-우-

우 -우 Korean Etymology From ko okm - -우〮- -Gwú-, from ko oko 友 *-(G)wu-, from older <*-kwú->. Pronunciation Suffix Derives certain causative verbs, especially for stems ending in ko ㅣ. No longer productive. ko -이- -히- -리- -기- -구- -추- ko y 비다 -우- 비우다 to be empty to empty ko y 지다 -우- 지우다 to bear to burden Usage notes Although still very common in Korean, the causative/passive suffixes are no longer productive for forming new verbs. Verbs that do not already have a morphological causative or passive must employ auxiliaries: ko -게 하다 for causatives ko -어지다 for passives See also ko -아- causative suffix Southern Gyeongsang Middle Korean Etymology 1 From okm oko 乎 *-wo modulator suffix. Pronunciation okm /ú/ + Harmonic pair Yin-form okm -우〮- -wú- Yang-formokm -오〮- -wó- Suffix okm suffix -wú- 우〮 A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the "modulator" in English. okmko 임재욱 (Im Jae-uk) 2010 ko:고전시가 작품에 사용된 선어말어미 '-오/우-'의 기능 The function of the pre-final suffix -wo/wu- in classical poetry Gugeosa yeon'gu 19 10.14727/khl.2014.19.7ko 석주연 (Seok Ju-yeon) 2014 ko:선어말어미 ‘-오-’의 연구 성과와 쟁점 Findings and key points in the study of the pre-final suffix -wo- Han'guk siga yeon'gu 29 okm 14th century? ko 동동 動動 Dongdong ko 樂學軌範 樂學軌範 Akhak Gwebeom https://ko.wikisource.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%8F%99 [德](덕)이여 [福](복)이라 호ᄂᆞᆯ 나ᅀᆞ라 오소ᅌᅵ다 I have come [-wo] to present [this] which they call [-wo] virtue and fortune. TEK-iye PWOK-ila hwon-ol nazola woswongita okm 14th century? ko 서경별곡 西京別曲 Seogyeong byeolgok ko 악장가사 樂章歌詞 Akjang gasa 괴시란ᄃᆡ 우러곰 좃니노ᅌᅵ다 If you only loved me, I would chase after [-wo] you as I wept kwoysilantoy wulekwom cwosninwongita okm 1449 w:Sejong the Great ko 월인천강지곡 月印千江之曲 Worin cheon'gang ji gok 보ᄇᆡ ᄭᅮ뮨 술위예 [象](샤ᇰ)이 메더니 The elephant was bearing a cart which they had decorated [-wu] with treasures pwopoy skwumywun sulGwuy-yey SYANG-i meyteni Heo Ung (1958) believed that this was not a single suffix, but three different suffixes: 1) in the main clause, a suffix marking a first-person subject okm 1459 ko:月印釋譜 / 월인석보<tr:Worin seokbo> 2:34b [右](우ᇢ〯)[手](슈ᇢ〯) [左](장〯)[手](슈ᇢ〯)로〮 [天](텬)[地](띵〮) ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮샤〮 ᄒᆞ오ᅀᅡ〮 내〮 [尊](존)호〮라 ᄒᆞ〮시니〮 WǓW.SYǓW CǍ.SYǓW-lwó THYÈN.TTÍ kòlòchísyá hòwòzá ná-y CWÒN-h-wó-là hósìní With his right and left hands, he pointed at heaven and earth, saying, "I alone am honored." 2) in an adnominal verb, a suffix marking the noun as a direct or indirect object of the verb okm 1459 ko:月印釋譜 / 월인석보<tr:Worin seokbo> 10:9b 누ᄫᅮᆫ 자리〮예〮 겨〯샤〮 [合](ᅘᅡᆸ〮)[掌](쟈ᇰ〯)ᄒᆞ〮샤〮 nwùW-wùn còlí-yéy kyěsyá HHÁP.CYǍNG-hósyá Being at the place where he had lain down, he put his hands together 3) in nominalized or gerund verbal constructions, simply an integral part of the nominalizing or gerund suffix (equivalent to English "-ing") okm 1459 ko:月印釋譜 / 월인석보<tr:Worin seokbo> 23:99b [比](삥〮)[丘](구ᇢ)를〮 뫼호〮시니〮 [比](삥〮)[丘](구ᇢ) 우루〮믈〮 말〯라 ᄒᆞ〮시니〮 PPÍ.KWÙW-lúl mwòyhwó-sì-ní PPÍ.KWÙW wùl-wú-m-úl mǎllà hósìní He gathered together the bhikkhu, and the bhikkhu said, "Stop your crying" The basic framework of Heo's theory remains the most influential today. Examples difficult to explain in Heo's basic theory include: okm 13th century ko 한림별곡 翰林別曲 Hallim byeolgok ko 악장가사 樂章歌詞 Akjang gasa [羊](야ᇰ)[鬚](슈)[筆](필) [鼠](셔)[鬚](슈)[筆](필) 빗기 드러 위 딕논 [景](겨ᇰ) 긔 엇더ᄒᆞ니ᅌᅵᆺ고 Raising slantedly the sheep-hair brush and rat-hair brush, yea, how [splendid] is the scene when they dip [-wo] them [in ink]! YANG.SYU.PHIL SYE.SYU.PHIL piski tule wuy tiknwon KYENG ku-y este-honingiskwo The adnominal construction with the verb "to dip" is describing the noun "scene", which is not the object of the verb, but the modulator appears. okm 14th century? ko 동동 動動 Dongdong ko 樂學軌範 樂學軌範 Akhak gwebeom https://ko.wikisource.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%8F%99 [二](ᅀᅵ)[月](월)ㅅ 보로매 아으 노피 현 [燈](드ᇰ)ㅅ블 다호라 [萬](만)[人](ᅀᅵᆫ) 비취실 즈ᅀᅵ샷다 By the full moon of the second month, oh, [you] are like [-wo] a lamplight lit on high! Your appearance is one to illuminate a myriad men. ZI.WEL-s pwolwom-ay au nwophi hyen TUNG-s pul tahwola MAN.ZIN pichwuysil cuz-isyasta The subject of the verb "to be like" is the beloved in the second or third person, but the modulator appears. Yi Sung-nyeong (1959) believed that this was a single aspectual suffix, called the "volitive", that conveyed the desire of the verb's subject to carry out the action. This remains a minority theory, Examples difficult to explain in Yi's theory include: okm 1459 ko 월인석보 月印釋譜 Worin seokbo 10:24a, 21:55a 내... 아ᄃᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 나호〮니〮[婢](비) ᄒᆞᆫ 아ᄃᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 나ᄒᆞ니〮 I... gave birth [-wo] to a son The slave-girl gave birth to one son. na-y... àtól-ól nàhwóníPI hòn àtól-ól nàhòní This contrast is difficult to explain under the volitive hypothesis. okm 1461 ko 능엄경언해 楞嚴經諺解 Neung'eomgyeong eonhae 5:43a 내... 두〯 누〮늘〮 일후〮니〮 I... have lost [-wu] my two eyes. na-y... twǔ nwún-úl ìlhwúní Contextually, this cannot have been desired by the subject of the verb. Examples clearly incompatible with Heo's theory led Heo himself to propose that the suffix could be used for non-first-person subjects to convey a sense of rapport in which the speaker speaks from the perspective of the verb's subject. A refined version of Heo's hypothesis, moving away from an Indo-European notion of person-marking, analyzes the suffix as conveying empathy or a close emotional tie between the speaker and the subject of the verb (in both main and adnominal clauses) in addition to its object-marking function in adnominal constructions and its integral function in verbal gerunds. It is currently the most popular interpretation of the modulator, though it is still not unanimously agreed upon. Both examples given above of the exceptions to Heo's hypothesis can be explained by this theory: okm 13th century ko 한림별곡 翰林別曲 Hallim byeolgok ko 악장가사 樂章歌詞 Akjang gasa [羊](야ᇰ)[鬚](슈)[筆](필) [鼠](셔)[鬚](슈)[筆](필) 빗기 드러 위 딕논 [景](겨ᇰ) 긔 엇더ᄒᆞ니ᅌᅵᆺ고 Raising slantedly the sheep-hair brush and rat-hair brush, yea, how splendid is the scene when they dip [-wo] them [in ink]! YANG.SYU.PHIL SYE.SYU.PHIL piski tule wuy tiknwon KYENG ku-y este-honingiskwo The modulator is used to express the speaker's empathy and self-identification with the scholars who are dipping their brushes. okm 14th century? ko 동동 動動 Dongdong ko 樂學軌範 樂學軌範 Akhak gwebeom https://ko.wikisource.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%8F%99 [二](ᅀᅵ)[月](월)ㅅ 보로매 아으 노피 현 [燈](드ᇰ)ㅅ블 다호라 [萬](만)[人](ᅀᅵᆫ) 비취실 즈ᅀᅵ샷다 By the full moon of the second month, oh, [you] are like [-wo] a lamplight lit on high! Your appearance is one to illuminate a myriad men. ZI.WEL-s pwolwom-ay au nwophi hyen TUNG-s pul tahwola MAN.ZIN pichwuysil cuz-isyasta The modulator is used to express the speaker's emotional rapport with the beloved. Usage notes By the late sixteenth century, the suffix had become obsolete and does not survive in the modern dialects. Alternative forms okm -요〮- -ywó -유〮- ywú after vowel stem with final -i okm -로〮- -lwó after copula okm 이다 이 i- Changes the pitch to rising, but the suffix itself is lost after CV verb stems not ending in a minimal vowel The suffix is conserved but causes loss of the minimal vowel of the verb stem after CV verb stems ending in a minimal vowel Except for okm ᄒᆞ다〮 hò-tá to do, which usually irregularly takes the form okm ᄒᆞ요〮다〮 hòy-wó-tá, although okm 호〮다〮 hwó-tá is also attested. Derived terms Combined forms: okm -거- -ke- subjective + okm -우- -wu- > okm -가- -ka- okm -더- -te- imperfect + okm -우- -wu- > okm -다- -ta- okm -시- -si- subject honorific + okm -우- -wu- > okm -샤- -sya- See also Etymology 2 Lenition of earlier <*-kwú-> in voiced environments.Lee Ki-Moon Ramsey S. Robert A History of the Korean Language Cambridge University Press 2011 978-0-521-66189-8 146, 178—179 Pronunciation -g우- H Suffix -우 -g우〮- -오- -g오〮- okm suffix -Gwú- -우〮- A causative-deriving suffix attached to verb and adjective stems. okm 일〯다〮 y -우〮- 일우〮다〮 ǐl-tá -Gwú- ìl-Gwú-tá to occur to create; to accomplish [to cause to occur] okm 퓌〮다〮 y -우〮- 퓌우〮다〮 pwúy-tá -Gwú- pwùy-Gwú-tá of a fire to be kindled to kindle Usage notes When attaching to a high or rising monosyllable stem, this suffix regularly lowers its tone. Alternative forms okm -후〮- -hwú -호〮- -hwó- -구〮- -kwú- -고〮- -kwó- References