कण भौतिकी के त्वरकों की सूची

नीचे उन कण त्वरकों की सूची दी गयी है जो कण भौतिकी के प्रयोगों में प्रयुक्त होते हैं। कुछ आरम्भिक त्वरकों को भी इसमें शामिल किया गया है जो नाभिकीय भौतिकी में अनुसंधान के लिये प्रयुक्त हुए थे क्योंकि तब तक नाभिकीय भौतिकी और कण भौतिकी अलग-अलग नहीं थे। आरम्भिक त्वरक ये सभी केवल एक पुंज (beams) वाले थे और इनका लक्ष्य (targets) अपरिवर्तनीय (फिक्स्ड) था। साइक्लोट्रॉन त्वरक स्थान कार्यारम्भ वर्ष आकार त्वरित किया जाने वाला कण गतिज उर्जा टीका तथा इससे प्राप्त खोजें 9-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1931 Circular H2+ 1.0 MeV Proof of concept 11-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1932 Circular Proton 1.2 MeV 27-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1932-1936 Circular Deuteron 4.8 MeV Investigated deuteron-nucleus interactions 37-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley1937-1938 Circular Deuteron 8 MeV Discovered many isotopes 60-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1939- Circular Deuteron 16 MeV Discovered many isotopes 184-inch cyclotron Berkeley Rad Lab[1] 1942- Circular Various >100 MeV Research on uranium isotope separation Calutrons Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1943- "Horseshoe" Uraniumnuclei Used to separate isotopes for the Manhattan project [1] First accelerator built at the current Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory site, then known as the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory ("Rad Lab" for short) अन्य प्रकार के आरम्भिक त्वरक Accelerator Location Years of operation Shape and size Accelerated particle Kinetic Energy Notes and discoveries made Cockcroft and Walton'selectrostatic accelerator Cavendish Laboratory 1932 See Cockroft-Walton generator Proton 0.7 MeV First to artificially split the nucleus (Lithium) सिन्कोट्रॉन (Synchrotrons) Accelerator Location Years of operation Shape and size Accelerated particle Kinetic Energy Notes and discoveries made Cosmotron BrookhavenNational Laboratory 1953-1968 Circular ring(72 meters around) Proton 3.3 GeV Discovery of V particles, first artificial production of some mesons. BirminghamSynchrotron University of Birmingham 1953-1967 Proton 1 GeV Bevatron Berkeley Rad Lab ie LBNL 1954-~1970 "Race track" Proton 6.2 GeV strange particle experiments, Antiproton and antineutron discovered, resonances discovered Bevalac, combination of SuperHILAC linear accelerator, a diverting tube, then the Bevatron Berkeley Rad Lab ie LBNL ~1970-1993 linear accelerator followed by "Race track" any and all sufficiently-stable nuclei could be accelerated observation of compressed nuclear matter. Depositing ions in tumors in cancer research. Saturne Saclay, France 3 GeV Synchrophasotron Dubna, Russia December 1949-present 10 GeV Zero GradientSynchrotron Argonne NationalLaboratory 1963-1979 12.5 GeV Proton Synchrotron CERN 1959-present Circular ring(600 meters around) Proton 28 GeV Used to feed ISR, SPS, LHC Alternating Gradient Synchrotron BrookhavenNational Laboratory 1960- Proton 33 GeV J/Ψ, muon neutrino, CP violation in kaons, injects polarized protons into RHIC स्थिर लक्ष्य वाले त्वरक More modern accelerators that were also run in fixed target mode; often, they will also have been run as colliders, or accelerated particles for use in subsequently-built colliders. Accelerator Location Years of operation Shape and size Accelerated particle Kinetic Energy Experiments Notes SLAC Linac SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1966-present 3 km linearaccelerator Electron/Positron 50 GeV Repeatedly upgraded, used to feed PEP, SPEAR, SLC, and PEP-II Fermilab Booster Fermilab 1970-present Circular Synchrotron Protons 8 GeV MiniBooNE Fermilab Main Injector Fermilab 1995-present Circular Synchrotron Protons and antiprotons 150 GeV MINOS Fermilab Main Ring Fermilab 1970-1995 Circular Synchrotron Protons and antiprotons 400 GeV (until 1979), 150 GeV thereafter Super Proton Synchrotron CERN 1980-present Circular Synchrotron Protons and ions 480 GeV COMPASS, OPERA and ICARUS at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso Bates Linear Accelerator Middleton, MA 1967-2005 500 MeV recirculating linac and storage ring polarized electrons 1 GeV Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 1995-present 6 GeV recirculating linac (upgrading to 12 GeV) polarized electrons 6 GeV DVCS, PrimEx II, Qweak First large-scale deployment of superconducting RF technology. ELSA Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Germany 1987-present synchrotron and stretcher (polarized) electrons 3.5 GeV Crystal Barrel ISIS neutron source Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom 1984-present H- Linac followed by proton RCS Protons 800 MeV Highest power operational pulsed proton beam in the world MAMI Mainz, Germany 855 MeV accelerator polarized electrons Tevatron Fermilab 1983-present Superconducting Circular Synchrotron Protons 980 GeV Spallation Neutron Source Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2006 - Present Linear (335 m) and Circular (248 m) Protons 800 MeV - 1 GeV कोलाइडर (Colliders) एलेक्ट्रॉन-पॉजिट्रॉन कोलाइडर Accelerator Location Years of operation Shape and circumference Electronenergy Positronenergy Experiments Notable Discoveries AdA Frascati, Italy; Orsay, France 1961-1964 Circular, 3 meters 250 MeV 250 MeV Touschek effect (1963); first e+e- interactions recorded (1964) Princeton-Stanford (e-e-) Stanford, California 1962-1967 Two-ring, 12 m 300 MeV 300 MeV e+e- pair production VEP-1 (e-e-) Novosibirsk, Soviet Union 1964-1968 Two-ring, 2.70 m 130 MeV 130 MeV e-e- scattering; QED radiative effects confirmed VEPP-2 Novosibirsk, Soviet Union 1965-1974 Circular, 11.5 m 700 MeV 700 MeV OLYA, ND, CMD multihadron production (1966), e+e- -> phi (1966), e+e- -> gamma gamma (1971) SPEAR SLAC 1972-1990(?) Mark I, Mark II, Mark III Discovery of Charmonium states VEPP-2M Novosibirsk, Soviet Union 1974-2000 Circular, 17.88 m 700 MeV 700 MeV SND, CMD-2 DORIS DESY 1974-1993 Circular, 300m 5 GeV 5 GeV ARGUS, Crystal Ball, DASP, PLUTO Oscillation in neutral B mesons PETRA DESY 1978-1986 Circular, 2 km 20 GeV 20 GeV JADE, MARK-J, PLUTO, TASSO Discovery of the gluon in three jet events CESR Cornell University 1979-2002 Circular, 768m 6 GeV 6 GeV CUSB, CHESS, CLEO, CLEO-2, CLEO-2.5, CLEO-3 First observation of B decay, charmless and "radiative penguin" B decays PEP SLAC 1980-1990(?) Mark II SLC SLAC 1988-1998(?) Addition toSLAC Linac 45 GeV 45 GeV SLD, Mark II First linear collider LEP CERN 1989-2000 Circular, 27 km 104 GeV 104 GeV Aleph, Delphi, Opal, L3 Only 3 light () weakly-interacting neutrinos exist, implying only three generations of quarks and leptons BEPC China 1989-2004 Circular, 240m 2.2 GeV 2.2 GeV Beijing Spectrometer (I and II) VEPP-4M Novosibirsk 1994- Circular, 366m 6.0 GeV 6.0 GeV KEDR PEP-II SLAC 1998-2008 Circular, 2.2 km 9 GeV 3.1 GeV Babar Discovery of CP violation in B meson system KEKB KEK 1999-2009 Circular, 3 km 8.0 GeV 3.5 GeV Belle Discovery of CP violation in B meson system DAΦNE Frascati, Italy 1999- Circular, 98m 0.7 GeV 0.7 GeV KLOE Crab-waist collisions (2007) CESR-c Cornell University 2002-2008 Circular, 768m 6 GeV 6 GeV CHESS, CLEO-c VEPP-2000 Novosibirsk 2006- Circular, 24.4m 1.0 GeV 1.0 GeV SND, CMD-3 Round beams (2007) BEPC II China 2008- Circular, 240m 3.7 GeV 3.7 GeV Beijing Spectrometer III हैड्रॉन कोलाइडर (Hadron colliders) Accelerator Location Years of operation Shape and size Particlescollided Beamenergy Experiments Intersecting Storage Rings CERN 1971-1984 Circular rings(948 m around) Proton/Proton 31.5 GeV SuperProton Synchrotron/SppS CERN 1981-1984 Circular ring(6.9 km around) Proton/Antiproton 270 GeV UA1, UA2 TevatronRun I Fermilab 1992-1995 Circular ring(6.3 km around) Proton/Antiproton 900 GeV CDF, D0 TevatronRun II Fermilab 2001-present Circular ring(6.3 km around) Proton/Antiproton 980 GeV CDF, D0 RHICproton+proton mode BNL 2000-present Hexagonal rings(3.8 km circumference) Polarized Proton/Proton 100-250 GeV PHENIX, STAR Large HadronCollider CERN 2008-present Circular rings(27 km around) Proton/Proton 7 TeV ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, LHCf, TOTEM एलेक्ट्रॉन-प्रोटॉन कोलाइडर Accelerator Location Years of operation Shape and size Electronenergy Protonenergy Experiments HERA DESY 1992(-2007) Circular ring (6336 meters around) 27.5 GeV 920 GeV H1, ZEUS, HERMES, HERA-B आयन कोलाइडर Accelerator Location Years ofoperation Shapeand size Ionscollided Ionenergy Experiments Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York 2000-present Hexagonal rings(3.8 km circumference) d-Au 19779+;Cu 6329+-Cu 6329+;Au 19779+-Au 19779+ 4.6-100 GeV per nucleon STAR, PHENIX, Brahms, Phobos Large HadronCollider, ion mode CERN 2008-present Circular rings(27 km circumference) Pb 20882+-Pb 20882+ 2.76 TeV per nucleon ALICE, ATLAS, CMS प्रकाश स्रोत संकल्पनात्मक त्वरक (Hypothetical accelerators) Besides the real accelerators listed above, there are hypothetical accelerators often used as hypothetical examples or optimistic projects by particle physicists. Planckatron is a term often used colloquially by particle physicists to describe the accelerator with a center-of-mass energy of the order of the Planck scale. It is estimated that the radius of the Planckatron has to be roughly the radius of the Milky Way. Eloisatron (Eurasiatic Long Intersecting Storage Accelerator) was a project of INFN headed by Antonio Zichichi at the Ettore Majorana Foundation in Erice, Sicily. The center-of-mass energy was planned to be 200 TeV, and the size was planned to span parts of Europe and Asia. Fermitron was an accelerator sketched by Enrico Fermi on a notepad in the 1940s proposing an accelerator in stable orbit around the earth. Arguably also in this category falls the Zevatron, a term used to describe hypothetical sources for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. बाहरी कड़ियाँ Judy Goldhaber, "Bevalac Had 40-Year Record of Historic Discoveries". October 9, 1992. https://web.archive.org/web/20110514040014/http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/Bevalac-nine-lives.html High-energy collider parameters from the Particle Data Group Particle accelerators around the world Lawrence and his laboratory - a history of the early years of accelerator physics at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory A brief history and review of accelerators (11 pgs, PDF file)अक्तूबर 2022 InternetArchiveBot SLAC beamlines over time Accelerators and detectors named Mark at SLAC Lawson, J. D. (1997), "Early British Synchrotrons, An Informal History", https://web.archive.org/web/20101122110457/http://epubs.cclrc.ac.uk/bitstream/1297/RAL-TR-97-011.pdf [accessed 17 मई 2009] श्रेणी:कण भौतिकी श्रेणी:कण त्वरक श्रेणी:सूचियाँ