-ig

Appendix:Variations of "ig" Alemannic German Etymology 1 Cognate with de -ig. Suffix gsw suffix gsw adjective -y (forms adjectives) Derived terms gsw adjective Etymology 2 Cognate with de -ung. Suffix gsw suffix plural -ige f gsw noun -ing (forms nouns from verbs) Derived terms gsw noun gsw noun-forming suffixes gsw adjective-forming suffixes Breton Etymology From br xbm -ic, from br cel-bry-pro *-ikos. Compare kw -ik and cy -ig. Suffix br suf Forms diminutives br kazh cat kazhig kitten Usage notes Retains gender of noun derived from Derived terms br Danish Etymology Partly da nds -ig, which in turn has replaced the native suffix from gmq-oda -ugh, which is no longer productive. Suffix da suffix -y; forms adjectives from nouns Declension est Derived terms da References da adjective-forming suffixes Dutch Etymology nl :inh dum:-ich 1 From nl dum -ich, from nl odt -ag, odt -ig, from nl gmw-pro *-g, from nl gem-pro *-agaz, gem-pro *-īgaz, gem-pro *-ugaz, each a variant of a common suffix gem-pro *-gaz, from nl ine-pro *-kos. Pronunciation nl /əx/ /ɪx/ nl Nl--ig.ogg Suffix -y; forms adjectives from nouns nl -achtig -erig nl borstel<t:brush, bristle> borstelig<t:prickly><ng:of hair> nl aard<t:nature, essence> aardig<t:friendly, nice; substantial> -ed, having when attached to a noun preceded by an adjective that describes the noun nl rood<t:red> haar<t:hair> roodharig<t:red-haired> nl dik<t:thick> huid<t:skin> dikhuidig<t:thick-skinned> nl twee<t:two> been<t:leg> tweebenig<t:two-legged> Declension Derived terms nl nl batig betweterig danig -erig fruitig geniepig hanig hardharig horig horig inhalerig kranig onledig prekerig pruilerig stevig volledig volmondig vredig German Etymology de :inh gmh:-ic<ety:inh<goh:-ig<ety:inh<gmw-pro:*-g>>>> From de gmh -ec, gmh -ic, from de goh -ig, from de gmw-pro *-g, from de gem-pro *-gaz, from de ine-pro *-kos. Pronunciation de /ɪç/ German standard, Bühnendeutsch, but less common in southern regiolects de /ɪk/ /ɪɡ̊/ /iɡ̊/ most common form in southern German, Austrian, and Swiss dialects de /ɪɕ/ /ɪʃ/ non-standard, dialectal forms in central Germany de LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--ig.wav de De--ig.ogg <<Germany>> (<<Berlin>>) de De--ig2.ogg <<Germany>> (<<Berlin>>) Suffix de suffix adjective-forming suffixes de denominal -y, -eous; forms adjectives from nouns, describing the noteworthy presence of the noun de Sonne sun sonnig sunny de Berg mountain bergig mountainous de numeral-nominal forms adjectives from numerals and nouns, describing something as having or involving a certain amount of the noun de eins ein(s) one Seite side, page einseitig one-sided, single-page de zwei two Schneide edge zweischneidig two-edged de mehr more Sprache language mehrsprachig multilingual de adjective-nominal -ed; forms adjectives from adjectives and nouns, describing something as having a noun of a certain quality; often triggers umlaut for single-syllable nouns de klein small Geist spirit, mind kleingeistig small-minded de schwach weak Brust chest schwachbrüstig feeble, lacking in power and stamina de dunkel dark Haut skin dunkelhäutig dark-skinned de deverbal forms adjectives from verbs, describing a propensity or ongoing state of an action de zittern to shiver, to tremble zittrig shaky, trembling de abhängen to depend abhängig dependent, addicted de deadverbal forms adjectives from adverbs, describing something as being defined by the adverb de heute today heutig today's, of today de damals back then, at the time damalig former, then Usage notes When forming adjectives out of nouns in combination with numerals (de numeral-nominal) or adjectives (de adjective-nominal): While the suffix is productive in this sense, it is limited to one-syllable nouns, two-syllable nouns whose second syllable features a schwa /​ə/ which is then dropped, and some two-syllable nouns where the first is a prefix. The noun typically shows umlaut according to the plural of the noun, but this can become unpredictable when applied to mass nouns without an established plural, e.g. de blaublütig, de kurzatmig. Some neuter nouns with plurals in de -er plural have this ending reflected in the resulting adjective in reduced form: de zwei Rad<alt:Räd(er)> zweirädrig (but de zwei Ei<alt:Ei(er)> zweieiig). Other plural endings are not reflected: de vier Stelle<alt:Stelle(n)> vierstellig. Declension comp Note: There are also contracted forms like de -'ger. Suffix de suffix de Switzerland colloquial variation of de -ung Derived terms de See also de -lich de -isch Hungarian Etymology hu Pronunciation hu iɡ 1 Suffix hu suffix terminative case suffix case suffixes hu of place to, up to hu Az állomásig busszal mentünk, de onnan hazáig már gyalog. We traveled by bus to the station but from there to home we walked. hu of time until, till hu Ötig dolgozom. I work until five o'clock. for a specified length of time hu A levél olyan hosszú volt, hogy tíz percig olvastam. The letter was so long that I was reading it for 10 minutes. Usage notes It has no harmonic variants. It is used by both back-vowel and front-vowel words. The above two senses may be ambiguous when hu óra hour or o'clock is mentioned, as in this sentence: hu Két óráig maradunk. We'll stay for two hours OR We'll stay until 2 o'clock. To avoid this ambiguity, the accusative case may be employed when referring to the duration (Két óráhu -t t maradunk), and the sentence may be rephrased when referring to the end point (Két óra hu múlva indulunk – We're leaving in two hours.) until With pointlike events or places the meaning is usually clear. However, it is ambiguous when the given event itself lasts for some time or the given object is such that it matters whether it is included, excluded or partially included. hu Szerdáig van időd. You have time until Wednesday. With exclusion: on Wednesday 00:01 A.M. you are already late (rare, one would probably say keddig; until Tuesday) With partial inclusion: the border line is somewhere during the day (most likely) With full inclusion: you have the full Wednesday (also possible) See also hu addig, hu eddig, hu meddig :Category:Hungarian terms taking -ig Appendix:Hungarian suffixes Middle English Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -y Norwegian Bokmål Etymology nb non -igr adjective-forming suffix, with some inherited formations continuing the Old Norse variant non -ugr adjective-forming suffix. These continue nb gem-pro *-īgaz and gem-pro *-ugaz, variants of gem-pro *-gaz adjective-forming suffix, ultimately from nb ine-pro *-kos adjective-forming suffix. Many individual words were also borrowed from, or reshaped after, Low German nds -ig and German de -ig. Compare nn -ig and nn -ug, da -ig, sv -ig, is -igur and is -ugur, fo -igur and fo -ugur, de -ig, nl -ig and en -y adjective-forming suffix. Pronunciation nb /ɪ/ nb ɪ 1 nb -ig Suffix nb suffix neuter singular -ig definite singular and plural -ige An adjective-forming suffix, attached chiefly to nouns and nominal stems, expressing possession, abundance, resemblance, connection or another characteristic associated with the base; often corresponding to English en -y, en -ful, en -ous or en -ic. nb dis -ig mist, haze adjective-forming suffix → nb disig misty, hazy nb gift -ig poison adjective-forming suffix → nb giftig poisonous, toxic nb kraft -ig strength, power adjective-forming suffix → nb kraftig powerful, strong nb luft -ig air adjective-forming suffix → nb luftig airy nb mod -ig courage adjective-forming suffix → nb modig brave, courageous nb skyld -ig guilt; debt, obligation adjective-forming suffix → nb skyldig guilty; owing nb trass -ig defiance, obstinacy adjective-forming suffix → nb trassig defiant, obstinate nb framtid -ig future adjective-forming suffix → nb framtidig future, prospective Usage notes Adjectives in nb -ig normally have an unchanged neuter singular and form the definite singular and plural by adding nb -e, producing nb -ige: nb kraftig powerful, strong — neuter nb kraftig — definite singular and plural nb kraftige nb modig brave, courageous — neuter nb modig — definite singular and plural nb modige nb framtidig future, prospective — neuter nb framtidig — definite singular and plural nb framtidige The written ⟨g⟩ is normally silent both in the basic form nb -ig and in inflected forms such as nb -ige: nb modig brave, courageous → nb modige brave, courageous; definite singular and plural nb giftig poisonous, toxic → nb giftige poisonous, toxic; definite singular and plural When the base ends in an unstressed ⟨e⟩, that vowel is normally removed: nb nåde grace, mercy + nb -ig → nb nådig gracious, merciful nb nytte use, benefit + nb -ig → nb nyttig useful The precise meaning of a formation is not always predictable from the base alone. Many adjectives have developed specialized or lexicalized meanings. Some words in nb -ig are inherited from Old Norse, while others were borrowed as complete words from Low German, German, Danish or another language. They are therefore not necessarily new Bokmål formations made directly from a modern base word. Words ending in nb -lig, such as nb hyggelig pleasant, nice and nb vanlig usual, ordinary, contain the distinct suffix nb -lig, not nb -ig. Not every word ending in the letters ⟨ig⟩ can be synchronically divided into a base and this suffix. Derived terms nb disig misty, hazy nb enfoldig simple-minded; simple nb enstemmig unanimous nb framtidig future, prospective nb fremtidig future, prospective nb fruktig fruity nb fyldig full, ample; rich nb fåtallig few in number nb giftig poisonous, toxic nb grundig thorough nb hastig hasty, rapid nb hendig handy, convenient nb innstendig earnest, insistent nb ivrig eager, keen nb kjølig cool, chilly nb kraftig powerful, strong nb listig cunning, crafty nb luftig airy nb lydig obedient nb modig brave, courageous nb nådig gracious, merciful nb nyttig useful nb ryddig tidy, orderly nb skyldig guilty; owing nb stilig stylish nb syndig sinful nb trassig defiant, obstinate nb varig lasting, permanent nb vektig weighty, important nb yndig graceful, charming See also nb -lig adjective-forming suffix nb -aktig adjective-forming suffix nb -messig adjective-forming suffix nb -som adjective-forming suffix nb -full adjective-forming suffix References -ig -ig Norwegian Nynorsk Etymology Partially from nn non -igr -y and partially from nn non -ugr -y, both from nn gem-pro *-gaz -y, from nn ine-pro *-kos *-kos, *-ḱos -y. Certain words also from nn nds -ig -y or nn de -ig -y, from nn gmh -ec, gmh -ic, from nn goh -ig, from nn gmw-pro *-g, from nn gem-pro *-gaz -y, from nn ine-pro *-kos -y. Pronunciation nn /ɪ(ɡ)/ Suffix nn suffix -y; forms adjectives from nouns Derived terms nn See also nn -ug nn adjective-forming suffixes Ojibwe Suffix oj suffix verb suffixes A suffix denoting the third person singular to first- or second-person singular form of a transitive animate verb (vta) Old Dutch Etymology odt :inh gmw-pro:*-g From odt gmw-pro *-g, from odt gem-pro *-īgaz, gem-pro *-agaz, gem-pro *-ugaz. Suffix odt suffix adjective-forming suffixes -y; forms adjectives from nouns. Derived terms odt Descendants dum -ich Old English Etymology 1 ang adjectives :inh gmw-pro:*-g<id:adjectives> + From ang gmw-pro *-g *-ag, -ig. Still distinct in the earliest texts. Alternative forms ang -iċ -eġ Pronunciation -iġ ang ij 1 Suffix -iġ en -y; forms adjectives from nouns and verbs Usage notes The variant form -eġ (or -eg) often occurs specifically when followed by suffixes containing back vowels. Ringe and Taylor (2014) suggest that prehistoric *-ag failed to fully raise to -iġ in this environment, with the variant reflecting a preserved transitional form.335 Declension -iġ Derived terms ang bisiġ ang findiġ ang Descendants enm -iȝ -i -y -ich en -y -ey -ie sco -ie References Etymology 2 ang diminutive :inh gmw-pro:*-i<alt:*-i, *-ī><ety:inh<gem-pro:*-j-<alt:*-j-, *-ij->>> + From ang gmw-pro *-i, gmw-pro *-ī, from ang gem-pro *-j-, gem-pro *-ij- diminutive suffix. Alternative forms ang -g -ih Pronunciation -ig -iġ ang ij 1 Suffix -ig,-iġ m forms diminutive nouns from other nouns ang bōsiġ Declension Masculine -ġ -iġ Descendants enm -y sco -ie en -ie -y Old Saxon Etymology From osx gmw-pro *-g, from osx gem-pro *-gaz, from osx ine-pro *-kos. Suffix osx suffix en -y; forms adjectives from i-stem nouns and verbs Related terms osx -ag Scottish Gaelic Suffix <alt:-><ll:lenited> -idh -eadh -te gd -aig Swedish Etymology From earlier sv -ig, sv -og, from sv gml -ich and sv gmq-osw -ogher, from sv non -agr, non -ugr, non -igr, from sv gem-pro *-gaz, from sv ine-pro *-kos. Cognate with ang -ig, whence en -y. Compare sv -og, sv avog, sv avig and sv -ot. Pronunciation sv /ɪ(ɡ)/ Suffix sv suffix adjective-forming suffixes -y; forms adjectives from nouns and verbs sv is ice isig icy sv kunna be able to, know kunnig knowledgeable sv ed -ed when attached to a compound of an adjective and a noun or verb it describes sv Han är rödhårig He is red-haired Usage notes Often pronounced without the final 'g' (/ɪ/). In (sv ed), "Han är rödhårad" reads like "He is red-hair'ed," as if someone has done "red hair" to him. The same reading is possible in English, but natural in Swedish. Declension Derived terms sv Welsh Etymology From cy cel-pro *-ikos. Cognate with kw -ik, br -ig, gem-pro *-gaz *-igaz, grc -ικός, la -icus.153 i 9 Pronunciation cy /ɪɡ/ Suffix cy suffix adjective-forming suffixes noun-forming suffixes forms adjectives from nouns, -y cy gwenwyn poison gwenwynig poisonous cy pwys weight, pound pwysig important cy Gwyddel Irish man Gwyddelig Irish cy chemistry en -ic, Used in chemical nomenclature to name chemical compounds in which a specified chemical element has a higher oxidation number than in the equivalent compound whose name ends in the suffix cy -us. For example cy asid nitrig nitric acid, HNO3 has more oxygen atoms per molecule than cy asid nitrus nitrous acid, HNO2. person or object with characteristics of the root word cy lloer moon lloerig lunatic cy ysgol school -ha ysgolhaig scholar cy calan first day of the year calennig New Year's gift Derived terms cy Related terms cy -edig forms adjectives from verbs Suffix mf au,~ion,~iaid 1cy diminutive suffixes cy diminutive diminutive suffix, -let cy afon river afonig rivulet cy barwn baron barwnig baronet cy oen lamb oenig small ewe lamb Derived terms cy -ig (diminutive) References Further reading