-고

고 Korean Etymology 1 From ko okm - -고〮 -kwó, probably from ko oko 遣, although the phonology is potentially problematic.ko 김지오 (Kim Ji-o) ko:고대국어 연결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 The conditions and future tasks of analyzing connective endings in Old Korean Gugyeol Yeon'gu 2019 43 55–87 While oko 遣 corresponds exactly to okm - -고〮 -kwó in terms of grammar, the Middle Chinese pronunciation is 遣, which does not sound like -고〮 -kwó. In any case, oko 古 *-kwo is also, albeit rarely, attested as a connective suffix; either oko 遣 and oko 古 are different orthographies of the same suffix (more likely), or the latter subsumed the role of the former. In Middle Korean Idu script, okm 遣 always denotes -고〮 -kwó. Suffix suffix and then, after...; marks successive action. ko 공부-하고 놀-아야지. You should play after studying. ko 밥-을 먹고 갈게-요. I'll go after eating. and; connects two clauses together. ko -으며 formal ko 운동-도 하고 일-도 한다. [He] exercises, and does work too. ko 나-는 도착했고 걔-가 안 온 거-야. I've arrived; it's him who hasn't come. Used for the main verb to join it to certain auxiliaries. ko 하고 있다 to be doing ko 누가 자전거-를 타고 있습니까? Who is riding a bicycle? 누가 자전거를 타고 있습니까？.ogg ko 하고 나-니 now that it's been done ko 하고 들다 to do fiercely ko 하고 보-니 now that I've done it, [I feel...] ko 하고 말-았--다. I ended up doing it. In the intimate style, used to ask confirmatory questions; by extension, can have nuances of denial or sarcasm. ko 아침-은 먹-었--고? So, did you have breakfast? ko 내-가 너-처럼 바본 줄 알-고? Did you think I was an idiot like you? In the intimate style, used in polite requests. ko 그쪽 분-들 어서 오-시--고-요. Folks over there, please come quickly. In the intimate style, used to present additional information, typically with the nominal particle ko -도 also, too. ko 날씨 되게 좋던데. — ^아, 그래? — ^어. 밖-에 사람-도 없-고. The weather was really nice, I saw. — Oh, really? — Yeah. No people outside, too. Usage notes and then Compare ko -어 and ko -어서, which have an additional nuance that the first action is impacting or enabling the second. Alternative forms ko -구 dialectal or endearing slang Derived terms ko -고 있다 -보고 갖고 치고 말고 그리고 -하고 Etymology 2 quotative Contracted from ko 하고 that used to quote speech [one] said, and..., hence formally identical to the connective suffix above. First attested widely in the Ildong Jang'yu-ga (ko 日東壯遊歌 / 일동장유가), 1763, and other mid-eighteenth-century works.ko:인용문과 인용표지의 문법화에 대한 연구 A study on quotative sentences and the grammaticalization of quotation markers in Korean ko:안주호 Damhwa-wa inji 10 2003 145—165ko:일동장유가의 인용구문 Quotative constructions in the ''Ildong Jang'yu-ga ko:송재목 Hangul 80 2019 241—287 Particle particle that; quotative particle marking indirect quotes. Attaches to mood-marking verb-final suffixes of the "plain style". ko 자기-가 먹-었--다-고 그랬다. He said that he ate it. ko 내-가 어디 가-냐-고 물었다. He asked where I was going. ko 거기-로 가-자-고 말했다. He said that we should go there. ko 왕-은 신하-에게 자결하-라-고 명령-했다. The king commanded the minister to take his own life. In the intimate style, a particle attached to verbs to request confirmation of what the speaker has just heard; by extension, can express surprise about what they have just heard. ko 내-가 먹-었--다-고? Did you say I ate it? ko 나-도 갔-냐-고? Did you ask if I went too? ko 거기-로 가-자-고-요? Did you say we should go there? ko 어디 가-라-고-요? Where did you say I should go? In the intimate style, a particle attached to verbs to emphasize that the speaker is repeating something they have just said; by extension, can be used to express emphasis or annoyance even if one is not actually repeating something. ko -으니까 ko 내-가 메달-을 땄-다-고. I said, it was me who won the medal. ko 너-도 좋-았--냐-고. I asked, did you like it too? ko 얼른 가-자-고. I said, let's leave as soon as possible. ko 빨리 나가-라-고-요. I said, leave quickly. Used with the declarative in certain constructions as ko -다고; see there for more. Usage notes ko -고 neutralizes speech level and formality distinctions, and other nuances of the mood-marking suffixes, to the basic suffixes of the "plain style": ko -다, ko -라, ko -냐, ko -으라, and ko -자. Hence declarative sentences are quoted as ko -다고 or ko -라고, interrogative sentences as ko -냐고, imperative sentences as ko -으라고, and hortative sentences as ko -자고, regardless of speech level. ko 가셨습니다. He went. formal polite style ko 가셨다-고 합니다. They say that he went. With the imperative: ko 이거 먹어. Eat this. intimate style ko 이거 먹으라-고 그랬어. He told me to eat this. ko -고 can be freely omitted. ko -이라고 is used for direct quotes. Alternative forms ko -구 dialectal or endearing slang Derived terms ko -다고 -라고 -냐고 -자고 -이라고 Etymology 3 Shortened from Middle Korean -고〮져〮 -kwócyé verbal suffix expressing intent,2005 ko:이영경 ko:서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 1-25 ko:'싶다'구문의 史的 변천에 대한 일고찰 35 ko 한국문화 perhaps under the influence of the auxiliary-joining suffix. This resulted in a change of the primary meaning of ko 싶다, from "to seem to be about to do" to "to want". Suffix suffix Used to join the verb expressing the desired action to ko 싶다 to want. ko 하고 싶다 to want to do ko 죽고 싶다 I want to die Etymology 4 interrogative From ko okm - -고 -kwó, from ko oko 古 *-kwo. In Old and Middle Korean, the word was not a suffix but an interrogative particle for polar questions, combining directly with nouns and taking the adnominal forms of verbs, whence ko -ㄴ고 and ko -ㄹ꼬. In the standard Seoul dialect of the language, the suffix is no longer used in isolation and generally dated or archaic; see "Related terms" below. Suffix suffix ko Gyeongsang In the plain style, an interrogative suffix marking wh-word questions. It is only used for the copula ko -이다 to be and ko 아이다 to not be. Usage notes Its polar question equivalent is ko -가. For non-copula stems, ko -노 is used. Related terms ko -는고 -던고 -을꼬 -노 Particle particle ko Gyeongsang See above; sometimes appended directly to the noun, as in older forms of the language. ko 이 뭣-고? What is this? a Buddhist koan References