-us

Appendix:Variations of "us" Translingual Etymology mul 1 * :lbor la:-us<id:second declension> Suffix mul suffix m mul taxonomy Used to form taxonomic names. Derived terms mul Ainu Pronunciation Suffix l ウㇱ -y, -ful, -ous, -ose an adjective-forming suffix meaning ‘full of’ or ‘characterized by’ something; often conveys abundance or a plentiful amount of the base noun ain -po ain kemuna<t:hair, fur> kemunaus<t:hairy, fluffy> ain upas<t:snow> upasus<t:snowy> ain turu<t:filth, dirty> turuus<t:horrendous, disgusting> Derived terms ain Cornish Etymology From kw cnx -us, from kw oco -us, from kw cel-bry-pro *-ʉs, from kw la -ōsus. Cognate with br,cy -us. Suffix Forms adjectives; en -ous, en -ful, en -y, en -ive etc. kw peryl danger peryllus dangerous kw liw colour liwus colourful Derived terms kw Esperanto Etymology The Esperanto suffixes eo -as, eo -is, eo -os, and -us are related and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects: This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928) In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to eo -u. Pronunciation LL-Q143 (epo)-Lepticed7--us.wav Suffix eo suffix Ending of the conditional in verbs. Further reading 1 Estonian Etymology A merger of et urj-fin-pro *-us (in the first sense) and et urj-fin-pro *-uc (in the second sense). Cognate with fi -us. Suffix 1 -use -ust Derives nouns from verbs. et armastama to love armastus love et võistlema to compete võistlus competition et joonistama to draw joonistus drawing Derives nouns from adjectives. et aus honest ausus honesty et pikk long pikkus length Declension -u -u Derived terms et Finnish Etymology 1 fi action From fi urj-fin-pro *-us deverbal, partly equivalent to fi -u -s nominal, and partly generalized from (what were originally) fi -s nominal-derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. fi ihastua → fi ihastus, fi menestyä → fi menestys). Compare fi -os. Suffix noun ys Forms nouns from verbs, describing an action, event or a result of that action. fi kuvata to describe kuvaus description fi pakata to pack pakkaus package fi ylentää to promote -ys ylennys promotion fi hälyttää to alarm -ys hälytys alarm Usage notes With fi -ahtaa (momentane) verbs, the final fi -ht- may disappear entirely (through fi *-AhdUs > fi *-AhUs (regular loss in e.g. eastern dialects) > fi *-AUs). This has led to fi -AUs (fi -aus/fi -äys) becoming its own pseudo-suffix. Often both variants, one with fi -AhdUs and one with fi -AUs, exist in parallel. Declension -u a Alternative forms fi -tus used with the verb types fi rohkaista (66) and fi valita (69) Synonyms fi -mus used with the verb types fi sallia (61), and in some cases, fi sanoa (52) and fi muistaa (53) Derived terms fi action References Etymology 2 fi association From fi urj-fin-pro *-us denominal. Probably generalized from fi -s nominal-derivatives of u-stem nominals (e.g. fi etu- → fi edus, fi palvelu → fi palvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g. fi keski- → dial. kesku- → fi keskus), and thus identical to fi -us action (etymology 1). In some cases potentially by confusion with fi -uus, fi -us quality (etymology 3). Alternatively from fi urj-pro *-wekse.Ante Aikio Proto-Uralic 19 3–27 Marianne Bakró-Nagy, Johanna Laakso, Elena Skribnik The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages Oxford University Press 24 March 2022 9780191821516 Suffix noun ys Forms nouns, indicating resemblance or association. fi kanta base, heel kannus spur fi sormi finger sormus ring fi vasta- counter- vastus resistance, opposition fi kehä circle, ring -ys kehys frame fi syli bosom, lap -ys sylys armful fi typerä stupid -ys typerys fool Declension -u a Derived terms fi association fi -aus<id:place> -tusten -ustaa References Etymology 3 fi quality See the etymology of fi -uus. Suffix noun ys fi -uus used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel Declension -u a Derived terms fi quality Anagrams fi su su Hungarian Etymology From hu -u -s diminutive suffix diminutive suffix y. Pronunciation Suffix hu suffix diminutive suffixes hu diminutive suffix Added to a proper noun or other nouns to create a diminutive noun. hu Teréz Theresa → hu Terus Tess hu apa father → hu apus dad hu cica cat → hu cicus kitty hu kutya dog → hu kutyus pooch, puppy A distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns. It cannot be considered as an independent Hungarian suffix. hu agronómus agronomist Usage notes diminutive suffix It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people’s given names, but also of common nouns, usually from ones ending in hu -a. Other examples: hu Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The hu -ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after hu -us to further increase the degree of endearment: hu apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska. Derived terms hu diminutive noun hu noun -us (Latinate) hu proper noun clipping See also hu -is Appendix:Hungarian suffixes References Attila Mártonfi: The System of the Hungarian Suffixes, Theses of PhD Dissertation, Budapest, 2006 Ingrian Etymology 1 From izh urj-fin-pro *-us. Cognates include fi -us. Pronunciation Suffix -ys Forms nouns denoting resemblance. izh pääl above päälys surface Declension Derived terms izh Etymology 2 Pronunciation Suffix -ys izh -uus Declension Derived terms izh -uus References 57 Latin Pronunciation 1 -ūs 1 Etymology 1 la second declension :inh itc-ala:-os<id:second declension suffix> 1 From la itc-ola - and la itc-ala -os, from la itc-pro *-os, from la ine-pro *-os adjectival ending. Cognate with grc -ος, gem-pro *-az, is -ur, sa -अः, sla-pro *-ъ. Suffix -us<2> m f n usual nominative singular ending of second-declension masculine nouns or adjectives la agent noun la somewhat popular used as a derivational suffix to form compound agent nouns la piscis capiō piscicapus fish to grasp, catch a fishcatcher, fisher la via cūrō viocūrus road; way to take care a road overseer la Latinization la New Latin used to Latinize names (generally male) that end in consonants la Johannes Kepler Kepler Keplerus la rare usual nominative singular ending of second declension feminine nouns la very rare nominative/accusative singular ending of a handful of second declension neuter nouns: la vīrus a poisonous or acrid secretion; la vulgus common people; la pelagus sea Usage notes A number of second-declension nouns and adjectives end in la -er rather than la -us in the masculine nominative singular. All such words have stems that end in la -er- or in a consonant + la -r-, such as la liber (stem la libr-), la alabaster (stem la alabastr-), la puer (stem la puer-)). These words also omit the ending la -e in the vocative singular. A few of these words, such as la puer, have alternative nominative and vocative singular forms that end in la -us and la -e instead. A few exceptional words have a second-declension masculine nominative singular that ends in la -r- preceded by a short vowel other than la -e-, such as the noun la vir and the adjective la satur. These likewise form their vocative singular identically to the nominative singular (without adding la -e). Declension -us<2.loc> Second-declension noun or adjective, with locative. -us<2.N.a.sg> Note: Plural forms exist for New Latin la vīrus and, though rare, classical la pelagus. Derived terms la agent noun la Latinization Suffix -us used to derive adjectives from other parts of speech la denominative adjective suffixed to noun stems la possessive adjective derives adjectives (often compound) with a sense like "having (noun)"; most productive in New Latin la -is la -ātus la bī-<t:two> hiems<t:winter> -us bīmus<t:two-year-old> la in-<id:not><pos:privative prefix> animus<t:soul, life> -us inanimus<t:lifeless, inanimate> la relational adjective la rare derives relational adjectives la -icus ; -eus<id:relational adjective> -īnus la Hibēr<t:Iberian><pos:noun> -us Hibērus<t:Iberian><pos:adjective> la Marōnēa<t:the Thracian city of Maronea> -us Marōnēus<t:Maronean; of Maronea> la vesper<t:evening> vesperus<t:evening, of the evening> la sūcinum<t:amber> sūcinus<t:amber, of amber> la deverbal adjective -ing: suffixed to verb stems, derives adjectives (often compound) with a sense like "doing/that does (verb)" la -uus la invideō<t:to be jealous of, envy; to look askance at (someone)> -us invidus<t:envious; hostile> la sonō<t:to sound> -us -sonus<t:-sounding> la dīcō<t:to say> -us -dicus<t:-saying> Usage notes See notes above regarding the masculine nominative singular. Adjectives in la -us derived from verbs do not necessarily use the present stem: some use a distinct stem built on the verb's root, as in la vēridicus truth-saying with different vowel length from la dīcō because of ablaut, or la saxifragus stone-breaking, without the nasal infix of la frangō. Declension -us<1&2+.loc> Derived terms la denominative adjective la deverbal adjective Etymology 2 la neuter s-stem suf Generally from la ine-pro *-os suffix forming neuter s-stem nouns from verbs, as in la genus n from ine-pro *ǵénh₁os n race. Not a productive derivational suffix in historical Latin. (However, De Vaan cites la pondus n and possibly la vellus n as formations that may date to a prehistoric stage of the Latin language.latus, -eris 330) The plural and oblique case forms have -r- as the result of the sound change of rhotacism. Additionally, in many words, the oblique stem has the vowel -ĕ- (as in la generis), which is generally taken to be the phonetically regular development of the Proto-Indo-European forms. Some words, such as la decus, la decoris, instead have -ŏ- in the oblique stem; this is the result of analogical introduction of the rounded vowel from the nominative/accusative singular form. Suffix la suffix n nominative/accusative/vocative singular ending of some neuter nouns in the third declension Usage notes Most, but not all third-declension nouns that end in la -us in the nominative singular are neuter. Exceptions include feminine la Venus the goddess Venus and masculine la lepus hare. la Venus Venus, Veneris is feminine due to being used as the proper name of a female animate being, despite originally ending in the neuter noun-forming suffix (compare the cognate sa वन॑स् loveliness, desire n). The masculine noun la lepus lepus, leporis hare is of unknown etymology; as a rule, Latin animal names are almost never neuter. Declension Third-declension noun forms -us<3.N> -us/-er<3.N> From the noun la tempus, the locative forms la temperī and la temporī were used adverbially, as well as the ablative la tempore. Descendants From the plural -ora: ro -uri final vowel replaced due to analogy with feminine plural formsNicolae, Andreea and Scontras, Gregory, 2015. "The Progression of Gender from Latin to Romanian," page 87Maiden, Martin. January 2016. "Ambiguity in Romanian word-structure. The structure of plurals in ...uri" Revue Roumaine de Linguistique 61(1):3-12 scn -ura -ira -araCruschina Silvio 2021 Language contact and morphological competition: Plurals in central Sicily Word Structure 14 2 174-194 https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/full/10.3366/word.2021.0186 Etymology 3 la fourth declension Not a single suffix, but an ending of various miscellaneous origins. In most fourth-declension words, the final la -us evolved from la itc-ola -us, from la itc-pro *-us, from la ine-pro *-us 1 as the final part of la ine-pro *-tus suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots. Suffix la suffix m f nominative/vocative singular ending of non-neuter nouns in the fourth declension Declension Fourth-declension noun forms -us<4> -us<4.ubus> Suffix la suffix -ūs la genitive singular genitive singular ending of nouns in the fourth declension nominative/vocative plural ending of non-neuter nouns in the fourth declension la accusative plural accusative plural ending of non-neuter nouns in the fourth declension See also la -tus Etymology 4 la consonant-stem genitive suf From la ine-pro *-s *-os, a genitive singular ending for athematic nouns (an o-grade alternative to e-grade ine-pro *-es, which developed to the usual Latin third-declension genitive singular ending la -is). Cognate to grc -ος -ος/-ός genitive singular third-declension genitive singular ending. Suffix la suffix -us inflectional suffixes la rare chiefly Old Latin lemma alternative genitive singular ending for nouns of the third declension la homō̆ hominus la honōs honōrus la Kastor Kastorus la nomen nominus la Venus Venerus Usage notes A relic form attested exclusively in inscriptions that are dated up through first-century AD graffiti in Pompeii. Its sparse attestations are not restricted to official texts: some examples are found in less elevated documents such as graffiti and pottery inscriptions. This suggests the ending may have initially survived to some extent in dialectal use. However, it may have been used as a stylistic archaism in legal contexts after it became obsolete in general.Rovai Francesco On some Latin morphological (ir)regularities Irregularity in Morphology (and beyond) 2012 https://books.google.com/books?id=lP3nBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 203-205 A genitive singular ending derived from ine-pro *-os seems to have occurred in Faliscan as well as sporadically in Latin.Coleman Robert 1990 Dialectal Variation in Republican Latin, with Special Reference to Praenestine https://www.jstor.org/stable/44696679? Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 36 (216) 8 0068-6735 References 1 -us 2,108/2 la noun-forming suffixes adjective-forming suffixes Lithuanian Etymology 1 Ultimately from lt ine-pro *-ós adjectival ending. Pairs such as lt lañkas bend : lt lankùs flexible find parallels in sa रुधिर rúdhira- blood : sa रुधिर rudhirá- red, grc δόλιχος a long run : grc δολιχός long and suggest that oxytone stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and lt -as otherwise.Eugen Hill. (2013) 'Historical phonology in service of subgrouping. Two laws of final syllables in the common prehistory of baltic and slavonic'. Baltistica, volume 48, number 2, p. 161-204 Pronunciation lt /ʊs/ Suffix lt suffix -ùs m stress pattern 4 Adjectival suffix, applied to verb verbal and nominal root roots to denote a disposal or tendency towards something lt ardýti take apart → lt ardùs crumbly lt kalbėti talk → lt kalbùs talkative Declension - - Derived terms lt lt -usis Etymology 2 From lt ine-bsl-pro *-us, reflecting Proto-Indo-European u-stems. Alternative forms lt -ius Pronunciation lt /ʊs/ Suffix lt suffix -us, -ùs m Masculine nominal singular ending for u-stem nouns and adjectives. lt alùs beer (< Proto-Indo-European ine-pro *h₂elut- *h₂elu-) lt sūnùs son (< Proto-Indo-European ine-pro *suHnús) Declension noun - - adjective - - Etymology 3 From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending lt -uosius). From lt ine-bsl-pro *-ons; compare lv -us, prg -ans, sla-pro *-y. From lt ine-pro *-ons accusative plural ending, also reflected in grc -ους, la -ōs, sa -आन् and got -𐌰𐌽𐍃. Alternative forms lt -ius lt -uos, lt -iuos Pronunciation lt /ʊs/ Suffix lt suffix -us, -ùs Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a- and u-stem nouns. Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a-stem adjectives. Derived terms lt -uosius Etymology 4 From lt ine-pro *-wṓs. Cognate with sla-pro *-vъ participle. See also lt -usi. lt participle Alternative forms lt -ius Pronunciation lt /ʊs/ Suffix lt suffix -us Used to form the past adverbial (padalyvis) participle lt bū́ti to be → lt bùvo was → lt bùvus having been lt slė̃pti hide → past frequentative lt slė̃pdavo hid → lt slė̃pdavus having hidden Related terms lt -ęs References Livvi Etymology From olo urj-fin-pro *-us. Cognates include fi -us and et -us. Pronunciation olo /-us/ Suffix suffix -ys Used to form action nouns from verbs; -ion Derived terms olo Middle English Etymology 1 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -ous Etymology 2 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm West Midland ME enm -es possessive. An Introduction to Middle English S. Horobin J. Smith 2002 Edinburgh University Press 9780748673124 104–105 References Middle Welsh Etymology From wlm cel-bry-pro *-ʉs, from wlm la -ōsus.257 153 (13) Cognate with kw -us. Suffix wlm suffix adjective-forming suffixes -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns Derived terms wlm Descendants cy -us References smaller Northern Sami Etymology From se smi-pro *-ōksë. Pronunciation se Suffix se suffix noun-forming suffixes Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that is to have the verb's action performed on it. se vuošˈšat to cook vuoššus something to be cooked se muitalit to tell muitalus something to be told; story Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that results from having the verb's action performed. se juohkit to divide juogus division, section Usage notes ws When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive. Inflection For even-syllable stems: -us For odd-syllable stems: -ussa 1 Derived terms se Old French Alternative forms fro -eus -eux -os -ous Etymology fro :inh la:-ōsus From fro la -ōsus. Suffix fro suffix -ous, used for forming adjectives Derived terms fro Descendants frm -eux nrf -eux enm -ous 1 Old Irish Pronunciation sga /-us/ Etymology 1 sga pronominal 1 Suffix sga suffix personal pronouns suffixed pronoun her object pronoun, it in reference to a feminine noun them Derived terms sga See also Etymology 2 sga nominal :inh cel-pro:*-es-tus From sga cel-pro *-es-tus. Suffix sga suffix 1 sga -as Polish Etymology pl nominal Masurized form of '-usz', or back-formation from '-uch'? Pronunciation LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-#.wav Suffix m-anml,m-pr derogatory suffix pl sługa sługus demonym suffix pl Kraków krakus Declension pl noun Derived terms pl Further reading Modern Standard Polish: Welsh Etymology From cy wlm -us, from cy cel-bry-pro *-ʉs, from cy la -ōsus.153 i 13 Cognate with kw -us, br -us and en -ous. Pronunciation cy /ɨ̞s/ cy-N cy /ɪs/ cy-S Suffix cy suffix adjectival suffix often indicating a characteristic, propensity or abundance cy blas taste blasus tasty cy gwybod to know gwybodus knowledgeable cy anffawd misfortune anffodus unfortunate cy chemistry en -ous, Used in chemical nomenclature to name chemical compounds in which a specified chemical element has a lower oxidation number than in the equivalent compound whose name ends in the suffix cy -ig. For example cy asid nitrus nitrous acid, HNO2 has fewer oxygen atoms per molecule than cy asid nitrig nitric acid, HNO3. Derived terms cy References Further reading