वियतनाम युद्ध

वियतनाम युद्धvi Chiến tranh Việt Namen Vietnam War हिन्दचीन युद्ध और शीतयुद्ध 350px 300px वियतनाम युद्ध के भयंकर दृष्य 1 नवम्बर 1955Due to the early presence of U.S. troops in Vietnam the start date of the Vietnam War is a matter of debate. In 1998, after a high level review by the Department of Defense (DoD) and through the efforts of Richard B. Fitzgibbon's family the start date of the Vietnam War according to the US government was officially changed to 1 November 1955.DoD 1998 U.S. government reports currently cite 1 November 1955 as the commencement date of the "Vietnam Conflict", because this date marked when the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) in Indochina (deployed to Southeast Asia under President Truman) was reorganized into country-specific units and MAAG Vietnam was established.Lawrence 2009 20. Other start dates include when Hanoi authorized Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam to begin a low-level insurgency in December 1956,Olson Roberts 1991 67.September 2013 whereas some view 26 September 1959, when the first battle occurred between the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese army, as the start date.Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960 https://web.archive.org/web/20171019184424/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm 19 अक्तूबर 2017 , The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1, Chapter 5, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Section 3, pp. 314–46; International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College. "A" "start date" – yes 1975 4 30(11 1 1955 04 30 1975) दक्षिणी वियतनाम, उत्तरी वियतनाम, कम्बोडिया, लाओस, दक्षिण चीन सागर, थाईलैंड की खाड़ी उत्तर और दक्षिण वियतनाम का वियतनाम सोशलिस्ट रिपब्लिक में फिर से एक होना North Vietnamese victory Withdrawal of U.S. forces Expulsion of U.S. civilian/military staff from Cambodia, Laos and South Vietnam Communist forces take power in South Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos Reunification of Vietnam Start of the Cambodian–Vietnamese War Start of the boat people crisis and Indochina refugee crisis उत्तरी वियतनाम Republic of South Vietnam Viet Cong and PRG Cambodia 1973 Cambodia Government-in-Exile Cambodia 1975 खमेर रूजhttps://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/ss:19343646 Vietnamese NLF Victory Map Cornell University Library Digital Collections 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180615055517/https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/ss:19343646 15 जून 2018 live Laos Pathet Lao चीन सोवियत संघ 1955 उत्तर कोरिया सैन्य सहायता: क्यूबाThe Cuban Military Under Castro, 1989. p. 76Cuba in the World, 1979. p. 66 Czechoslovak Socialist Republichttp://www.svet.czsk.net/clanky/svet/koreapokusy.html Korejská záhada zůstává nevyřešena The Korean mystery remains unresolved Cesky a slovensky svet 24 February 2014 cs https://web.archive.org/web/20160419070557/http://www.svet.czsk.net/clanky/svet/koreapokusy.html 19 अप्रैल 2016 dead http://www.e-polis.cz/mezinarodni-vztahy/322-bilateralni-vztahy-ceske-republiky-a-vietnamske-socialisticke-republiky.html Bilaterální vztahy České republiky a Vietnamské socialistické republiky Bilateral Relations of the Czech Republic and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam e-Polis – Internetový politologický časopis cs 24 February 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20141014151553/http://www.e-polis.cz/mezinarodni-vztahy/322-bilateralni-vztahy-ceske-republiky-a-vietnamske-socialisticke-republiky.html 14 अक्तूबर 2014 dead पूर्व जर्मनीhttps://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/german_studies_review/v036/36.3.horten.pdf Sailing in the Shadow of the Vietnam War: The GDR Government and the "Vietnam Bonus" of the Early 1970s German Studies Review 36 3 557–578 10.1353/gsr.2013.0114 2013 Horten Gerd 15 जून 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134412/https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=%2Fjournals%2Fgerman_studies_review%2Fv036%2F36.3.horten.pdf 4 मार्च 2016 live 0149-7952 https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/stasi-aid-and-the-modernization-the-vietnamese-secret-police Stasi Aid and the Modernization of the Vietnamese Secret Police 20 August 2014 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20171019184423/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/stasi-aid-and-the-modernization-the-vietnamese-secret-police 19 अक्तूबर 2017 live Polish People's Republic 1947Radvanyi Janos http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/parameters/Articles/1980/1980%20radvanyi.pdf Vietnam War Diplomacy: Reflections of a Former Iron Curtain Official Parameters: Journal of the US Army War College 10 3 1980 8–15 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20170525181214/http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/parameters/Articles/1980/1980%20radvanyi.pdf 25 मई 2017 dead Poland and Vietnam, 1963: New Evidence on Secret Communist Diplomacy and the "Maneli Affair" Cold War International History Project Working Paper #45 Margaret K. Gnoinska March 2005 10.1.1.401.5833https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000381439.pdf Intelligence Memorandum: Sources of Military Equipment to Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Military Forces 4 November 1968 1998 Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency PDF 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20170217141822/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000381439.pdf 17 फ़रवरी 2017 live yes अन्य सहायता People's Republic of Bulgariahttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0066) Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s Bulgaria Country Study Library of Congress 1992 Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Bulgaria gave official military support to many national liberation causes, most notably in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, (North Vietnam)… 15 जून 2020 https://archive.today/20121205055039/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0066) 5 दिसंबर 2012 live Hungarian People's Republic Socialist Republic of Romania 1965Crump 2015 183 स्वीडनhttp://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong.htm Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? HistoryNet 25 July 2013 20 July 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160517034834/http://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong.htm 17 मई 2016 live http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sweden-announces-support-to-viet-cong Sweden announces support to Viet Cong HISTORY.com 20 July 2016 In Sweden, Foreign Minister Torsten Nilsson reveals that Sweden has been providing assistance to the Viet Cong, including some $550,000 worth of medical supplies. Similar Swedish aid was to go to Cambodian and Laotian civilians affected by the Indochinese fighting. This support was primarily humanitarian in nature and included no military aid. https://web.archive.org/web/20170525181411/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sweden-announces-support-to-viet-cong 25 मई 2017 live दक्षिणी वियतनाम संयुक्त राज्य https://thevietnamwar.info/what-countries-involved-in-the-vietnam-war/ What countries involved in the Vietnam War? April 8, 2018 Rohn Alan November 26, 2012 The Vietnam War https://web.archive.org/web/20181013111915/https://thevietnamwar.info/what-countries-involved-in-the-vietnam-war/ 13 अक्तूबर 2018 dead Cambodia 1970 Khmer Republic लाओस कम्बोडिया Kingdom of Cambodia (1967–1970) दक्षिण कोरिया थाईलैण्ड 1939 ऑस्ट्रेलिया फ़िलीपीन्स 1936 न्यूज़ीलैण्ड सैन्य सहायता: ताइवानMoïse 1996 3–4.http://www.psywarrior.com/AlliesRepublicVietnam.html Allies of the Republic of Vietnam April 8, 2018 Friedman Herbert psywarrior.com https://web.archive.org/web/20160620165935/http://www.psywarrior.com/AlliesRepublicVietnam.html 20 जून 2016 live https://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/ America Wasn't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War April 8, 2018 October 2, 2013 Military History Now https://web.archive.org/web/20180612165646/https://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/ 12 जून 2018 dead yes अन्य सहायता ब्राज़ील 1968 ब्राज़ीलWeil, Thomas E. et. al. Area Handbook for Brazil (1975), p. 293 ईरान 1964 ईरान जापान 1947 Francoist Spain मलेशियाhttp://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/747/4/BAB3.pdf Chapter Three: 1957–1969 Early Relations between Malaysia and Vietnam University of Malaya Student Repository 17 October 2015 PDF 72 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095141/http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/747/4/BAB3.pdf 4 मार्च 2016 live http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2008/tunku.pdf Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (Profiles of Malaysia's Foreign Ministers) Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia) 2008 17 October 2015 978-9832220268 PDF 31 The Tunku had been personally responsible for Malaya's partisan support of the South Vietnamese regime in its fight against the Vietcong and, in reply to a Parliamentary question on 6 February 1962, he had listed all the used weapons and equipment of the Royal Malaya Police given to Saigon. These included a total of 45,707 single-barrel shotguns, 611 armoured cars and smaller numbers of carbines and pistols. Writing in 1975, he revealed that "we had clandestinely been giving 'aid' to Vietnam since early 1958. Published American archival sources now reveal that the actual Malaysian contributions to the war effort in Vietnam included the following: "over 5,000 Vietnamese officers trained in Malaysia; training of 150 U.S. soldiers in handling Tracker Dogs; a rather impressive list of military equipment and weapons given to Viet-Nam after the end of the Malaysian insurgency (for example, 641 armored personnel carriers, 56,000 shotguns); and a creditable amount of civil assistance (transportation equipment, cholera vaccine, and flood relief)". It is undeniable that the Government's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime with arms, equipment and training was regarded by some quarters, especially the Opposition parties, as a form of interfering in the internal affairs of that country and the Tunku's valiant efforts to defend it were not convincing enough, from a purely foreign policy standpoint. https://web.archive.org/web/20151016191310/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2008/tunku.pdf 16 अक्तूबर 2015 dead पश्चिम जर्मनी यूनाइटेड किंगडम ≈860,000 (1967) North Vietnam: 690,000 (January 1967, included NVA and Việt Cộng)Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975. Translated by Merle Pribbenow, Lawerence KS: University of Kansas Press, 2002, p. 211: "By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers.". According to Hanoi's official history, the Viet Cong was a branch of the People's Army of Vietnam. Republic of South Vietnam Việt Cộng: 200,000 (estimated, 1968)Doyle, The North, pp. 45–49 China 1949: 170,000 (1967)Reuters China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19890516&id=HkRPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_gIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3769,1925460 24 December 2013 Toledo Blade 16 May 1989 https://web.archive.org/web/20190428231256/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19890516&id=HkRPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_gIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3769,1925460 28 अप्रैल 2019 live Roy Denny China's Foreign Relations https://archive.org/details/chinasforeignrel0000royd 1998 Rowman & Littlefield 978-0847690138 27https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=GaZvX2BzeegC&pg=PA176 China and Vietnam 978-0521618342 Womack Brantly 2006 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191348/https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=GaZvX2BzeegC&pg=PA176 15 जून 2018 live Cambodia 1973 GRUNK: 70,000 (1972)Spencer C. Tucker 2011 https://books.google.cl/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History ABC-CLIO 376 978-1851099603 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082650/https://books.google.cl/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC 12 अप्रैल 2018 dead Laos Pathet Lao: 48,000 (1960)June 2018 North Korea 1948: 200Pham Thi Thu Thuy https://www.nknews.org/2013/08/the-colorful-history-of-north-korea-vietnam-relations/ The colorful history of North Korea-Vietnam relations 1 August 2013 3 October 2016 NK News https://web.archive.org/web/20161003110456/https://www.nknews.org/2013/08/the-colorful-history-of-north-korea-vietnam-relations/ 3 अक्तूबर 2016 dead ≈1,420,000 (1968) South Vietnam: 850,000 (1968)1,500,000 (1974–75)Le Gro, p. 28. United States: 543,000 (April 1969)Tucker Spencer The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 2nd Edition ABC-CLIO 2011 978-1851099610 https://books.google.com/?id=qh5lffww-KsC&pg=PR45&lpg=PR45&dq=peak+us+strength+vietnam+war#v=onepage&q=peak%20us%20strength%20vietnam%20war&f=false xlv http://www.nps.gov/mrc/reader/vvmcr.htm Archived copy 26 April 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20091202200812/http://www.nps.gov/mrc/reader/vvmcr.htm 2 December 2009 dead dmy-all Laos 1952 72,000 Royal Army and Hmonghttp://www.footprinttravelguides.com/c/4999/the-rise-of-communism The rise of Communism www.footprinttravelguides.com 31 May 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20101117114707/http://footprinttravelguides.com/c/4999/the-rise-of-communism/ 17 November 2010 dead dmy-all http://members.ozemail.com.au/~yeulee/Topical/Hmong%20rebellion%20in%20Laos.html Hmong rebellion in Laos 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20100114073355/http://members.ozemail.com.au/~yeulee/Topical/Hmong%20rebellion%20in%20Laos.html 14 जनवरी 2010 dead Cambodia 1970 200,000 (1973)http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/cambodia2.htm Cambodia Civil War, 1970s John Pike www.globalsecurity.org 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20170121141414/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/cambodia2.htm 21 जनवरी 2017 live South Korea 1949: 50,003 Thailand 1939: 32,000 in Vietnamhttp://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwatl.htm Vietnam War Allied Troop Levels 1960-73 2016-08-02 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20160802134052/http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwatl.htm 2 August 2016 dmy-all , accessed 7 Nov 2017 and Laoshttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/laos.htm Pathet Lao Uprising John Pike 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20170904012248/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/laos.htm 4 सितंबर 2017 live Australia: 7,672 Philippines 1936: 2,061 New Zealand: 552https://books.google.com/?id=4VG4AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=troops+both+sides+in+vietnam+war#v=onepage&q=troops%20both%20sides%20in%20vietnam%20war&f=false The A to Z of the Vietnam War The Scarecrow Press 2005 978-1461719038 North Vietnam हो चि मिन्हDeath by natural causes Republic of South Vietnam Huỳnh Tấn Phát Republic of South Vietnam Nguyễn Hữu Thọ Republic of South Vietnam Hoàng Văn Thái Republic of South Vietnam Nguyễn Chí ThanhDeath by natural causes Republic of South Vietnam Trần Văn Trà Republic of South Vietnam Nguyễn Văn Linh Republic of South Vietnam Lê Trọng Tấn Republic of South Vietnam Lê Đức Anh Republic of South Vietnam Mme Nguyễn Thị Định Republic of South Vietnam Võ Chí Công Republic of South Vietnam Mme Nguyễn Thị Bình Republic of South Vietnam Võ Văn Kiệt Laos Souphanouvong Laos Kaysone Phomvihane Laos Phoumi Vongvichit Laos Nouhak Phoumsavanh Cambodia Norodom Sihanouk Cambodia Son Sann Cambodia 1975 पोल पॉट South Vietnam Ngô Đình DiệmArrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem South Vietnam Ngô Đình NhuArrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem South Vietnam Nguyễn Văn Thiệu South Vietnam Nguyễn Cao Kỳ South Vietnam Cao Văn Viên South Vietnam Ngô Quang Trưởng South Vietnam Dương Văn Minh South Vietnam Trần Thiện Khiêm South Vietnam Trần Văn Hương South Vietnam Nguyễn Khánh South Vietnam Nguyễn Văn HiếuAssassination South Vietnam Đỗ Cao Trí South Vietnam Nguyễn Chánh Thi US 1960 जॉन एफ॰ केनेडीAssassination of John F. Kennedy US 1960 लिंडन बी जॉनसन US 1960 रिचर्ड निक्सन US 1960 जेराल्ड फ़ोर्ड Cambodia 1970 Lon Nol Cambodia 1970 Sisowath Sirik Matak Laos 1952 Vang Pao Laos 1952 Souvanna Phouma Laos 1952 Phoumi Nosavan South Korea पार्क चुंग-हि उत्तरी वियतनामRepublic of South Vietnam North Vietnam & Việt Cộng 65,000–182,000 civilian deadhttp://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/timeline/index2.html Battlefield:Vietnam - Timeline PBS 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20100620092609/http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/timeline/index2.html 20 जून 2010 live 849,018 military dead (per Vietnam; 1/3 non-combat deaths)http://chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/tinbai/309/Tap-huan-cong-tac-chinh-sach Công tác tìm kiếm, quy tập hài cốt liệt sĩ từ nay đến năm 2020 và những năn tiếp theo The work of searching and collecting the remains of martyrs from now to 2020 and the next Ministry of Defence, Government of Vietnam vi 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181217065036/http://chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/tinbai/309/Tap-huan-cong-tac-chinh-sach 17 दिसंबर 2018 dead http://dangcongsan.vn/tieu-diem/doi-doi-nho-on-cac-anh-hung-liet-si-259222.html Đời đời nhớ ơn các anh hùng liệt sĩ! Eternal gratitude to the heroes and martyrs! Communist Party of Vietnam 2018-06-11 vi https://web.archive.org/web/20181225041737/http://dangcongsan.vn/tieu-diem/doi-doi-nho-on-cac-anh-hung-liet-si-259222.html 25 दिसंबर 2018 dead 666,000–950,765 dead (per US; 1964–74)perUS aLewy Guenter Guenter Lewy America in Vietnam Oxford University Press 1978 9780199874231 450–1 600,000+ woundedSoames, John. A History of the World, Routledge, 2005. China 1949≈1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded North Korea 194814 deadhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/696970.stm North Korea fought in Vietnam War BBC News Online 31 March 2000 18 October 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20080308081900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/696970.stm 8 मार्च 2008 live Soviet Union16 deadJames F. Dunnigan Albert A. Nofi Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War: Military Information You're Not Supposed to Know https://books.google.com/books?id=7t-XPOvtWUkC 2000 Macmillan 0-312-25282-X 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20170425130741/https://books.google.com/books?id=7t-XPOvtWUkC 25 अप्रैल 2017 live Total military dead: ≈667,130–951,895Total military wounded: ≈604,200 (excluding GRUNK and Pathet Lao) South Vietnam 195,000–430,000 civilian deadLewy 1978 450–53.Thayer 1985 chap. 12. 254,256–313,000 military deadClarke, Jeffrey J. (1988), United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973, Washington, D.C: Center of Military History, United States Army, p. 275: "The Army of the Republic of Vietnam suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths"Rummel R.J 1997 http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF GIF Table 6.1A. Vietnam Democide : Estimates, Sources, and Calculations Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War, University of Hawaii System 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20200527160345/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF 27 मई 2020 dead 1,170,000 woundedTucker, Spencer E. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History ABC-CLIO. 1851099611 United States 196058,318 dead;Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/washington-dc/articles/2017-05-29/3-new-names-added-to-vietnam-veterans-memorial-wall 3 new names added to Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall 29 May 2017 Associated Press 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20200526233818/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/washington-dc/articles/2017-05-29/3-new-names-added-to-vietnam-veterans-memorial-wall 26 मई 2020 live 303,644 wounded (including 150,341 not requiring hospital care)The figures of 58,220 and 303,644 for U.S. deaths and wounded come from the Department of Defense Statistical Information Analysis Division (SIAD), Defense Manpower Data Center, as well as from a Department of Veterans fact sheet dated May 2010; the total is 153,303 WIA excluding 150,341 persons not requiring hospital careAmerica's Wars http://www1.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf Department of Veterans Affairs May 2010 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20140124020810/http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf 24 January 2014 dmy-all https://web.archive.org/web/20140124020810/http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf 24 जनवरी 2014 https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf संग्रहीत प्रति 30 दिसंबर 2020 27 नवंबर 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20191127070133/https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf bot: unknown the CRS (Congressional Research Service) Report for Congress, American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics, dated 26 February 2010,26 February 2010 American War and Military Operations: Casualties: Lists and Statistics https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf Anne Leland Mari–Jana "M-J" Oboroceanu Congressional Research Service 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181209111557/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf 9 दिसंबर 2018 live https://web.archive.org/web/20230514171012/https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf 14 मई 2023 and the book Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant.Lawrence 2009 65, 107, 154, 217 Some other sources give different figures (e.g. the 2005/2006 documentary Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975 cited elsewhere in this article gives a figure of 58,159 U.S. deaths,Aaron Ulrich (editor); Edward FeuerHerd (producer and director) (2005, 2006) https://www.amazon.com/Heart-Darkness-Vietnam-Chronicles-1945-1975/dp/B000GDIBT8 Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975 Box set, Color, Dolby, DVD-Video, Full Screen, NTSC, Dolby, Vision Software Documentary Koch Vision 321 minutes 1417229209 12 दिसंबर 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20190329215600/https://www.amazon.com/Heart-Darkness-Vietnam-Chronicles-1945-1975/dp/B000GDIBT8 29 मार्च 2019 live and the 2007 book Vietnam Sons gives a figure of 58,226)Kueter, Dale. Vietnam Sons: For Some, the War Never Ended. AuthorHouse (21 March 2007). 978-1425969318 USd&w A Laos 195215,000 deadT. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule (1996) Cambodia 1970Unknown South Korea 19495,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing Australiahttp://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/vietnam/statistics.asp Australian casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962–72 Australian War Memorial 29 June 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130516081613/http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/vietnam/statistics.asp 16 मई 2013 live 521 dead; 3,129 wounded Thailand 1939351 deadhttps://books.google.com/?id=qh5lffww-KsC The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 2nd Edition [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History Spencer C. Tucker 2011 ABC-CLIO 9781851099610 New Zealand37 deadhttp://www.vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources Overview of the war in Vietnam New Zealand and the Vietnam War 16 July 1965 29 June 2013 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20130726010609/http://vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources 26 July 2013 dmy-all Taiwan25 deadhttp://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/ America Wasn't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War 10 June 2017 2013-10-02 https://web.archive.org/web/20170609121930/http://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/ 9 जून 2017 dead Philippines 19369 dead;http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch03.htm Chapter III: The Philippines History.army.mil 24 February 2014 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203725/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch03.htm 29 October 2013 dmy-all 64 woundedhttp://175thengineers.homestead.com/Philcav.pdf Asian Allies in Vietnam Embassy of South Vietnam March 1970 18 October 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20140525233348/http://175thengineers.homestead.com/Philcav.pdf 25 मई 2014 dead Total military dead: 333,620–392,364Total wounded: ≈1,340,000+(excluding FARK and FANK) Vietnamese civilian dead: 627,000–2,000,00020 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate Philip Shenon https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html 23 April 1995 The New York Times 24 February 2011 The Vietnamese government officially claimed a rough estimate of 2 million civilian deaths, but it did not divide these deaths between those of North and South Vietnam. https://web.archive.org/web/20190629064549/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html 29 जून 2019 live Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme http://www.bmj.com/content/336/7659/1482 Ziad Obermeyer Christopher J L Murray Emmanuela Gakidou British Medical Journal 336 336 1482–1486 10.1136/bmj.a137 18566045 2440905 23 April 2008 5 January 2013 From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths ... 3.8 million in Vietnam https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142801/https://www.bmj.com/content/336/7659/1482 12 जून 2018 live Vietnamese total dead: 966,000–3,812,000Obermeyer Murray Gakidou 2008. Cambodian Civil War dead: 275,000–310,000Sliwinski Marek Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique The Khmer Rouge genocide: A demographic analysis Paris L'Harmattan 1995 978-2738435255 42–43, 48 Laotian Civil War dead: 20,000–62,000 Non-Indochinese military dead: 65,494 Total dead: 1,326,494–4,249,494 For more information see Vietnam War casualties and Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War perUS aUpper figure initial estimate, later thought to be inflated by at least 30% (lower figure), possibly includes civilians misidentified as combatants, see Vietnam War body count controversy वियतनाम युद्ध (1 नवम्बर 1955 - 30 अप्रैल 1975) शीतयुद्ध काल में वियतनाम, लाओस तथा कंबोडिया की धरती पर लड़ी गयी एक भयंकर लड़ाई का नाम है। प्रथम हिन्दचीन युद्ध के बाद आरम्भ हुआ यह युद्ध उत्तरी वियतनाम (कम्युनिस्ट मित्रों द्वारा समर्थित) तथा दक्षिण वियतनाम की सरकार (यूएसए और अन्य साम्यवादविरोधी देशों द्वारा समर्थित) के बीच में लड़ा गया। इसे "द्वितीय हिन्दचीन युद्ध" भी कहते हैं। इसे शीतयुद्ध के दौरान साम्यवादी और—विचारधारा के मध्य एक प्रतीकात्मक युद्ध के रूप में देखा जाता है। लाओस ओर कम्बोडिया के साथ वियतनाम हिन्दचीन का एक देश फ्रांस के औपनिवेशिक शासन में था।स्वतंत्रता के संघर्ष में वियतनामी राष्ट्रवादियों को दक्षिणी वियतनाम में मिली असफलता इस युद्ध का प्रमुख कारण था। परिचय शीत युद्ध के दौर के सबसे भीषण सैन्य संघर्षों में से एक वियतनाम युद्ध (1 नवम्बर 1955 - 30 अप्रैल 1975) हैं। जहां एक तरफ चीनी जनवादी गणराज्य और अन्य साम्यवादी देशों से समर्थन प्राप्त उत्तरी वियतनाम की सेना थी तो दूसरी तरफ अमेरिका और मित्र देशों के साथ कंधे से कंधा मिला कर लड़ रही दक्षिणी वियतनाम की सेना। वियतनाम युद्ध के चरम पर होने और अमेरिका के मित्र देशों की सेना की भीषण मारक क्षमता को भली भांति जानते हुए भी 'लाओस' ने अपनी धरती उत्तरी वियतनाम की सेना के लिये मुहैया करा दी। इस एक निर्णय ने लाओस के भविष्य को बारूद के ढेर के नीचे हमेशा हमेशा के लिये दबा दिया। अभी तक सिर्फ वियतनाम से ही लड़ रहीं अमेरिका की फ़ौज को एक छोटे से देश लाओस के इस निर्णय पर गुस्सा आ गया। दरअसल लाओस में बैठी उत्तरी वियतनाम की सेना इस देश को अपने सप्लाई रूट और दक्षिण वियतनाम पर भीषण हमला करने के लिये इस्तेमाल करने लगी और यह महाशक्ति अमेरिका को मंज़ूर नहीं हुआ । उत्तरी वियतनाम की सेना और छोटे से देश लाओस को सबक सिखाने के लिए अमेरिकी सेना ने यहां सबसे भीषण हवाई हमले की योजना बनाई। अमेरिका की वायुसेना ने दक्षिण पूर्व एशिया के इस छोटे से देश लाओस पर ढेर सारे मात्रा में बम गिराए । लाओस में वर्ष 1964 से लेकर 1973 तक पूरे नौ साल अमेरिकी वायुसेना ने हर आठ मिनट में बम गिराए। मीडिया रिपोर्ट्स के अनुसार नौ सालों में अमेरिका ने लगभग 260 मिलयन क्लस्टर बम वियतनाम पर दागे हैं जो कि इराक के ऊपर दागे गए कुल बमों से 210 मिलियन अधिक हैं। लाओस में अमेरिका ने इतने क्लस्टर बम दागे थे कि दुनिया भर में इन बमों से शिकार हुए कुल लोगों में से आधे लोग लाओस के ही हैं। अमेरिका द्वारा लाओस पर की गई बमबारी को लेकर हुए खुलासों के अनुसार अमेरिका ने नौ सालों तक प्रतिदिन 2 मिलियन डॉलर सिर्फ और सिर्फ लाओस पर बमबारी करने में ही खर्च किए थे। प्रमुख घटनाएँ 1954 में जेनेवा समझौते के तहत लाओस और कम्बोडिया को स्वतंत्रता मिली थी। इन्हें भी देखें हिन्दचीन युद्ध ऑपरेशन जंक्शन सिटी चीन-वियतनाम युद्ध बाहरी कड़ियाँ वियतनाम युद्ध के 50 साल (डी डब्ल्यू वर्ड) अभी भी चल रहा है वियतनाम युद्ध! पादटिप्पणी 2 श्रेणी:एशिया के युद्ध श्रेणी:वियतनाम श्रेणी:अमेरिका के युद्ध