-er-

Appendix:Variations of "er" Dutch Etymology Originally the plural ending of those nouns. Pronunciation nl /ər/ Interfix nl interfix interfix used in compounds after certain neuter nouns with a plural on -eren nl kindertaal Derived terms nl Esperanto Interfix -ero French Etymology Added before various suffixes (especially fr -ole and fr -on, but also sometimes fr -elle, fr -et, fr -ette, fr -eau, by analogy to or mistaken division of other words which end in erole, eron, ereau, etc, where the er was part of the first element (e.g. fougerolle, fougerole, from fougère + -ole) or the entire word was borrowed from another language such as Italian (e.g. muserole, muserolle, from Italian museruola). Interfix fr interfix used before various noun-forming suffixes -erelle (fr coquerelle), -eret (fr coqueret), -erette (fr collerette), fr -ereau (fr poétereau), fr -erole (fr èverole), fr -eron (fr laideron) Derived terms fr Further reading Thomas S. Thomov, Morphologie du français moderne (1960), page 28 Romance Philology (1969), volume 23, page 298: "-erole ← -er- (< -ÅR) + -ole ( < -EOLU): maierole. A lengthened var. of -ole, this suffix appears in the late Middle Ages, formed through “false division”, namely the secondary rapprochement of, say, bannerole (banniere + -ole) or casserole with ban- or cass-. Is the -er- intercalated for rhythmic of differentiatory purposes? This "interfix" conveys no semantic message: It simply serves as an occasionally handy grammatical tool." Nicol Christopher William Spence, The Structure(s) of French (1996), page 95: "Some suffixes have reinforced variants: for instance, -et is expanded to -elet in verdelet, -on to -eron in moucheron, and -er to -eter in bec > becqueter. The suffix -ie has a reinforced variant -erie (cf. bouffonnerie, pédanterie) on the model of the many words in -erie where the suffix had been added to a word ending in -(i)er (boulanger, épicier, laitier, etc). By analogy with a number of other nouns, adjectives and verb-forms, a linking -t- [t] or -ll- [j] is often inserted between a lexeme ending in a vowel and the suffix: cf. bureau > bureautique [...]" Laurie Bauer, English Word-Formation (1983), page 19: "Similarly, the suffix -eron which could once be used in French to form a word for the person who carries out an action (e.g. forg-er 'to forge' > forg-eron 'smith') is now no longer productive, and the suffix -eur (e.g. forg-er 'to forge' > forg-eur 'forger') is used productively in its place (Guilbert, 1975: 178-9)." German Interfix de interfix used to link elements in some compounds Derived terms de Ido Suffix io suffix Root form of io -ero Indonesian Etymology id ms -er-. Pronunciation id [ər] Infix id infix id no longer productive nominative infix a tool id suling + -er- → id seruling seruling something which has, contains, or is characteristic id gigi tooth + -er- → id gerigi gerigi serration, serrature verbal infix repeated, having repetition, or continuous id gesek swipe + -er- → id geresek geresek scratch which has, contains, or is characteristic id kontang dry + -er- → id kerontang kerontang parched Derived terms id Further reading id unproductive infixes Malay ms Alternative forms ms -r- Pronunciation ms /ər/ Infix ms infix ms no longer productive Used to form a noun (a tool). suling → seruling Used to form a noun (which has, contains, or is characteristic). gigi → gerigi Used to form a verb (repeated, having repetition, or continuous). gesek → geresek Used to form a verb (which has, contains, or is characteristic). kontang → kerontang Derived terms ms ms unproductive infixes