411 REFERENCE · Wiktionary
-iw-
Reference material by Wiktionary contributors. This retains its source identity and is not 411 news reporting.
Tumbuka
Etymology
tum bnt-pro *-úa. Cognate with sw -wa passive suffix, xh -wa passive suffix and zu -wa passive suffix.
Suffix
tum suffix verb-forming suffixes
Passive suffix in Tumbuka.
Usage notes
This "-iw-" suffix is the true passive in Tumbuka, but it has mostly been replaced by the stative tum -eka and tum -ika, which functions both as a stative and as the passive.
References
Jean Josephine Chavula, Verbal Derivation and Valency in Citumbuka, 2016