उर्जा रूपान्तरण की दक्षता

thumb|किसी निकाय द्वारा प्रदत्त उर्जा उसे दी गयी उर्जा से सदा कम होती है। उर्जा का रूपान्तरण करने वाली किसी मशीन या तन्त्र के निर्गम (आउटपुट) और निवेश (इनपुट) उर्जाओं के अनुपात (रेशियो) को उस मशीन की उर्जा रूपान्तरण की दक्षता (Energy conversion efficiency) कहते हैं। उर्जा रूपान्तरण की दक्षता के कुछ प्रमुख उदाहरण ऊर्जा-रूपान्तरण का प्रक्रम ऊर्जा-रूपान्तरण का प्रकार ऊर्जा दक्षताविद्युत उत्पादन गैस टर्बाइन ऊष्मा से विद्युत ऊर्जा 40% तक गैस टर्बाइन के साथ भाप टरबाइन (संयुक्त चक्र) ऊष्मा से विद्युत ऊर्जा 60% तक जल टर्बाइन गुरुत्वीय से विद्युत 90% तक (व्यावहारिक रूप में प्राप्त किया गया) पवन टर्बाइन Kinetic to electrical up to 59% (theoretical limit) सौर सेल Radiative to electrical 6–40% (technology-dependent, 15-20% most often, 85–90% theoretical limit) ईंधन सेल रासायनिक ऊर्जा से विद्युत ऊर्जा up to 85% विश्व का कुल विद्युत उत्पादन (2008 में) Gross output 39% Net output 33%IEC/OECD 2008 Energy Balance for World https://web.archive.org/web/20130724044221/http://www.iea.org/stats/balancetable.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=29 24 जुलाई 2013 , accessdate 2011-06-08Electricity storage लिथियम-ऑयन बैटरी Chemical to electrical/reversible 80–90% Valøen, Lars Ole and Shoesmith, Mark I. (2007). The effect of PHEV and HEV duty cycles on battery and battery pack performance (PDF). 2007 Plug-in Highway Electric Vehicle Conference: Proceedings. Retrieved 11 June 2010. Nickel-metal hydride battery Chemical to electrical/reversible 66% "NiMH Battery Charging Basics". PowerStream.com. Lead-acid battery Chemical to electrical/reversible 50–95% PowerSonic, Technical Manual (PDF), p. 19, retrieved January 2014Engine/motor Combustion engine Chemical to kinetic 10–50%http://www.epa.gov/midwestcleandiesel/publications/presentations/il-finance-09-06/eberhardt.pdf PDF Motivations for Promoting Clean Diesels 2006 US Department Of Energy dead https://web.archive.org/web/20081007194624/http://epa.gov/midwestcleandiesel/publications/presentations/il-finance-09-06/eberhardt.pdf October 7, 2008 Electric motor Electrical to kinetic 70–99.99% (> 200 W); 50–90% (10–200 W); 30–60% (< 10 W)TurbofanChemical to kinetic20-40%http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node84.html 11.5 Trends in thermal and propulsive efficiency web.mit.edu 2016-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20130528034153/http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node84.html 28 मई 2013 liveNatural process Photosynthesis Radiative to chemical 0.1% (average)Govindjee, What is photosynthesis? https://web.archive.org/web/20090506012518/http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/whatisit.htm 6 मई 2009 to 2% (best);The Green Solar Collector; converting sunlight into algal biomass https://web.archive.org/web/20091005233701/http://www.narcis.info/research/RecordID/OND1310000/Language/en/;jsessionid=v4vj9ohnzom 5 अक्तूबर 2009 Wageningen University project (2005—2008) up to 6% in principle http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e05.htm#1.2.1%20photosynthetic%20efficiency Chapter 1 - Biological energy production Miyamoto K Renewable biological systems for alternative sustainable energy production (FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin - 128) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2009-01-04 https://web.archive.org/web/20130907040322/http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e05.htm#1.2.1%20photosynthetic%20efficiency 7 सितंबर 2013 live (see main: Photosynthetic efficiency) Muscle Chemical to kinetic 14–27%Appliance Household refrigerator Electrical to thermal low-end systems ~ 20%; high-end systems ~ 40–50% Incandescent light bulb Electrical to radiative 0.7–5.1%,Luminous efficacy#Lighting efficiency 5–10%July 2011 Light-emitting diode (LED) Electrical to radiative 4.2–53% http://www.philipslumileds.com/uploads/221/PG01-pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20130331010509/http://www.philipslumileds.com/uploads/221/PG01-pdf All in 1 LED Lighting Solutions Guide PhilipsLumileds.com Philips 15 2012-10-04 2013-03-31 2015-11-18 PDF Fluorescent lamp Electrical to radiative 8.0–15.6%, 28% https://books.google.com/books?id=61B_RV3EdIcC&pg=PA463&lpg=PA463&dq=meyer+nienhuis+efficiency&source=web&ots=urgXwn6sPi&sig=zaIKOAxRMmzKjVjaaFd8GsvXNLY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA463,M1 Light Pollution Handbook 2004 Springer 31 दिसंबर 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20140627055023/http://books.google.com/books?id=61B_RV3EdIcC&pg=PA463&lpg=PA463&dq=meyer+nienhuis+efficiency&source=web&ots=urgXwn6sPi&sig=zaIKOAxRMmzKjVjaaFd8GsvXNLY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA463,M1 27 जून 2014 live Low-pressure sodium lamp Electrical to radiative 15.0–29.0%, 40.5% Metal-halide lamp Electrical to radiative 9.5–17.0%, 24% Switched-mode power supply Electrical to electrical currently up to 96% practically Electric shower Electrical to thermal 90–95% (multiply by the energy efficiency of electricity generation to compare with other water-heating systems) Electric heater Electrical to thermal ~100% (essentially all energy is converted into heat, multiply by the energy efficiency of electricity generation to compare with other heating systems)Others Firearm Chemical to kinetic ~30% (.300 Hawk ammunition) Electrolysis of water Electrical to chemical 50–70% (80–94% theoretical maximum) सन्दर्भ बाहरी कड़ियाँ The Intelligent Energy - Europe programme: the EU's tool for funding action towards a more energy intelligent Europe श्रेणी:उर्जा रूपान्तरण