales-captivity-breeding-shamu-tilikum/ 19 मार्च 2016 deadalt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2015–2016In the U.S., a number of major egg buyers and producers switch from battery-cage to cage-free eggs.https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/12/30/461483821/the-year-in-eggs-everyones-going-cage-free-except-supermarkets The Year In Eggs: Everyone's Going Cage-Free, Except Supermarkets Eliza Barclay December 30, 2015 April 24, 2016https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/01/15/463190984/most-new-hen-houses-are-now-cage-free Most U.S. Egg Producers Are Now Choosing Cage-Free Houses Dan Charles January 15, 2016 April 24, 2016http://fortune.com/2016/04/05/walmart-vow-cage-free-eggs/ Walmart Is the Latest Retailer to Make a Cage-Free Egg Vow John Kell April 5, 2016 April 24, 2016alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2016Cellular agriculture company Memphis Meats announces the creation of the first in vitro meatball.alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2018On December 20, 2018, the federal Dog and Cat Meat Trade Prohibition Act was signed into law as part of the 2018 Farm Bill, making it now illegal to slaughter a dog or cat for food in the United States, with exceptions for ritual slaughter.https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/12/18/18146068/dog-cat-meat-illegal-farm-bill-animal-cruelty Dog and cat meat are now, finally, illegal Piper Kelsey 2018-12-18 Vox en 2019-11-02alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2019A proposal to ban factory farming in Switzerland achieves 100,000 signatures, forcing a nationwide ballot on the issue.https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/animal-rights_swiss-to-vote-on-banning-factory-farming/45233958 Swiss to vote on banning factory farming Swissinfo en live 2019-10-12alt=Flag of Switzerland|60x60px2019On October 12, 2019, California bans the sale and manufacture of most animal fur, with some exceptions such as for cowhide or religious observances, effective January 1, 2023.Assembly Bill No. 44 https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB44 California Legislative Information 14 May 2020 14 October 2019alt=Flag of the United States|60x60px2020In January 2020, an employment tribunal in Britain rules that ethical veganism is a "philosophical belief" and therefore is protected in law. This is the first time an employment tribunal in Britain ruled this. This is in regards to vegan Jordi Casamitjana, who states he was fired by the League Against Cruel Sports due to his ethical veganism.https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-5098135960x60px|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom2020On July 2, 2020, a referendum launches on improving legislation for animals in France, organized through the collaboration of 25 French animal rights and welfare organizations, including L214 and CIWF.2020-07-02 Referendum for animals launched today in France https://www.eurogroupforanimals.org/news/referendum-animals-launched-today-france dead https://web.archive.org/web/20200704051055/https://www.eurogroupforanimals.org/news/referendum-animals-launched-today-france 4 जुलाई 2020 2020-07-03 Euro Group for Animalsalt=Flag of France|60x60px इन्हें भी देखें पशु अधिकार शाकाहार शाकाहार का इतिहास सन्दर्भ 30em श्रेणी:पशु अधिकार श्रेणी:पशु कल्याण