प्रकार्यात्मक समूह

right|thumb|300px|बेंजिल एसिटेट में इस्टर प्रकार्यात्मक समूह (केसरिया घेरे में) उपस्थित है। कार्बनिक रसायन में, किसी अणु में उपस्थित परमाणुओं या बन्धों का वह विशिष्ट समूह जो उस कार्बनिक यौगिक के रासायनिक गुणों का निर्धारण करता है, प्रकार्यात्मक समूह (फंक्शनल ग्रुप) कहलाता है। विभिन्न अणुओं में उपस्थित प्रकार्यात्मक समूह एक ही या समान रासायनिक अभिक्रिया प्रदर्शित करेगा, चाहे अणु का आकार छोटा हो या बड़ा। प्रमुख प्रकार्यात्मक समूहों की सारणी हाइड्रोकार्बन रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण ऐल्केन Alkane Alkyl R(CH2)nH 75px|Alkyl alkyl- -ane 75px|methaneEthane ऐल्कीन Alkene Alkenyl R2C=CR2 75px|Alkene alkenyl- -ene 75px|ethyleneEthylene(Ethene) ऐल्काइन Alkyne Alkynyl RC≡CR' 100px|Alkyne alkynyl- -yne 100px|acetyleneAcetylene(Ethyne) बेंजीन व्युत्पादBenzene derivative फेनिलPhenyl RC6H5RPh 75px|Phenyl phenyl- -benzene 55px|CumeneCumene(2-phenylpropane) टॉल्यूइन व्युत्पादToluene बेंजिल Benzyl RCH2C6H5RBn 75px|Benzyl benzyl- 1-(substituent)toluene 75px|Benzyl bromideBenzyl bromide(α-Bromotoluene) हाइड्रोजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण haloalkane halo RX 50px|Halide group halo- alkyl halide 75px|ChloroethaneChloroethane(Ethyl chloride) fluoroalkane fluoro RF 50px|Fluoro group fluoro- alkyl fluoride 75px|FluoromethaneFluoromethane(Methyl fluoride) chloroalkane chloro RCl 50px|Chloro group chloro- alkyl chloride 75px|ChloromethaneChloromethane(Methyl chloride) bromoalkane bromo RBr 50px|Bromo group bromo- alkyl bromide 75px|BromomethaneBromomethane(Methyl bromide) iodoalkane iodo RI 50px|Iodo group iodo- alkyl iodide 75px|IodomethaneIodomethane(Methyl iodide) आक्सीजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण ऐल्कोहॉलAlcohol Hydroxyl ROH 75px|Hydroxyl hydroxy- -ol 75px|methanolMethanol कीटोन Ketone Carbonyl RCOR' Ketone|75px -oyl- (-COR')oroxo- (=O) -one 75px|ButanoneButanone(Methyl ethyl ketone) ऐल्डिहाइडAldehyde ऐल्डिहाइड RCHO 75px|Aldehyde formyl- (-COH)oroxo- (=O) -al 75px|acetaldehydeAcetaldehyde(Ethanal) Acyl halide Haloformyl RCOX 75px|Acyl halide carbonofluoridoyl-carbonochloridoyl-carbonobromidoyl-carbonoiodidoyl- -oyl halide 75px|Acetyl chlorideAcetyl chloride(Ethanoyl chloride)Carbonate Carbonate ester ROCOOR 75px|Carbonate (alkoxycarbonyl)oxy- alkyl carbonate 90px|triphosgeneTriphosgene(bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate) Carboxylate Carboxylate RCOO− 75px|Carboxylate 75px|Carboxylate carboxy- -oate 75px|Sodium acetateSodium acetate(Sodium ethanoate) Carboxylic acid Carboxyl RCOOH 75px|Carboxylic acid carboxy- -oic acid 75px|Acetic acidAcetic acid(Ethanoic acid) Ester Ester RCOOR' Ester|75px alkanoyloxy-oralkoxycarbonyl alkyl alkanoate 75px|Ethyl butyrateEthyl butyrate(Ethyl butanoate) Methoxy Methoxy ROCH3 75px|Methoxy methoxy- Hydroperoxide Hydroperoxy ROOH 75px|Hydroperoxy hydroperoxy- alkyl hydroperoxide 75px|tert-Butyl hydroperoxidetert-Butyl hydroperoxide Peroxide Peroxy ROOR 75px|Peroxy peroxy- alkyl peroxide 75px|Di-tert-butyl peroxideDi-tert-butyl peroxide Ether Ether ROR' 75px|Ether alkoxy- alkyl ether 75px|Diethyl etherDiethyl ether(Ethoxyethane) Hemiacetal Hemiacetal RCH(OR')(OH) 75px|Hemiacetal alkoxy -ol -al alkyl hemiacetal Hemiketal Hemiketal RC(ORʺ)(OH)R' 75px|Hemiketal alkoxy -ol -one alkyl hemiketal Acetal Acetal RCH(OR')(OR") 75px|Acetal dialkoxy- -al dialkyl acetal Ketal (or Acetal) Ketal (or Acetal) RC(ORʺ)(OR‴)R' 75px|Ketal dialkoxy- -one dialkyl ketal Orthoester Orthoester RC(OR')(ORʺ)(OR‴) 75px|Orthoester trialkoxy- Heterocycle Methylenedioxy PhOCOPh 75px|Methylenedioxy chemical structure. methylenedioxy- -dioxole 75px1,2-Methylenedioxybenzene(1,3-Benzodioxole) Orthocarbonate ester Orthocarbonate ester C(OR)(OR')(ORʺ)(OR″) 75px|Orthocarbonate ester tetralkoxy- tetraalkyl orthocarbonate नाइट्रोजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण Amide Carboxamide RCONR2 75px|Amide carboxamido-orcarbamoyl- -amide 75px|acetamideAcetamide(Ethanamide) Amines Primary amine RNH2 75px|Primary amine amino- -amine 75px|methylamineMethylamine(Methanamine) Secondary amine R2NH 75px|Secondary amine amino- -amine 75px|dimethylamineDimethylamine Tertiary amine R3N 75px|Tertiary amine amino- -amine 75px|trimethylamineTrimethylamine 4° ammonium ion R4N+ 75px|Quaternary ammonium cation ammonio- -ammonium 150px|cholineCholine Imine Primary ketimine RC(=NH)R' 75px|Imine imino- -imine Secondary ketimine RC(=NR)R' | 75px|Imine | imino- || -imine | |- | Primary aldimine | RC(=NH)H | 75px|Imine | imino- || -imine | 150px|EthanimineEthanimine |- | Secondary aldimine | RC(=NR')H | 75px|Imine | imino- || -imine | |- | Imide || Imide | (RCO)2NR' | 75px|Imide | imido- | -imide | 75px|SuccinimideSuccinimide(Pyrrolidine-2,5-dione) |- | Azide | Azide | RN3 | 75px|Organoazide | azido- || alkyl azide | 75px|Phenyl azidePhenyl azide(Azidobenzene) |- | Azo compound | Azo(Diimide) | RN2R' | 75px|Azo.pngl | azo- || -diazene | 150px|Methyl orangeMethyl orange(p-dimethylamino-azobenzenesulfonic acid) |- | rowspan=2|Cyanates | Cyanate || ROCN | 75px|Cyanate | cyanato- | alkyl cyanate |75px|Methyl cyanateMethyl cyanate |- | Isocyanate || RNCO | 75px|Isocyanate | isocyanato- | alkyl isocyanate | 75px|Methyl isocyanateMethyl isocyanate |- | Nitrate || Nitrate | RONO2 | 75px|Nitrate | nitrooxy-, nitroxy- || alkyl nitrate | 150px|Amyl nitrateAmyl nitrate(1-nitrooxypentane)|- | rowspan=2|Nitrile | Nitrile | RCN | 75px|Nitrile | cyano- | alkanenitrilealkyl cyanide | 75px|BenzonitrileBenzonitrile(Phenyl cyanide)|- | Isonitrile || RNC | 75px|Isocyanide | isocyano- | alkaneisonitrilealkyl isocyanide | 90px|Methyl isocyanideMethyl isocyanide |- | Nitrite || Nitrosooxy | RONO | 75px|Nitrite | nitrosooxy- || alkyl nitrite | 150px|Amyl nitriteIsoamyl nitrite(3-methyl-1-nitrosooxybutane)'' Nitro compound Nitro RNO2 75px|Nitro nitro-   75px|NitromethaneNitromethane Nitroso compound Nitroso RNO 75px|Nitroso nitroso- (Nitrosyl-)   75px|NitrosobenzeneNitrosobenzene Pyridine derivative Pyridyl RC5H4N 75px|4-pyridyl group 75px|3-pyridyl group 75px|2-pyridyl group 4-pyridyl(pyridin-4-yl) 3-pyridyl(pyridin-3-yl) 2-pyridyl(pyridin-2-yl) -pyridine 75px|NicotineNicotine गंधक वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण Thiol Sulfhydryl RSH 75px|Sulfhydryl sulfanyl-(-SH) -thiol 75px|EthanethiolEthanethiol Sulfide(Thioether) Sulfide RSR' 75px|Sulfide group substituent sulfanyl-(-SR') di(substituent) sulfide130px|Dimethyl sulfide(Methylsulfanyl)methane (prefix) orDimethyl sulfide (suffix) Disulfide Disulfide RSSR' 75px|Disulfide substituent disulfanyl-(-SSR') di(substituent) disulfide130px|Dimethyl disulfide(Methyldisulfanyl)methane (prefix) orDimethyl disulfide (suffix) Sulfoxide Sulfinyl RSOR' 75px|Sulfinyl group -sulfinyl-(-SOR') di(substituent) sulfoxide 130px|DMSO(Methanesulfinyl)methane (prefix) orDimethyl sulfoxide (suffix) Sulfone Sulfonyl RSO2R' 75px|Sulfonyl group -sulfonyl-(-SO2R') di(substituent) sulfone 75px|Dimethyl sulfone(Methanesulfonyl)methane (prefix) orDimethyl sulfone (suffix) Sulfinic acid Sulfino RSO2H 75px sulfino-(-SO2H) -sulfinic acid 75px|Hypotaurine2-Aminoethanesulfinic acid Sulfonic acid Sulfo RSO3H 75px|Sulfonyl group sulfo-(-SO3H) -sulfonic acid 75px|Benzenesulfonic acidBenzenesulfonic acidThiocyanate Thiocyanate RSCN 75px|Thiocyanate thiocyanato-(-SCN) substituent thiocyanate 100px|Phenyl thiocyanatePhenyl thiocyanate Isothiocyanate RNCS 75px|Isothiocyanate isothiocyanato-(-NCS) substituent isothiocyanate 100px|Allyl isothiocyanateAllyl isothiocyanate Thione Carbonothioyl RCSR' 60px|Thione -thioyl-(-CSR')orsulfanylidene-(=S) -thione 75px|DiphenylmethanethioneDiphenylmethanethione(Thiobenzophenone) Thial Carbonothioyl RCSH 60px|Thial methanethioyl-(-CSH)orsulfanylidene-(=S) -thial फॉस्फोरस वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण Phosphine(Phosphane) Phosphino R3P 75px|A tertiary phosphine phosphanyl- -phosphane 75px|MethylpropylphosphaneMethylpropylphosphane Phosphonic acid Phosphono RP(=O)(OH)2 75px|Phosphono group phosphono- substituent phosphonic acid 75px|Benzylphosphonic acidBenzylphosphonic acid Phosphate Phosphate ROP(=O)(OH)2 75px|Phosphate group phosphonooxy-orO-phosphono- (phospho-) substituent phosphate 75px|Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphateGlyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (suffix) 75px|PhosphocholineO-Phosphonocholine (prefix)(Phosphocholine)PhosphodiesterPhosphateHOPO(OR)275px|Phosphodiester[(alkoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-orO-[(alkoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]-di(substituent) hydrogen phosphateorphosphoric acid di(substituent) ester DNA O‑[(2‑Guanidinoethoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]‑l‑serine (prefix)(Lombricine) बोरॉन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण Boronic acid Borono RB(OH)2 70px Borono- substituentboronic acid 70px|Phenylboronic acidPhenylboronic acid Boronic ester Boronate RB(OR)2 70px O-[bis(alkoxy)alkylboronyl]- substituentboronic aciddi(substituent) ester Borinic acid Borino R2BOH 70px Hydroxyborino- di(substituent)borinic acid Borinic ester Borinate R2BOR 70px O-[alkoxydialkylboronyl]- di(substituent)borinic acidsubstituent ester 140px|2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borateDiphenylborinic acid 2-aminoethyl ester(2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate) श्रेणी:प्रकार्यात्मक समूह श्रेणी:कार्बनिक यौगिक