-dd

Appendix:Variations of "dd" Norwegian Bokmål Etymology nb non -ðr weak past-participle ending, ultimately from nb gem-pro *-daz weak past-participle suffix. In Bokmål, the dental ending appears as the doubled allomorph nb -dd in a limited group of vowel-final or historically vowel-final verb stems. Compare nn -dd and sv -dd weak-verb supine and past-participle ending. Pronunciation nb /dː/ nb -dd Suffix nb suffix An inflectional suffix forming the supine of certain weak and irregular verbs. nb nå -dd to reach supine suffix → nb nådd reached nb bo -dd to live, reside supine suffix → nb bodd lived, resided nb sy -dd to sew supine suffix → nb sydd sewn nb tro -dd to believe supine suffix → nb trodd believed nb Hun har sydd kjolen selv. She has sewn the dress herself. Forming the corresponding basic indefinite form of the past participle. nb Kjolen ble sydd for hånd. The dress was sewn by hand. nb et nøye sydd plagg a carefully sewn garment nb en snudd stol a turned chair Usage notes Verbs taking nb -dd normally have a simple past in nb -dde: nb nå to reach — nb nådde reached — nb nådd reached nb bo to live, reside — nb bodde lived, resided — nb bodd lived, resided nb sy to sew — nb sydde sewed — nb sydd sewn nb tro to believe — nb trodde believed — nb trodd believed nb snu to turn — nb snudde turned — nb snudd turned The exact distribution of nb -dd is lexical and cannot be predicted from the spelling of the infinitive alone. Other vowel-final verbs may instead have forms in nb -d, nb -t or another ending. The doubled consonant is pronounced. In many forms, adding nb -dd is accompanied by shortening or alteration of the preceding stem vowel. The supine follows a form of nb ha to have: Hun har sydd kjolen. — “She has sewn the dress.” The past participle is used in passive constructions or adjectivally: Kjolen ble sydd. — “The dress was sewn.” en sydd kjole — “a sewn dress” The basic past participle normally has the same form in the masculine, feminine and neuter indefinite singular: en sydd jakke ei sydd skjorte et sydd plagg The definite singular and plural participle forms normally end in nb -dde: den sydde jakka det sydde plagget sydde klær Some verbs with a supine or participle in nb -dd are otherwise irregular. For example, nb le to laugh has simple past nb lo laughed, but supine and participle nb ledd laughed. Not every word ending in ⟨dd⟩ necessarily contains this suffix; the form must belong to a verbal paradigm. Derived terms nb blødd bled nb bodd lived, resided nb bydd offered; commanded nb dødd died nb flydd flown nb fridd proposed marriage; freed nb gnidd rubbed nb kledd dressed, clothed nb ledd laughed nb nådd reached nb rodd rowed nb rådd advised; prevailed nb skjedd happened nb snudd turned nb snødd snowed nb spådd predicted nb spredd spread nb sydd sewn nb sådd sown nb trodd believed nb vridd twisted See also nb -dde weak-verb simple-past and participle ending nb -d weak-verb supine and past-participle ending nb -t supine and past-participle ending nb -et supine and past-participle ending nb -a weak-verb simple-past, supine and past-participle ending References “supinum – grammatikk”, Store norske leksikon. Swedish Suffix sv suffixes A suffix that forms the past participle of certain verbs (the third conjugation, verbs that have infinitives without -a). sv suffixes dd