तत्वों की विद्युत प्रतिरोधकता के आंकड़े

तत्वों की विद्युत चालकता यहाँ दी गयी है- ताप (T) 80 K (-193 °C) 273 K (0 °C) 293 K (20 °C) 298 K (25 °C) 300 K (27 °C) 500 K (227 °C) 3 Li लिथियम use 10.0 nΩm 85.3 nΩm 92.8 nΩm 94.7 nΩm 95.5 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 1.00 8.53 9.28 9.47 9.55 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 9.28 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 9.4 4 Be बेरिलियम use 0.75 nΩm 30.2 nΩm 35.6 nΩm 37.0 nΩm 37.6 nΩm 99 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 0.075 3.02 3.56 3.70 3.76 9.9 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 3.56 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 4 5 B बोरॉन use 1.5×104 Ωm LNG (10−8 Ωm) 1.5×1012 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) > 1012 6 C कार्बन (हीरा) use LNG (10−8 Ωm) 0.8 [sic] 6 C कार्बन (graphite) use LNG (10−8 Ωm) 1375 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) about 1000 - direction dependent 11 Na sodium use 8.0 nΩm 43.3 nΩm 47.7 nΩm 48.8 nΩm 49.3 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 0.80 4.33 4.77 4.88 4.93 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 4.77 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 4.7 12 Mg magnesium use 5.57 nΩm 40.5 nΩm 43.9 nΩm 44.8 nΩm 45.1 nΩm 78.6 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 0.557 4.05 4.39 4.48 4.51 7.86 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 4.39 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 4.4 13 Al aluminium use 2.45 nΩm 24.17 nΩm 26.50 nΩm 27.09 nΩm 27.33 nΩm 49.9 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 0.245 2.417 2.650 2.709 2.733 4.99 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 2.6548 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 2.65 14 Si silicon use LNG (10−8 Ωm) 105 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) about 100000 15 P phosphorus use LNG (10−8 Ωm) (white) 10 [sic] WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 10 16 S sulfur use (amorphous) 2×1015 Ωm LNG (10−8 Ωm) (amorphous) 2×1023 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) > 1023 17 Cl chlorine use > 10 Ωm LNG (10−8 Ωm) >109 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) > 1010 19 K potassium use 13.4 nΩm 64.9 nΩm 72.0 nΩm 73.9 nΩm 74.7 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 1.34 6.49 7.20 7.39 7.47 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 7.2 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 7 20 Ca calcium use 6.5 nΩm 31.1 nΩm 33.6 nΩm 34.2 nΩm 34.5 nΩm 60. nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 0.65 3.11 3.36 3.42 3.45 6.0 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 3.36 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 3.4 21 Sc scandium use (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) calculated 562 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 56.2 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 70.9 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 26.9 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) calculated from single crystal values 56.2 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 56.2 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 55 22 Ti titanium use 0.39 µΩm 0.420 µΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 39 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 42.0 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 40 23 V vanadium use 24.1 nΩm 181 nΩm 197 nΩm 201 nΩm 202 nΩm 348 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 2.41 18.1 19.7 20.1 20.2 34.8 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 19.7 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 20 24 Cr chromium use 118 nΩm 125 nΩm 126 nΩm 127 nΩm 201 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 11.8 12.5 12.6 12.7 20.1 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 12.5 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 12.7 25 Mn manganese use 1.32 µΩm 1.43 µΩm 1.44 µΩm 1.44 µΩm 1.44 µΩm 1.49 µΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 132 143 144 144 144 149 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 144 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 160 26 Fe iron use 6.93 nΩm 85.7 nΩm 96.1 nΩm 98.7 nΩm 99.8 nΩm 237 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 0.693 8.57 9.61 9.87 9.98 23.7 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 9.61 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 9.7 27 Co cobalt use 56 nΩm 62.4 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 5.6 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 6.24 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 6 28 Ni nickel use 5.45 nΩm 61.6 nΩm 69.3 nΩm 71.2 nΩm 72.0 nΩm 177 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 0.545 6.16 6.93 7.12 7.20 17.7 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 6.93 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 7 29 Cu copper use 2.15 nΩm 15.43 nΩm 16.78 nΩm 17.12 nΩm 17.25 nΩm 30.90 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 0.215 1.543 1.678 1.712 1.725 3.090 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 1.678 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 1.7 30 Zn zinc use 11.5 nΩm 54.6 nΩm 59.0 nΩm 60.1 nΩm 60.6 nΩm 108.2 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 1.15 5.46 5.90 6.01 6.06 10.82 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 5.9 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 5.9 31 Ga gallium use CRC (10−8 Ωm) 13.6 LNG (10−8 Ωm) (30 °C) 25.795 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 14 32 Ge germanium use LNG (10−8 Ωm) 53000 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) about 50000 33 As arsenic use 333 nΩm LNG (10−8 Ωm) 33.3 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 30 34 Se selenium use LNG (10−8 Ωm) (amorphous) 1.2 [sic] WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) high 35 Br bromine use 7.8×1010 Ωm LNG (10−8 Ωm) 7.8×1018 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) > 1018 37 Rb rubidium use 26.5 nΩm 115 nΩm 128 nΩm 131 nΩm 133 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 2.65 11.5 12.8 13.1 13.3 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 12.8 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 12 38 Sr strontium use 36.4 nΩm 123 nΩm 132 nΩm 134 nΩm 135 nΩm 222 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 3.64 12.3 13.2 13.4 13.5 22.2 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 13.2 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 13 39 Y yttrium use (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 596 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 59.6 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 72.5 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 35.5 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 59.6 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 59.6 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 56 40 Zr zirconium use 66.4 nΩm 388 nΩm 421 nΩm 429 nΩm 433 nΩm 765 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 6.64 38.8 42.1 42.9 43.3 76.5 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 42.1 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 42 41 Nb niobium use 152 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 15.2 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 15.2 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 15 42 Mo molybdenum use 4.82 nΩm 48.5 nΩm 53.4 nΩm 54.7 nΩm 55.2 nΩm 106 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 0.482 4.85 5.34 5.47 5.52 10.6 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 5.34 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 5 43 Tc technetium use LNG (10−8 Ωm) (100 °C) 22.6 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 20 44 Ru ruthenium use 71 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 7.1 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 7.1 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 7.1 45 Rh rhodium use 43.3 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 4.3 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 4.33 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 4.3 46 Pd palladium use 17.5 nΩm 97.8 nΩm 105.4 nΩm 107.3 nΩm 108.0 nΩm 179.4 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 1.75 9.78 10.54 10.73 10.80 17.94 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 10.54 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 10 47 Ag silver use 2.89 nΩm 14.67 nΩm 15.87 nΩm 16.17 nΩm 16.29 nΩm 28.7 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 0.289 1.467 1.587 1.617 1.629 2.87 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 1.587 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 1.6 48 Cd cadmium use 68 nΩm use (22 °C) 72.7 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 6.8 LNG (10−8 Ωm) (22 °C) 7.27 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 7 49 In indium use 0.080 µΩm 83.7 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 8.0 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 8.37 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 8 50 Sn tin use 115 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 11.5 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 11.5 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 11 51 Sb antimony use 0.39 µΩm 417 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 39 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 41.7 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 40 52 Te tellurium use LNG (10−8 Ωm) (5.8–33)×10³ WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) about 10000 53 I iodine use 1.3×107 Ωm LNG (10−8 Ωm) 1.3×1015 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) > 1015 55 Cs caesium use 41.6 nΩm 187 nΩm 205 nΩm 208 nΩm 210 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 4.16 18.7 20.5 20.8 21.0 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 20.5 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 20 56 Ba barium use 68.3 nΩm 302 nΩm 332 nΩm 0.340 µΩm 343 nΩm 724 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 6.83 30.2 33.2 34.0 34.3 72.4 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 33.2 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 35 57 La lanthanum use (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 615 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 61.5 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 61.5 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 61.5 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 61 58 Ce cerium (beta, hex) use (room temperature) (beta, polycrystalline) 828 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (beta, hex) (290 K–300 K) 82.8 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (beta, polycrystalline) 82.8 LNG (10−8 Ωm) (beta, hex) 82.8 58 Ce cerium (gamma, cubic) use (room temperature) (gamma, polycrystalline) 744 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 74.4 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (gamma, polycrystalline) 74.4 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 74 59 Pr praseodymium use (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 0.700 µΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 70.0 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 70.0 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 70.0 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 70 60 Nd neodymium use (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 643 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 64.3 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 64.3 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 64.3 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 64 61 Pm promethium use (room temperature) estimated 0.75 µΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 75 est. CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 75 estimated LNG (10−8 Ωm) 64.0 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 75 62 Sm samarium use (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 0.940 µΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 94.0 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 94.0 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 94.0 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 94 63 Eu europium use (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 0.900 µΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 90.0 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 90.0 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 90.0 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 90 64 Gd gadolinium use (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 1.310 µΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 131 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 135.1 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 121.7 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 131.0 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 131 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 130 65 Tb terbium use (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 1.150 µΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 115 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 123.5 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 101.5 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 115.0 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 115 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 120 66 Dy dysprosium use (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 926 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 92.6 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 111.0 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 76.6 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 92.6 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 92.6 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 91 67 Ho holmium use (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 814 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 81.4 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (amorphous) 101.5 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (crystalline) 60.5 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 81.4 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 81.4 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 94 68 Er erbium use (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 0.860 µΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 86.0 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (amorphous) 94.5 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (crystalline) 60.3 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 86.0 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 86.0 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 86 69 Tm thulium use (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 676 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 67.6 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (amorphous) 88.0 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (crystalline) 47.2 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 67.6 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 67.6 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 70 70 Yb ytterbium use (room temperature) (beta, polycrystalline) 0.250 µΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 25.0 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (beta, polycrystalline) 25.0 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 25 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 28 71 Lu lutetium use (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 582 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) (290 K–300 K) 58.2 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (amorphous) 76.6 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (crystalline) 34.7 CR2 (10−8 Ωm) (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 58.2 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 58.2 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 56 72 Hf hafnium use 67.5 nΩm 304 nΩm 331 nΩm 337 nΩm 0.340 µΩm 631 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 6.75 30.4 33.1 33.7 34.0 63.1 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 33.1 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 30 73 Ta tantalum use 26.2 nΩm 122 nΩm 131 nΩm 134 nΩm 135 nΩm 229 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 2.62 12.2 13.1 13.4 13.5 22.9 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 13.5 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 13 74 W tungsten use 6.06 nΩm 48.2 nΩm 52.8 nΩm 53.9 nΩm 54.4 nΩm 103 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 0.606 4.82 5.28 5.39 5.44 10.3 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 5.28 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 5 75 Re rhenium use 172 nΩm 193 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 17.2 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 19.3 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 18 76 Os osmium use 81.2 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 8.1 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 8.12 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 8.1 77 Ir iridium use 47 nΩm 47.1 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 4.7 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 4.71 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 4.7 78 Pt platinum use 19.22 nΩm 96 nΩm 105 nΩm 107 nΩm 108 nΩm 183 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 1.922 9.6 10.5 10.7 10.8 18.3 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 10.6 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 10.6 79 Au gold use 4.81 nΩm 20.51 nΩm 22.14 nΩm 22.55 nΩm 22.71 nΩm 39.7 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 0.481 2.051 2.214 2.255 2.271 3.97 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 2.214 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 2.2 80 Hg mercury use 961 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 96.1 LNG (10−8 Ωm) (solid) 21 LNG (10−8 Ωm) (liquid) 95.8 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 96 81 Tl thallium use 0.15 µΩm 0.18 µΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 15 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 18 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 15 82 Pb lead use 49 nΩm 192 nΩm 208 nΩm 211 nΩm 213 nΩm 383 nΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 4.9 19.2 20.8 21.1 21.3 38.3 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 20.8 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 21 83 Bi bismuth use 1.07 µΩm 1.29 µΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 107 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 129 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 130 84 Po polonium use (alpha) 0.40 µΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 40 LNG (10−8 Ωm) (alpha) 40.0 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 43 88 Ra radium use 1 µΩm LNG (10−8 Ωm) 100 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 100 90 Th thorium use 147 nΩm use (22 °C) 15.4 CRC (10−8 Ωm) 14.7 LNG (10−8 Ωm) (22 °C) 15.4 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 15 91 Pa protactinium use 177 nΩm use (22 °C) 19.1 CRC (10−8 Ωm) 17.7 LNG (10−8 Ωm) (22 °C) 19.1 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 18 92 U uranium use 0.280 µΩm CRC (10−8 Ωm) 28 LNG (10−8 Ωm) 28.0 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 28 93 Np neptunium use (22 °C) 1.220 µΩm LNG (10−8 Ωm) (22 °C) 122.0 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 120 94 Pu plutonium use 1.460 µΩm LNG (10−8 Ωm) 146.0 WEL (10−8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 150 T 80 K (-193 °C) 273 K (0 °C) 293 K (20 °C) 298 K (25 °C) 300 K (27 °C) 500 K (227 °C) सन्दर्भ WEL As quoted at https://web.archive.org/web/20140104110225/http://webelements.com/ from these sources: G.W.C. Kaye and T. H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993. A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992. D.R. Lide, (ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998. J.A. Dean (ed) in Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 14th edition, 1992. CRC As quoted from various sources in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 12, Properties of Solids; Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals CR2 As quoted in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals which further refers to: Beaudry, B. J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173. McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411. LNG As quoted from: J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 4, Table 4.1 Electronic Configuration and Properties of the Elements श्रेणी:विद्युत