रसायन विज्ञान की समयरेखा

thumb|जॉन डाल्टन के "अ न्यू सिस्टम ऑफ केमिकल फिलॉसफी" ले लिया गया चित्र - यह परमाणु सिद्धान्त की प्रथम आधुनिक व्याख्या थी इस समयरेखा में उन महत्वपूर्ण कृतियों, खोजों, विचारों एवं प्रयोगों को सूचीबद्ध किया गया है जिनके कारण पदार्थों की संरचना एवं उनके परस्पर क्रियाओं से सम्बन्धित मानव के ज्ञान में पर्याप्त वृद्धि हुई तथा जिसे आधुनिक विज्ञान में "रसायन विज्ञान" के नाम से जाना जाता है। यद्यपि रसायन विज्ञान की जड़ें ज्ञात इतिहास के आरम्भ काल तक पहुँची हुई हैं तथापि प्राय: आधुनिक रसायन के इतिहास का आरम्भ आयरलैण्ड के रसायनशास्त्री रॉबर्ट बॉयल से माना जाता है। १७वीं शती से पूर्व thumb|right|180px|जेबर (Geber) (मृत्यु 815) को रसायन विज्ञान का जनक माना जाता है right|thumb|300px|चीन के दुनहुआंग नगर से प्राप्त १०वीं शताब्दी का एक चित्र जिसमें एक बन्दूक और ग्रेनेड चित्रित हैं (ऊपर, दाएँ तरफ); यह बन्दूक और ग्रेनेड को चित्रित करने वाला सबसे पुराना ज्ञात चित्र है। thumb|right|180px|एन्टोनी लौरेन्ट डी लैवाशिये (1743-1794) को आधुनिक रसायन विज्ञान का जनक माना जाता है। 815 ई फारस के अलकेमी गेबर (Geber), ने रसायन विज्ञान के लिये पहली बार वैज्ञानिक विधि विकसित किया। उे हाइड्रोक्लोरिक अम्ल सहित अनेकों अम्ल अलग किये। 850 ई अल-किन्दी नामक अरब के रसायनज्ञ ने अलकेमी की आलोचना की तथा "पारस पत्थर" (Philosopher's stone) के सिद्धान्त को गलत बताया। 1267 ई रोजर बैकन (Roger Bacon) ने Opus Maius प्रकाशित किया जिसमें 'वैज्ञानिक विधि' का प्रारम्भिक स्वरूप विद्यमान था। इसी में बारूद से सम्बन्धित उसके प्रयोगों के परिणाम भी थे O'Connor J. J. Robertson E. F. Roger Bacon MacTutor School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland 2003 http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Bacon.html 2007-03-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20080307150151/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Bacon.html 7 मार्च 2008 dead १७वी तथा १८वीं शताब्दी 1648 जन बैप्टिस्ट वान हेल्मोन्ट (Jan Baptist van Helmont) की मृत्यु के पश्चात उसकी पुस्तक Ortus medicinae प्रकाशित हुई। कुछ विद्वानों का विचार है कि इस पुस्तक ने अलकेमी से केमिस्ट्री में पदार्पन की नींव डाली। इसका रॉबर्ट बायल पर भी बहुत असर पड़ा। Johann Baptista van Helmont History of Gas Chemistry Center for Microscale Gas Chemistry, Creighton University 2005-09-25 http://mattson.creighton.edu/History_Gas_Chemistry/vanHelmont.html 2007-02-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20100724220818/http://mattson.creighton.edu/History_Gas_Chemistry/vanHelmont.html 24 जुलाई 2010 dead </onlyinclude> thumb|right|180px|रॉबर्ट बॉयल की कृति The Sceptical Chymist का मुखपृष्ट 1661रॉबर्ट बॉयल (Robert Boyle) ने द स्केप्टिकल केमिस्ट" (The Sceptical Chymist) प्रकाशित की। इसमें अलकेमी और केमिस्ट्री में भेद बताया गया था। Robert Boyle Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences Chemical Heritage Foundation 2005 http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/forerunners/boyle.html 2007-02-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20070203054127/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/forerunners/boyle.html 3 फ़रवरी 2007 dead 1662रॉबर्ट बॉयल ने बॉयल का नियम प्रतिपादित किया जिसमें गैसों के व्यवहार का प्रायोगिक वर्णन था 1754जोसेफ ब्लैक कार्बन डाईआक्साइड अलग करने में सफल Cooper Alan Joseph Black History of Glasgow University Chemistry Department University of Glasgow Department of Chemistry 1999 http://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/dept/black.htm 2006-02-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20060410074412/http://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/dept/black.htm 10 अप्रैल 2006 dead 1758जोसेफ ब्लैक ने गुप्त उष्मा (latent heat) के कांसेप्ट की व्याक्या की। Partington J.R. A Short History of Chemistry https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofch0000part_q6h4 Dover Publications, Inc 1989 0-486-65977-1 1766हेनरी कैवेंडिश (Henry Cavendish) ने हाइड्रोजन की खोज की। 1773-1774 शीले (Carl Wilhelm Scheele) और जोसेफ प्रिस्टले (Joseph Priestly) ने स्वतंत्र रूप से आक्सीजन को अलग (isolate) किया। Joseph Priestley Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences Chemical Heritage Foundation 2005 http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/forerunners/priestley.html 2007-02-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20070203055832/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/forerunners/priestley.html 3 फ़रवरी 2007 dead Carl Wilhelm Scheele History of Gas Chemistry Center for Microscale Gas Chemistry, Creighton University 2005-09-11 http://mattson.creighton.edu/History_Gas_Chemistry/Scheele.html 2007-02-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20100724213911/http://mattson.creighton.edu/History_Gas_Chemistry/Scheele.html 24 जुलाई 2010 dead 1778लैवाशिये (Antoine Lavoisier) ने आक्सीजन की पहचान की और इसका नामकरण किया। उसने ज्वलन में इसकी भूमिका को भी पहचाना। Weisstein Eric W. Lavoisier, Antoine (1743-1794) Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography Wolfram Research Products 1996 http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Lavoisier.html 2007-02-23 https://www.webcitation.org/6FhVgK3IV?url=http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/access-error/agent-denied.html 7 अप्रैल 2013 live 1787लैवाशिये ने Méthode de nomenclature chimique, का प्रकाशन किया जो रासायनिक नामकरण की प्रथम पद्धति थी। 1787जैकूअस चार्ल्स (Jacques Charles) ने चार्ल्स का नियम प्रतिपादित किया। Jacques Alexandre César Charles Centennial of Flight U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission 2001 http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/Charles/DI16.htm 2007-02-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20070224222637/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/Charles/DI16.htm 24 फ़रवरी 2007 dead 1789लैवाशिये नेआधुनिक रसायन विज्ञान की पहली पाठ्यपुस्तक Traité Élémentaire de Chimie प्रकाशित की। Burns Ralph A. Fundamentals of Chemistry https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofch0003burn Prentice Hall 1999 32 0023173513 1800वोल्टा (Alessandro Volta) ने पहली रासायनिक बैटरी (वोल्ताइक पाइल) का आविष्कार किया। Inventor Alessandro Volta Biography The Great Idea Finder The Great Idea Finder 2005 http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/volta.htm 2007-02-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20100102131114/http://ideafinder.com/history/inventors/volta.htm 2 जनवरी 2010 live १९वीं शती thumb|right|180px|जॉन डालटन (1766-1844) 1803जॉन डाल्टन (John Dalton) ने डाल्टन का नियम प्रतिपादित किया। John Dalton Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences Chemical Heritage Foundation 2005 http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/dalton.html 2007-02-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20070220170232/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/dalton.html 20 फ़रवरी 2007 dead 1805गे लुसाक (Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac) ने पाया कि जल आयतन के अनुसार दो भाग हाइड्रोजन एवं एक भाग आक्सीजन से मिलकर बना है। 1808गे लुसाक ने वायु एवं अन्य कई गैसें एकत्र की तथा उनके भौतिक एवं रासायनिक गुणों की खोज की। उसने बायल के नियम तथा चार्ल्स के नियम की प्रायोगिक पुष्टि भी की। उसने गैसों के घनत्व एवं उनकी संरचना का सम्बन्ध भी बताया. December 6 Births Today in Science History Today in Science History 2007 http://www.todayinsci.com/12/12_06.htm 2007-03-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20090316015247/http://www.todayinsci.com/12/12_06.htm 16 मार्च 2009 live 1808John Dalton publishes New System of Chemical Philosophy, which contains first modern scientific description of the atomic theory, and clear description of the law of multiple proportions. 1808Jöns Jakob Berzelius publishes Lärboki Kemien in which he proposes modern chemical symbols and notation, and of the concept of relative atomic weight. Jöns Jakob Berzelius Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences Chemical Heritage Foundation 2005 http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/electrochem/berzelius.html 2007-02-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20070203055735/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/electrochem/berzelius.html 3 फ़रवरी 2007 dead 1811Amedeo Avogadro proposes Avogadro's law, that equal volumes of gases under constant temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules. Michael Faraday Famous Physicists and Astronomers http://www.phy.hr/~dpaar/fizicari/xfaraday.html 2007-03-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20111119052155/http://www.phy.hr/~dpaar/fizicari/xfaraday.html 19 नवंबर 2011 dead thumb|right|180px|structural formula of urea 1825Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig perform the first confirmed discovery and explanation of isomers, earlier named by Berzelius. Working with cyanic acid and fulminic acid, they correctly deduce that isomerism was caused by differing arrangements of atoms within a molecular structure. Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences Chemical Heritage Foundation 2005 http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/chemsynthesis/liebig-wohler.html 2007-02-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20070203062438/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/chemsynthesis/liebig-wohler.html 3 फ़रवरी 2007 dead 1827William Prout classifies biomolecules into their modern groupings: carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. William Prout http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/P/Prout/1.html 2007-03-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215538/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/P/Prout/1.html 26 सितंबर 2007 dead 1828Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes urea, thereby establishing that organic compounds could be produced from inorganic starting materials, disproving the theory of vitalism. 1832Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig discover and explain functional groups and radicals in relation to organic chemistry. 1840Germain Hess proposes Hess's Law, an early statement of the Law of conservation of energy, which establishes that energy changes in a chemical process depend only on the states of the starting and product materials and not on the specific pathway taken between the two states. Hess, Germain Henri http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/H/Hess/1.html 2007-03-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20070209062053/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/H/Hess/1.html 9 फ़रवरी 2007 dead 1847Hermann Kolbe obtains acetic acid from completely inorganic sources, further disproving vitalism. Kolbe, Adolph Wilhelm Hermann European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences 100 Distinguished European Chemists 2005 http://www.euchems.org/Distinguished/19thCentury/kolbeadolph.asp 2007-03-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20081011092124/http://www.euchems.org/Distinguished/19thCentury/kolbeadolph.asp 11 अक्तूबर 2008 dead 1848Lord Kelvin establishes concept of absolute zero, the temperature at which all molecular motion ceases. Weisstein Eric W. Kelvin, Lord William Thomson (1824-1907) Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography Wolfram Research Products 1996 http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Kelvin.html 2007-03-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20130125134412/http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Kelvin.html 25 जनवरी 2013 live 1849Louis Pasteur discovers that the racemic form of tartaric acid is a mixture of the levorotatory and dextrotatory forms, thus clarifying the nature of optical rotation and advancing the field of stereochemistry. History of Chirality Stheno Corporation 2006 http://www.sthenocorp.com/history.htm 2007-03-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20070307222010/http://www.sthenocorp.com/history.htm 7 मार्च 2007 dead 1852August Beer proposes Beer's law, which explains the relationship between the composition of a mixture and the amount of light it will absorb. Based partly on earlier work by Pierre Bouguer and Johann Heinrich Lambert, it establishes the analytical technique known as spectrophotometry. Lambert-Beer Law Sigrist-Photometer AG 2007-03-07 http://www.photometer.com/en/abc/abc_061.htm 2007-03-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20070929145238/http://www.photometer.com/en/abc/abc_061.htm 29 सितंबर 2007 live 1855Benjamin Silliman, Jr. pioneers methods of petroleum cracking, which makes the entire modern petrochemical industry possible. Benjamin Silliman, Jr. (1816-1885) Picture History Picture History LLC 2003 http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/17879/mcms.html 2007-03-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20070707023346/http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/17879/mcms.html 7 जुलाई 2007 dead 1856William Henry Perkin synthesizes Perkin's mauve, the first synthetic dye. Created as an accidental byproduct of an attempt to create quinine from coal tar. This discovery is the foundation of the dye synthesis industry, one of the earliest successful chemical industries. William Henry Perkin Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences Chemical Heritage Foundation 2005 http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/chemsynthesis/perkin.html 2007-03-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20070406080339/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/chemsynthesis/perkin.html 6 अप्रैल 2007 dead 1857Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz proposes that carbon is tetravalent, or forms exactly four chemical bonds. Archibald Scott Couper and August Kekulé von Stradonitz Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences Chemical Heritage Foundation 2005 http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/chemsynthesis/couper-kekule.html 2007-02-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20070203062428/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/chemsynthesis/couper-kekule.html 3 फ़रवरी 2007 dead 1859-1860 Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen lay the foundations of spectroscopy as a means of chemical analysis, which lead them to the discovery of caesium and rubidium. Other workers soon used the same technique to discover indium, thalium, and helium. O'Connor J. J. Robertson E.F. Gustav Robert Kirchhoff MacTutor School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland 2002 http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Kirchhoff.html 2007-03-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20100707112204/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Kirchhoff.html 7 जुलाई 2010 live 1860Stanislao Cannizzaro, resurrecting Avogadro's ideas regarding diatomic molecules, compiles a table of atomic weights and presents it at the 1860 Karlsruhe Congress, ending decades of conflicting atomic weights and molecular formulas, and leading to Mendeleev's discovery of the periodic law.Eric R. Scerri, The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2006. 1862Alexander Parkes exhibits Parkesine, one of the earliest synthetic polymers, at the International Exhibition in London. This discovery formed the foundation of the modern plastics industry. Alexander Parkes (1813 - 1890) People & Polymers Plastics Historical Society http://www.plastiquarian.com/parkes.htm 2007-03-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20070315102347/http://www.plastiquarian.com/parkes.htm 15 मार्च 2007 dead 1862Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois publishes the telluric helix, an early, three-dimensional version of the Periodic Table of the Elements. The Periodic Table The Third Millennium Online http://www.3rd1000.com/history/periodic.htm 2007-03-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20100103222556/http://3rd1000.com/history/periodic.htm 3 जनवरी 2010 live 1864John Newlands proposes the law of octaves, a precursor to the Periodic Law. 1864Lothar Meyer develops an early version of the periodic table, with 28 elements organized by valence. Julius Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences Chemical Heritage Foundation 2005 http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/meyer-mendeleev.html 2007-02-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20070228122545/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/meyer-mendeleev.html 28 फ़रवरी 2007 dead 1864Cato Maximilian Guldberg and Peter Waage, building on Claude Louis Berthollet’s ideas, proposed the Law of Mass Action.C.M. Guldberg and P. Waage,"Studies Concerning Affinity" C. M. Forhandlinger: Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiana (1864), 35P. Waage, "Experiments for Determining the Affinity Law", Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania, (1864) 92.C.M. Guldberg, "Concerning the Laws of Chemical Affinity", C. M. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania (1864) 111 1865Johann Josef Loschmidt determines exact number of molecules in a mole, later named Avogadro's Number.NPR KUHF-FM Houston Johann Josef Loschmidt 1858 The Engines of Our Ingenuity The Engines of Our Ingenuity John H. Lienhard 2003 http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1858.htm 2007-03-24 1865Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz, based partially on the work of Loschmidt and others, establishes structure of benzene as a six carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds. 1865Adolf von Baeyer begins work on indigo dye, a milestone in modern industrial organic chemistry which revolutionizes the dye industry. Adolf von Baeyer: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905 Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901-1921 Elsevier Publishing Company 1966 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1905/baeyer-bio.html 2007-02-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20090920204622/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1905/baeyer-bio.html 20 सितंबर 2009 live thumb|right|180px|Mendeleev's 1869 Periodic Table. 1869Dmitri Mendeleev publishes the first modern periodic table, with the 66 known elements organized by atomic weights. The strength of his table was its ability to accurately predict the properties of as-yet unknown elements. 1873Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and Joseph Achille Le Bel, working independently, develop a model of chemical bonding that explains the chirality experiments of Pasteur and provides a physical cause for optical activity in chiral compounds. Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences Chemical Heritage Foundation 2005 http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/chemsynthesis/vanthoff.html 2007-02-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20070203060150/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/chemsynthesis/vanthoff.html 3 फ़रवरी 2007 dead 1876Josiah Willard Gibbs publishes On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, a compilation of his work on thermodynamics and physical chemistry which lays out the concept of free energy to explain the physical basis of chemical equilibria. O'Connor J. J. Robertson E.F. Josiah Willard Gibbs MacTutor School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland 1997 http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Gibbs.html 2007-03-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20100327095905/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Gibbs.html 27 मार्च 2010 live 1877Ludwig Boltzmann establishes statistical derivations of many important physical and chemical concepts, including entropy, and distributions of molecular velocities in the gas phase. Weisstein Eric W. Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844-1906) Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography Wolfram Research Products 1996 http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Boltzmann.html 2007-03-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20060407011302/http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Boltzmann.html 7 अप्रैल 2006 live 1883Svante Arrhenius develops ion theory to explain conductivity in electrolytes. Svante August Arrhenius Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences Chemical Heritage Foundation 2005 http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/electrochem/arrhenius.html 2007-02-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20070301152336/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/electrochem/arrhenius.html 1 मार्च 2007 dead 1884Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff publishes Études de Dynamique chimique'', a seminal study on chemical kinetics. Jacobus H. van 't Hoff: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901 Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901-1921 Elsevier Publishing Company 1966 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1901/hoff-bio.html 2007-02-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20100109112701/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1901/hoff-bio.html 9 जनवरी 2010 live 1884Hermann Emil Fischer proposes structure of purine, a key structure in many biomolecules, which he later synthesized in 1898. Also begins work on the chemistry of glucose and related sugars. Emil Fischer: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901-1921 Elsevier Publishing Company 1966 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/fischer-bio.html 2007-02-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20090903164859/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/fischer-bio.html 3 सितंबर 2009 live 1884Henry Louis Le Chatelier develops Le Chatelier's principle, which explains the response of dynamic chemical equilibria to external stresses. Henry Louis Le Châtelier World of Scientific Discovery Thomson Gale 2005 http://www.bookrags.com/biography/henry-louis-le-chatelier-wsd/ 2007-03-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20100114182027/http://www.bookrags.com/biography/henry-louis-le-chatelier-wsd/ 14 जनवरी 2010 live 1885Eugene Goldstein names the cathode ray, later discovered to be composed of electrons, and the canal ray, later discovered to be positive hydrogen ions that had been stripped of their electrons in a cathode ray tube. These would later be named protons. History of Chemistry Intensive General Chemistry Columbia University Department of Chemistry Undergraduate Program http://www.columbia.edu/itc/chemistry/chem-c2507/navbar/chemhist.html 2007-03-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20160122145034/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/chemistry/chem-c2507/navbar/chemhist.html 22 जनवरी 2016 dead 1893Alfred Werner discovers the octahedral structure of cobalt complexes, thus establishing the field of coordination chemistry. Alfred Werner: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913 Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901-1921 Elsevier Publishing Company 1966 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1913/werner-bio.html 2007-03-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20091124092430/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1913/werner-bio.html 24 नवंबर 2009 live 1894-1898 William Ramsay discovers the noble gases, which fill a large and unexpected gap in the periodic table and led to models of chemical bonding. William Ramsay: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904 Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901-1921 Elsevier Publishing Company 1966 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-bio.html 2007-03-20 https://web.archive.org/web/20100107021622/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-bio.html 7 जनवरी 2010 live 1897J. J. Thomson discovers the electron using the cathode ray tube. Joseph John Thomson Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences Chemical Heritage Foundation 2005 http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/atomic/thomson.html 2007-02-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20100115084333/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/atomic/thomson.html 15 जनवरी 2010 dead 1898Wilhelm Wien demonstrates that canal rays (streams of positive ions) can be deflected by magnetic fields, and that the amount of deflection is proportional to the mass-to-charge ratio. This discovery would lead to the analytical technique known as mass spectrometry. Alfred Werner: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921 Elsevier Publishing Company 1967 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1911/wien-bio.html 2007-03-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20090805194247/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1911/wien-bio.html 5 अगस्त 2009 live 1898Maria Sklodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie isolate radium and polonium from pitchblende. Marie Sklodowska Curie Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences Chemical Heritage Foundation 2005 http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/atomic/curie.html 2007-02-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20070222103733/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/atomic/curie.html 22 फ़रवरी 2007 dead c. 1900 Ernest Rutherford discovers the source of radioactivity as decaying atoms; coins terms for various types of radiation. Ernest Rutherford: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908 Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901-1921 Elsevier Publishing Company 1966 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford-bio.html 2007-02-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20100109135503/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford-bio.html 9 जनवरी 2010 live २०वीं शताब्दी 1905फ्रिट्ज हैबर (Fritz Haber) और कार्ल बॉश (Carl Bosch) ने अमोनिया निर्माण के लिये हैबर प्रक्रम (Haber process) का विकास किया। Fritz Haber Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences Chemical Heritage Foundation 2005 http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/gases/haber.html 2007-02-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20100210071656/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/gases/haber.html 10 फ़रवरी 2010 dead 1907लिओ हेन्ड्रिक बैकीण्ड (Leo Hendrik Baekeland) ने बैकेलाइट (bakelite) की खोज की Leo Hendrik Baekeland Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences Chemical Heritage Foundation 2005 http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/plastics/baekeland.html 2007-02-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20070203054604/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/plastics/baekeland.html 3 फ़रवरी 2007 dead 1909अर्नेस्ट रदरफोर्ड, हंस गीगर (Hans Geiger) और अर्नेस्ट मार्सडेन (Ernest Marsden) ने स्वर्ण पन्नी वाला प्रयोग किया जिसने परमाणु के नाभिकीय मॉडल को सिद्ध किया। right|thumb|180px|तेल बूँद सम्बन्धी प्रयोग करने वाले मिलिकॉन 1913नील्स बोर (Niels Bohr) ने परमाणु संरचना में क्वांटम यांत्रिकी के कांसेप्ट का सहारा लिया। Niels Bohr: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1922-1941 Elsevier Publishing Company 1966 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html 2007-03-25 https://web.archive.org/web/20100109133711/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html 9 जनवरी 2010 live 1932जेम्स चैडविक ने न्यूट्रॉन की खोज की। James Chadwick: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935 Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922-1941 Elsevier Publishing Company 1965 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-bio.html 2007-02-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20100128125200/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-bio.html 28 जनवरी 2010 live 1938आटो हान (Otto Hahn) ने यूरेनियम एवं थोरियम में नाभिकीय फिशन (nuclear fission) की खोज की। ]] Otto Hahn: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1942-1962 Elsevier Publishing Company 1964 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/hahn-bio.html 2007-04-07 https://web.archive.org/web/20100620161434/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/hahn-bio.html 20 जून 2010 live 1953वाट्सन (James D. Watson) और क्रिक (Francis Crick) ने डीएनए (DNA) का का मॉडल प्रस्तुत किया। जिससे आणविक जीवविज्ञान के द्वार खुल गये। The Nobel Prize in Medicine 1962 Nobelprize.org The Nobel Foundation http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/ 2007-02-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20070104183337/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/ 4 जनवरी 2007 live right|thumb|300px| १९८५ हेरॉल्ड क्रोटो, रॉबर्ट कर्ल तथा रिचर्ड स्माली ने फुलरीन (fullerenes) की खोज की। फुलरीन विशाल कार्बन अणुओं वाला एक श्रेणी है जो मोटे तौर पर बकमिन्स्टर फुलर द्वार डिजाइन किए गए जियोडेसिक डोम के आकार से मिलता-जुलते आकार वाला है। सन्दर्भ 2 इन्हें भी देखें रसायन विज्ञान का इतिहास बाहरी कड़ियाँ Indian Chemistry Through The Ages by D.P. Agrawal Ancient indian Chemistry Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of the Chemical Sciences Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography History of Gas Chemistry list of all Nobel Prize laureates History of Elements of the Periodic Table Chemsoc timeline श्रेणी:रसायन का इतिहास श्रेणी:समयरेखायें