विद्युत और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभियांत्रिकी की समयरेखा

नीचे विद्युत तथा इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभियांत्रिकी के इतिहास में हुए अनुसंधानों की सूची नीचे दी गयी है।Isaac Asimov:Biographical Encyclopedia of science and Engineering, London, 1975 0-330-24323-3Elektrik Mühendisliği, s.259-260, Kemal İnan pp 245-263 खोजों के इतिहास की समयरेखा वर्षघटना1600English scientist William Gilbert coined the word electricus after careful experiments.1705English scientist Francis Hauksbee made a glass ball that glowed when spun and rubbed with the hand1720English scientist Stephen Gray discovered insulators and conductors1745German physicist Ewald Georg von Kleist and Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented Leyden jars1752American scientist Benjamin Franklin showed that lightning was electrical by flying a kite, and explained how Leyden jars work1780 Italian scientist Luigi Galvani discovered the Galvanic action in living tissue1783French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb formulated Coulomb's law1785French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace developed the Laplace transform to transform a linear differential equation to an algebraic equation. Later, his transform became a tool in circuit analysis. 1800 Italian physicist Alessandro Volta invented the battery1816 English inventor Francis Ronalds built the first working electric telegraph1820 Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted accidentally discovered that an electric field creates a magnetic field1820 One week after Ørsted's discovery, French physicist André-Marie Ampère published his law. He also proposed right-hand screw rule1821 German scientist Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered thermoelectricity1825 English physicist William Sturgeon developed the first electromagnet 1827 German physicist Georg Ohm introduced the concept of electrical resistance 1831 English physicist Michael Faraday published the law of induction (Joseph Henry developed the same law independently) 1831 American scientist Joseph Henry in United States developed a prototype DC motor 1832 French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii in France developed a prototype DC generator1833 Michael Faraday developed laws of electrolysis1833Michael Faraday invented thermistor1833English Samuel Hunter Christie invented Wheatstone bridge (It is named after Charles Wheatstone who popularized it)1836 Irish priest (and later scientist) Nicholas Callan invented transformer in Ireland 1837English scientist Edward Davy invented the electric relay1839French scientist Edmond Becquerel discovered the Photovoltaic Effect1844 American inventor Samuel Morse developed telegraphy and the Morse code1845German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff developed two laws now known as Kirchoff's Circuit laws1850 Belgian engineer Floris Nollet invented (and patented) a practical AC generator1855 First utilization of AC (in electrotherapy) by French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne1856 Belgian engineer Charles Bourseul proposed telephony1856 First electrically powered light house in England1860 German scientist Johann Philipp Reis invented Microphone1862 Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell published four equations bearing his name1866 Transatlantic telegraph cable1873 Belgian engineer Zenobe Gramme who developed DC generator accidentally discovered that a DC generator also works as a DC motor during an exhibit in Vienna. 1876 Russian engineer Pavel Yablochkov invented electric carbon arc lamp1876 Scottish inventor Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone1877 First street lighting in Paris, France1877 American inventor Thomas Alva Edison invented phonograph1877German industrialist Werner von Siemens developed primitive loud speaker1878 First hydroelectric plant in Cragside, England1878 English engineer Joseph Swan invented Incandescent light bulb1879American physicist Edwin Herbert Hall discovered Hall Effect1879 Thomas Alva Edison introduced a long lasting filament for the incandescent lamp.1880French physicists Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie discovered Piezoelectricity1882 First thermal power stations in London and New York1883 English physicist J J Thomson invented waveguides 1887German American inventor Emile Berliner invented gramophone record1888 German physicist Heinrich Hertz proved that electro magnetic waves travel over some distance. (First indication of radio communication)1888 Italian physicist and electrical engineer Galileo Ferraris publishes a paper on the induction motor and Serbian-American engineer Nikola Tesla gets a US patent on the same devicehttps://books.google.com/books?id=8j5bJ5OkGpgC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=Westinghouse+tesla++Electrical+Engineers&source=bl&ots=5nHK8Hlhi1&sig=7NmfQ2iGm7IznasuUyl8Ce58bNQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1-xNUNb6Aonw0gGWv4H4Cg&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Westinghouse%20tesla%20%20Electrical%20Engineers&f=false Fritz E. Froehlich, Allen Kent, The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 17, page 36 Books.google.com 2012-09-10 https://web.archive.org/web/20140706161842/http://books.google.com/books?id=8j5bJ5OkGpgC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=Westinghouse+tesla++Electrical+Engineers&source=bl&ots=5nHK8Hlhi1&sig=7NmfQ2iGm7IznasuUyl8Ce58bNQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1-xNUNb6Aonw0gGWv4H4Cg&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Westinghouse%20tesla%20%20Electrical%20Engineers&f=false 6 जुलाई 2014 live The Electrical Engineer. (1888). London: Biggs & Co. Pg., 239. [cf., "[...] new application of the alternating current in the production of rotary motion was made known almost simultaneously by two experimenters, Nikola Tesla and Galileo Ferraris, and the subject has attracted general attention from the fact that no commutator or connection of any kind with the armature was required."]1890 Thomas Alva Edison invented fuse1893During the Fourth International Conference of Electricians in Chicago electrical units were defined1894 Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov developed a prototype of a radio receiver 1896 First successful intercontinental telegram 1897 German inventor Karl Ferdinand Braun invented cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO)1900 Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi succeeded in first radio broadcast1901 First transatlantic radio broadcast by Guglielmo Marconi 1901 American engineer Peter Cooper Hewitt invented Fluorescent lamp1904 English engineer John Ambrose Fleming invented diode 1906 American inventor Lee de Forest invented triode1908Scottish engineer Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, laid the principles of Television.1911 Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered Superconductivity1912 American engineer Edwin Howard Armstrong developed Electronic oscillator1915French phyisicist Paul Langevin and Russian engineer Constantin Chilowsky invented sonar 1917American engineer Alexander M. Nicholson invented crystal oscillator1918French physicist Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch invented multivibrator1919 Edwin Howard Armstrong developed standard AM radio receiver 1921 Metre Convention was extended to include the electrical units1925Austrian American engineer Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented the first FET (which became popular much later)1926Yagi-Uda antenna was developed by the Japanese engineers Hidetsugu Yagi and Shintaro Uda1927American engineer Harold Stephen Black invented negative feedback amplifier1927German Physicist Max Dieckmann invented Video camera tube1928 First experimental Television broadcast in the US.1929 First public TV broadcast in Germany1931 First wind energy plant in the Soviet Union1936Dudley E. Foster and Stuart William Seeley developed FM detector circuit.1936Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented Printed circuit board1936Scottish Scientist Robert Watson-Watt developed the Radar concept which was proposed earlier.1938 Russian American engineer Vladimir K. Zworykin developed Iconoscope1939 Edwin Howard Armstrong developed FM radio receiver1939 Russell and Sigurd Varian developed the first Klystron tube in the US.1941 German engineer Konrad Zuse developed the first programmable computer in Berlin1944 Scottish Engineer John Logie Baird developed the first color picture tube1945Transatlantic telephone cable1947 American engineers John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain together with their group leader William Shockley invented transistor.1948Hungarian-British physicist Dennis Gabor invented Holography1950 French physicist Alfred Kastler invented MASER1951 First nuclear power plant in the US1953 First fully transistorized computer in the US1958 American engineer Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC)1960 American engineer Theodore Harold Maiman invented the LASER1962 Nick Holonyak Jr. invented the LED1963First home Videocassette recorder (VCR)1963 Electronic calculator2008 American scientist Richard Stanley Williams invented memristor which was proposed by Leon O. Chua in 1971 सम्बन्धित खोजों की समयरेखा इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी के इतिहास की समयरेखा तिथि खोज खोजकर्ता 1878 कैथोड किरणें क्रूक्स (Crookes) 1895 एक्स-किरण रोएन्टजन 1900 Old quantum theory Planck 1905 Theory of relativity Einstein 1918 Atomic transmutation Rutherford 1932 Neutron Chadwick 1932 Particle accelerator Crockcroft and Walton 1935 Scanning electron microscope Knoll 1937 Xerography Carlson 1937 Oscillograph Van Ardenne, Dowling, and Bullen 1950 Modem MIT and Bell Labs 1950 Karnaugh mapping technique (digital logic) Karnaugh 1952 Digital voltmeter Kay 1954 Solar battery Chapin, Fuller, and Pearson 1956 Transatlantic telephone cable UK and U.S. 1957 Sputnik I satellite Soviet Union 1957 Nuclear Missile Kurchatov / Soviet Union 1957 FORTRAN programming language Watson Scientific 1959 First one-piece plain paper photocopier (Xerox 914) Xerox 1959 Veroboard (Stripboard) Terry Fitzpatrick 1961 Electronic clock Vogel and Cie, patented by Alexander Bain, Scottish clockmaker in 1840. 1963 First commercially successful audio compact cassette Philips Corporation 1964 BASIC programming language Kemeny and Kurtz 1964 Liquid-crystal display George H. Heilmeier 1966 Optical fiber communications Kao and Hockham late 1960s First digital fax machine Dacom 1969 UNIX operating system AT&T's Bell Labs 1970 First microprocessor (4004, 60,000 oper/s) Intel 1970 First commercially available DRAM memory IBM 1971 EPROM N/A 1971 PASCAL programming language Wirth 1971 First microcomputer-on-a-chip Texas Instruments 1971 Laser printer Xerox 1972 8008 processor (200 kHz, 16 kB) Intel 1972 First programmable word processor Automatic Electronic Systems 1972 5¼-inch diskette N/A 1972 First modern ATM machine (IBM 2984) IBM 1973 Josephson junction IBM 1973 Tunable continuous-wave laser Bell Labs 1973 Ethernet Metcalfe 1973 Mobile phone John F. Mitchell and Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola 1974 C (programming language) Kernighan, Ritchie 1974 Programmable pocket calculator Hewlett-Packard 1975 BASIC for personal computers Allen 1975 First personal computer (Altair 8800) Roberts 1975 Digital camera Steven Sasson of Eastman Kodak 1975 Integrated optical circuits Reinhart and Logan 1975 Omni-font optical character recognition system Nuance Communications 1975 CCD flatbed scanner Kurzweil Computer Products 1975 Text-to-speech synthesis Kurzweil Computer Products 1975 First commercial reading machine for the blind (Kurzweil Reading Machine) Kurzweil Computer Products 1976 Apple I computer Wozniak, Jobs 1977 Launch of the "1977 trinity computers" expanding home computing, the Apple II, Commodore PET and the TRS-80 Apple, Tandy Corporation, Commodore Business Machines 1977 First handheld electronic game (Auto Race) Mattel 1978 WordPerfect 1.0 Satellite Software 1980 3½-inch floppy (2-sided, 875 kB) N/A 1980 VIC-20 Commodore Business Machines 1981 IBM Personal Computer (8088 processor) IBM 1981 MS-DOS 1.0 Microsoft 1981 "Wet" solar cell Bayer AG 1982 Commodore 64 Commodore Business Machines 1982 First commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition Kurzweil Applied Intelligence and Dragon Systems 1983 Satellite television U.S. Satellite Communications, Inc. 1983 First built-in hard drive (IBM PC XT) IBM 1983 C++ (programming language) Stroostrup 1984 Macintosh computer (introduced) Apple Computer 1984 CD-ROM player for personal computers Philips 1984 First music synthesizer (Kurzweil K250) capable of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments Kurzweil Music Systems 1984 Amiga computer (introduced) Commodore 1985 300,000 simultaneous telephone conversations over single optical fiber AT&T, Bell Labs 1987 Warmer superconductivity Karl Alex Mueller 1987 80386 microprocessor (25 MHz) Intel 1989 First commercial handheld GPS receiver (Magellan NAV 1000) Magellan Navigation Inc. 1989 Silicon-germanium transistors IBM fellow Bernie Meyerson 1990 486 microprocessor (33 MHz) Intel 1993 Weather Control Device / HAARP U.S. 1994 Pentium processor, P5-based (60/90 MHz, 166.2 MIPS) Intel 1994 Bluetooth Ericsson 1994 First DVD player ever made Tatung Company 1996 Alpha 21164 processor (550 MHz) Digital Equipment 1996 P2SC processor (15 million transistors) IBM सन्दर्भ श्रेणी:विद्युत इंजीनियरी