ज्योतिष और विज्ञान

ज्योतिष में कई विश्वास प्रणालियां शामिल हैं जो यह मानती हैं कि खगोलीय घटना और मानव दुनिया में घटनाओं या व्यक्तित्व के विवरण के बीच एक संबंध है। ब्रह्मांड का वर्णन करने के लिए कोई व्याख्यात्मक शक्ति नहीं होने के कारण वैज्ञानिक समुदाय द्वारा ज्योतिष को खारिज कर दिया गया है। वैज्ञानिक परीक्षण को ज्योतिषीय परंपराओं में उल्लिखित परिसर या कथित प्रभावों का समर्थन करने के लिए कोई सबूत नहीं मिला है. जहां ज्योतिष ने गलत साबित भविष्यवाणियां की हैं, वहां इसे गलत ठहराया गया है.424सबसे प्रसिद्ध परीक्षण का नेतृत्व शॉन कार्लसन ने किया था और इसमें वैज्ञानिकों की एक समिति और ज्योतिषियों की एक समिति शामिल थी। इससे यह निष्कर्ष निकला कि जन्म ज्योतिष ने संयोग से बेहतर प्रदर्शन नहीं किया। ज्योतिषी और मनोवैज्ञानिक मिशेल गौक्वेलिन ने एथलीटों की जन्मतिथि में "मंगल प्रभाव" के लिए सांख्यिकीय समर्थन पाने का दावा किया है, लेकिन इसे आगे के अध्ययनों में दोहराया नहीं जा सका।213–214 बाद के अध्ययनों के आयोजकों ने दावा किया कि गौक्वेलिन ने विशिष्ट व्यक्तियों को हटाने का सुझाव देकर अध्ययन के लिए उनके समावेशन मानदंडों को प्रभावित करने का प्रयास किया था। जेफ्री डीन द्वारा यह भी सुझाव दिया गया है कि माता-पिता द्वारा जन्म के समय की रिपोर्टिंग (1950 के दशक से पहले) ने स्पष्ट प्रभाव डाला हो सकता है। ज्योतिष ने नियंत्रित अध्ययन में अपनी प्रभावशीलता का प्रदर्शन नहीं किया है और इसकी कोई वैज्ञानिक वैधता नहीं है,85 और इस प्रकार छद्म विज्ञान के रूप में माना जाता है।1350 कार्रवाई का कोई प्रस्तावित तंत्र नहीं है जिसके द्वारा सितारों और ग्रहों की स्थिति और गति पृथ्वी पर लोगों और घटनाओं को प्रभावित कर सकती है जिस तरह से ज्योतिषी कहते हैं कि वे अच्छी तरह से समझे गए, जीव विज्ञान और के बुनियादी पहलुओं का खंडन नहीं करते हैं। भौतिक विज्ञान।249 परिचय अधिकांश पेशेवर ज्योतिषी ज्योतिष-आधारित व्यक्तित्व परीक्षण करने और पारिश्रमिक के भविष्य के बारे में प्रासंगिक भविष्यवाणियां करने पर भरोसा करते हैं।83 जो लोग ज्योतिष में विश्वास करना जारी रखते हैं, उन्हें ऐसा करने के रूप में वर्णित किया गया है "इस तथ्य के बावजूद कि उनकी मान्यताओं के लिए कोई सत्यापित वैज्ञानिक आधार नहीं है, और वास्तव में इसके विपरीत मजबूत सबूत हैं।". एस्ट्रोफिजिसिस्ट नील डेग्रसे टायसन ने ज्योतिषीय विश्वास पर टिप्पणी करते हुए कहा कि "सोचने का तरीका जानने का एक हिस्सा यह जानना है कि प्रकृति के नियम हमारे आसपास की दुनिया को कैसे आकार देते हैं। उस ज्ञान के बिना, सोचने की क्षमता के बिना, आप कर सकते हैं आसानी से उन लोगों का शिकार बन जाते हैं जो आपका फायदा उठाना चाहते हैं". विश्वसनीयता की कमी के बावजूद ज्योतिष में निरंतर विश्वास को निम्न वैज्ञानिक साक्षरता के एक प्रदर्शन के रूप में देखा जाता है। सन्दर्भ Science and Technology Indicators 2014 National Science Foundation https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind14/content/chapter-7/chapter-7.pdf 6 जून 2021 16 फ़रवरी 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190216142930/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind14/content/chapter-7/chapter-7.pdf dead Raymond S. Nickerson Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises Review of General Psychology 1998 2 2 175–220 10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175 Nickerson 2 8508954 Paul Annie Murphy The cult of personality testing : how personality tests are leading us to miseducate our children, mismanage our companies, and misunderstand ourselves. 2005 Free Press New York, N.Y. 978-0-7432-8072-3 1st pbk. https://archive.org/details/cultofpersonalit00paul Vishveshwara S.K. Biswas, D.C.V. Mallik, C.V. Cosmic perspectives : essays dedicated to the memory of M.K.V. Bappu https://archive.org/details/cosmicperspectiv0000unse_y6a3 1989 Cambridge University Press Cambridge [England] 978-0-521-34354-1 1. publ. Peter D. Asquith Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. 1 1978 Reidel u.a. Dordrecht u.a. 978-0-917586-05-7 http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/PH29A/thagard.html 6 जून 2021 24 अप्रैल 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220424161123/https://www.cavehill.uwi.edu//bnccde/PH29A/thagard.html dead Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/c7s2.htm#c7s2l3 science and engineering indicators 2006 National Science Foundation 28 July 2012 About three-fourths of Americans hold at least one pseudoscientific belief; i.e., they believed in at least 1 of the 10 survey items[29]" ..." Those 10 items were extrasensory perception (ESP), that houses can be haunted, ghosts/that spirits of dead people can come back in certain places/situations, telepathy/communication between minds without using traditional senses, clairvoyance/the power of the mind to know the past and predict the future, astrology/that the position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives, that people can communicate mentally with someone who has died, witches, reincarnation/the rebirth of the soul in a new body after death, and channeling/allowing a "spirit-being" to temporarily assume control of a body. https://web.archive.org/web/20130201220040/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/c7s2.htm#c7s2l3 2013-02-01 dead Hansson Sven Ove Zalta Edward N. Science and Pseudo-Science http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-science/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6 July 2012 Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List Astronomical Society of the Pacific http://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/pseudobib.html Hartmann P Reuter, M. Nyborga, H. The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_2006-05_40_7/page/1349 Personality and Individual Differences May 2006 40 7 1349–1362 10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017 To optimise the chances of finding even remote relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence we further applied two different strategies. The first one was based on the common chronological concept of time (e.g. month of birth and season of birth). The second strategy was based on the (pseudo-scientific) concept of astrology (e.g. Sun Signs, The Elements, and astrological gender), as discussed in the book Astrology: Science or superstition? by Eysenck and Nias (1982). https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20010827/aponline135357_000.htm The Washington Post 27 August 2001 Ariz. Astrology School Accredited 6 जून 2021 6 जनवरी 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204313/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20010827/aponline135357_000.htm dead Stephen Thornton Edward N. Zalta (older edition) Karl Popper http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/popper/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2018 Cogan Robert Critical thinking : step by step 1998 University Press of America Lanham, Md. 978-0761810674 registration https://archive.org/details/criticalthinking0000coga Bennett Jeffrey Donohue Megan Nicholas Schneider Mark Voit The cosmic perspective https://archive.org/details/astronomymediawo04lopr registration 2007 Pearson/Addison-Wesley San Francisco, CA 978-0-8053-9283-8 82–84 4th Eysenck H.J. Astrology : science or superstition? https://archive.org/details/astrologyscience0000hans 1984 Penguin Books Harmondsworth 978-0-14-022397-2 Nias, D.K.B. Jean-Paul Caverni Jean-Marc Fabre Michel Gonzalez Cognitive biases https://archive.org/details/cognitivebiases0000unse 1990 North-Holland Amsterdam 978-0-444-88413-8 Allum Nick What Makes Some People Think Astrology Is Scientific? Science Communication 13 December 2010 33 3 341–366 10.1177/1075547010389819 This underlies the "Barnum effect". Named after the 19th-century showman Phineas T. Barnum, whose circus act provided "a little something for everyone", it refers to the idea that people believe a statement about their personality that is vague or trivial if they think that it derives from some systematic procedure tailored especially for them (Dickson & Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Rogers & Soule, 2009; Wyman & Vyse, 2008). For example, the more birth detail is used in an astrological prediction or horoscope, the more credulous people tend to be (Furnham, 1991). However, confirmation bias means that people do not tend to pay attention to other information that might disconfirm the credibility of the predictions. 10.1.1.598.6954 53334767 Rogers P. Soule, J. Cross-Cultural Differences in the Acceptance of Barnum Profiles Supposedly Derived From Western Versus Chinese Astrology https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-cross-cultural-psychology_2009-05_40_3/page/381 Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 5 March 2009 40 3 381–399 10.1177/0022022109332843 145505701 "The Barnum effect is a robust phenomenon, having been demonstrated in clinical, occupational, educational, forensic, and military settings as well as numerous ostensibly paranormal contexts (Dickson & Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Snyder, Shenkel & Lowery, 1977; Thiriart, 1991). In the first Barnum study, Forer (1949) administered, astrological believers deemed a Barnum profile supposedly derived from astrology was a better description of their own personality than did astrological skeptics. This was true regardless of the respondent's ethnicity or apparent profile source. This reinforces still further the view that individuals who endorse astrological beliefs are prone to judging the legitimacy and usefulness of horoscopes according to their a priori expectations." Wunder Edgar Self-attribution, sun-sign traits, and the alleged role of favourableness as a moderator variable: long-term effect or artefact? https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_2003-12_35_8/page/1783 Personality and Individual Differences 1 December 2003 35 8 1783–1789 10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00002-3 The effect was replicated several times (Eysenck & Nias 1981,1982; Fichten & Sunerton, 1983; Jackson, 1979; Kelly, 1982; Smithers and Cooper, 1978), even if no reference to astrology was made until the debriefing of the subjects (Hamilton, 1995; Van Rooij, 1994, 1999), or if the data were gathered originally for a purpose that has nothing to do with astrology (Clarke, Gabriels, and Barnes, 1996; Van Rooij, Brak, & Commandeur, 1988), but the effect is stronger when a cue is given to the subjects that the study is about astrology (Van Rooij 1994). Early evidence for sun-sign derived self-attribution effects has already been reported by Silverman (1971) and Delaney & Woodyard (1974). In studies with subjects unfamiliar with the meaning of the astrological sun-sign symbolism, no effect was observed (Fourie, 1984; Jackson & Fiebert, 1980; Kanekar & Mukherjee, 1972; Mohan, Bhandari, & Meena, 1982; Mohan and Gulati, 1986; Saklofske, Kelly, & McKerracher, 1982; Silverman & Whitmer, 1974; Veno & Pamment, 1979). Popper Karl Conjectures and refutations : the growth of scientific knowledge 2004 Routledge London 978-0-415-28594-0 Reprint The relevant piece is also published in, Schick Jr Theodore Readings in the philosophy of science : from positivism to postmodernism https://archive.org/details/readingsinphilos0000schi 2000 Mayfield Pub Mountain View, CA 978-0-7674-0277-4 33–39 Giomataris Ioannis Nature Obituary Georges Charpak (1924–2010) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v467/n7319/full/4671048a.html Nature 13 May 2012 2010-10-27 467 7319 10.1038/4671048a 1048 20981084 free Charpak Georges Debunked! : ESP, telekinesis, and other pseudoscience Physics Today 58 5 2004 Johns Hopkins Univ. Press Baltimore u.a.9 978-0-8018-7867-1 Holland, Henri Broch Bart K. https://books.google.com/books?id=DpnWcMzeh8oC&q=astrology 6, 7 2005PhT....58e..67C 10.1063/1.1995751 British Physicist Debunks Astrology in Indian Lecture Associated Press http://www.beliefnet.com/story/63/story_6346_1.html Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists The Humanist, September/October 1975 http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/astrology.html https://web.archive.org/web/20090318140638/http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/astrology.html 18 March 2009 The Humanist, volume 36, no.5 (1976). Philosophy of Science and the Occult Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists 1982 State University of New York Press Albany 978-0-87395-572-0 14–18 Bok, Bart J. Lawrence E. Jerome Paul Kurtz Patrick Grim Chris French Astrologers and other inhabitants of parallel universes https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/feb/07/astrologers-parallel-universes The Guardian 7 February 2012 8 July 2012 London 7 February 2012 Randi James UK MEDIA NONSENSE — AGAIN http://www.randi.org/jr/052104uk.html 21 May 2004 Swift, Online newspaper of the JREF 8 July 2012 http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090709203254/http%3A//www%2Erandi%2Eorg/jr/052104uk%2Ehtml July 9, 2009 Michael Shermer The Skeptic encyclopedia of pseudoscience. https://archive.org/details/skepticencyclope00sher limited 2002 ABC-CLIO Santa Barbara, Calif. 978-1-57607-653-8 241 Matthews Robert Astrologers fail to predict proof they are wrong https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1439101/Astrologers-fail-to-predict-proof-they-are-wrong.html 13 July 2012 The Telegraph 17 Aug 2003 London Is Astrology Relevant to Consciousness and Psi? Dean G. Kelly, I. W. 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When balance is bias BMJ 20 December 2011 343 dec19 2 d8006 10.1136/bmj.d8006 22187191 206894358 Robbins Martin Astrologers angered by stars https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-lay-scientist/2011/jan/24/1 7 September 2013 The Guardian 24 January 2011 Pigliucci Massimo Nonsense on stilts : how to tell science from bunk https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900226667866 2010 University of Chicago Press Chicago 9780226667850 [Online-Ausg.]. Pigliucci Massimo Massimo Pigliucci Boudry Maarten Maarten Boudry Philosophy of pseudoscience : reconsidering the demarcation problem 2013 Univ. of Chicago Press Chicago [u.a.] 9780226051796 2 बाहरी कड़ियाँ Merrifield Michael Right Ascension & Declination http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/declination.htm Sixty Symbols Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham—जो ज्योतिष की विभिन्न प्रणालियों में उदगम और गिरावट त्रुटियों पर भी चर्चा करता है http://www.astrology-and-science.com/ Astrology and science Smit Rudolf H. साक्ष्य-आधारित अध्ययनों का एक संग्रह https://astrosociety.org/file_download/inline/849760a8-4adc-495f-8981-d537f047a7db An Astronomer Looks at Astrology Fraknoi Andrew शुरुआती लोगों के लिए ज्योतिष की एक संदेहास्पद परीक्षा श्रेणी:ज्योतिष श्रेणी:खगोलशास्त्र