अफ्रीका का विघटन

अफ्रीका के उपनिवेशवाद महाद्वीप के रूप में पर अचानक और कट्टरपंथी शासन में परिवर्तन के साथ 1975 तक मध्य से 1950 के दशक में हुआ था, औपनिवेशिक सरकारों को संक्रमण बना स्वतंत्र राज्यों ; यह अक्सर काफी असंगठित था और हिंसा और राजनीतिक उथल-पुथल के साथ शादी कर ली थी। फ्रांसीसी अल्जीरिया में अल्जीरियाई युद्ध , पुर्तगाली अंगोला में आजादी का अंगोला युद्ध , बेल्जियम के कांगो में कांगो संकट और ब्रिटिश केन्या में मऊ माउ विद्रोह सहित उत्तरी और उप-सहारा कालोनियों में संगठित विद्रोह के साथ व्यापक अशांति थी । Timeline thumb|350px|Dates of independence of African countries thumb|African countries in order of independence Country Colonial name Colonial power Independence date First head of state Ethiopia establishment as the Kingdom of Aksum 1st century BC ? Liberia Commonwealth of Liberia American Colonization Society July 26, 1847 Joseph Jenkins Roberts Libya Libya Italy December 24, 1951 Idris Egypt Egypt Britain 1922/1936/1953 n/a Sudan Sudan Britain January 1, 1956 Ismail al-Azhari Tunisia Tunisia France March 20, 1956 Muhammad VIII al-Amin Morocco Morocco France April 7, 1956 Mohammed V Ghana Gold Coast Britain March 6, 1957 Kwame Nkrumah Guinea French West Africa France October 2, 1958 Sékou Touré Cameroon Cameroun France, Britain January 1, 1960 Ahmadou Ahidjo Togo French Togoland France April 27, 1960 Sylvanus Olympio Mali French West Africa France June 20, 1960 Modibo Keita Senegal French West Africa France June 20, 1960 Léopold Senghor Madagascar Malagasy Protectorate France June 26, 1960 Philibert Tsiranana DR Congo Belgian Congo Belgium June 30, 1960 Patrice Lumumba Somalia Italian Somaliland, British Somaliland Italy, Britain July 1, 1960 Aden Abdullah Osman Daar Benin French West Africa France August 1, 1960 Hubert Maga Niger French West Africa France August 3, 1960 Hamani Diori Burkina Faso French West Africa France August 5, 1960 Maurice Yaméogo Côte d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire France August 7, 1960 Félix Houphouët-Boigny Chad French Equatorial Africa France August 11, 1960 François Tombalbaye Central African Republic French Equatorial Africa France August 13, 1960 David Dacko Congo French Equatorial Africa France August 15, 1960 Fulbert Youlou Gabon French Equatorial Africa France August 17, 1960 Léon M'ba Nigeria Nigeria Britain October 1, 1960 Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Mauritania French West Africa France November 28, 1960 Moktar Ould Daddah Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Britain April 27, 1961 Milton Margai Tanzania Tanganyika Britain December 9, 1961 Julius Nyerere Rwanda Ruanda-Urundi Belgium July 1, 1962 Grégoire Kayibanda Burundi Ruanda-Urundi Belgium July 1, 1962 Mwambutsa IV Algeria Algeria France July 3, 1962 Ahmed Ben Bella Uganda British East Africa Britain October 9, 1962 Milton Obote Kenya British East Africa Britain December 12, 1963 Jomo Kenyatta Malawi Nyasaland Britain July 6, 1964 Hastings Kamuzu Banda Zambia Northern Rhodesia Britain October 24, 1964 Kenneth Kaunda Gambia Gambia Britain February 18, 1965 Dawda Kairaba Jawara Botswana Bechuanaland Britain September 30, 1966 Seretse Khama Lesotho Basutoland Britain October 4, 1966 Leabua Jonathan Swaziland Swaziland Britain September 6, 1968 Sobhuza II Equatorial Guinea Spanish Guinea Spain October 12, 1968 Francisco Macías Nguema Guinea-Bissau Portuguese Guinea Portugal September 24, 1973 Luis Cabral Mozambique Portuguese East Africa Portugal June 25, 1975 Samora Machel Angola Angola Portugal November 11, 1975 Agostinho Neto Djibouti French Somaliland France June 27, 1977 Hassan Gouled Aptidon Zimbabwe Southern Rhodesia Britain April 18, 1980 Robert Mugabe Namibia South West Africa South Africa March 21, 1990 Sam Nujoma Eritrea Eritrea Ethiopia May 24, 1993 Isaias Afewerki South Africa South Africa South Africa (apartheid) April 27, 1994 Nelson Mandela Sahrawi Republic 1 Spanish Sahara Spain February 27, 1976 El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed 1 The Spanish colonial rule de facto terminated over the Western Sahara (then Rio de Oro), when the territory was passed on to and partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco (which annexes the entire territory in 1979), rendering the declared independence of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic ineffective to the present day (it controls only a small portion east of the Moroccan Wall). Since Spain did not have the right to give away Western Sahara, under international law de jure the territory is still under Spanish administration. The de facto administrator is however Morocco. See United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories References इन्हें भी देखें Colonialism Decolonization Scramble for Africa Wars of national liberation Sources Kevin Shillington (1995). History of Africa (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan; Revised edition ISBN 0-312-12598-4 श्रेणी:उपनिवेशवाद श्रेणी:उपनिवेशवाद का इतिहास श्रेणी:अफ़्रीका का इतिहास