-ed

Appendix:Variations of "ed" English Alternative forms en -d now standard only after -e en -'d chiefly en poetry en -èd chiefly en poetry Pronunciation in verbs, past participles, and some denominal adjectives after a vowel or a voiced consonant other than a /d/ d, en /d/ after a voiceless consonant other than a /t/ t, en /t/ after a /d/ or /t/ same as below other denominal adjectives, archaic or poetic elsewhere ĭd UK, en /ɪd/ en LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ed.wav Southern England ĭd US, en /ɪd/ or əd, en /əd/ əd AU, en /əd/ 2 Other dialects en HK after a /d/ or /t/ en /əd/ after vowels en /d/ /dəd/ after other consonants en /dəd/ en LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ed.wav Southern England Etymology 1 en verb-past-tense :inh enm:-ede<id:past> From en enm -ede past, enm -ed. During the Middle English period, this increasingly standard -ed ending largely absorbed the class 1 weak past ending (ang -de) through morphological leveling. However, many class 1 verbs resisted this leveling to become modern irregular verbs (such as kept and left). This resistance was driven by phonotactics: attaching the consonant suffix directly to the stem often triggered pre-cluster vowel shortening (and consonant devoicing) in Early Middle English, creating a stark vowel alternation between the present and past tense that anchored the irregular form. Conversely, verbs that lacked this stark alternation (such as deem, where the early past tense demde remained insufficiently distinct from the present stem) were highly vulnerable to leveling, adopting the syllabic -ed to ensure the past tense was clearly marked. In modern usage, this morphological leveling has proceeded further in American English than in British English, which frequently preserves the irregular en -t variant for such verbs. Ultimately from en gem-pro *-ōd-. Cognate with stq -ede -ed first person singular past indicative ending, nds -de -ed first and third person singular past indicative ending, nl -d -ed, de -t -ed, sv -ade -ed, is -aði -ed. Suffix inflectional suffixes en past tenseUsed to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any past form. See -t for a variant. en live lived en Once upon a time a little princess lived with her mother in a lonely castle. en Jose phoned five minutes ago. en He x'ed two boxes on the voting form. en I've already sautéed the rice over medium heat. Translations past tense Danish: da -de, da -te Dzongkha: dz ཅི Esperanto: eo -is German: de -te, de -test, de -ten, de -tet Hungarian: hu -t/-tt/-ott/-ett/-ött Ido: io -is Japanese: ja -た -ta Korean: ko -았 -at Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: kmr -d (for most transitive verbs) kmr -î (for most intransitive verbs and a few transitive verbs), kmr -t (for some basic verbs, both transitive and intransitive) Norwegian: Bokmål: nb -a, nb -et, nb -te, nb -de, nb -dd, nb -tt, nb -tø, nb -øt, nb -øyt Nynorsk: nn -a, nn -te, nn -de, nn -dd, nn -tt, nn -aut Nǀuu: ngh -a Persian: fa ـده -de, fa ـد -d, fa ـته -te, fa ـت -t Polish: pl -ł Russian: ru -л m, ru -ла f, ru -ло n, ru -ли p Spanish: es -ado Swedish: sv -de, sv -t, sv -en, sv -ad, sv -ade Ukrainian: uk -в m, uk -ла f, uk -ло n, uk -ли p Vietnamese: vi đã Etymology 2 en past participle :inh enm:-ed<id:past participle> From en enm -ed, from the merger of en ang -od class 2 weak past participle and ang -ed class 1 weak past participle, ultimately from en gem-pro *-ōdaz and gem-pro *-idaz respectively. Cognate with stq -ed. Suffix inflectional suffixes en past participleUsed to form past participles of (regular) verbs. See -en and -t for variants. en point pointed en He has pointed at the dog. en There's the abandoned mineshaft. en Refused entry to the club, I walked back home. Translations past participle German: de ge- -t, de ge- -en Sikkimese: sip ཅེ Etymology 3 en adjective :inh enm:-ed<id:past participle> From en enm -ed, from en ang -od adjective suffix, from en gem-pro *-ōdaz, from en ine-pro *-eh₂tos. While identical in appearance to the past participle of class 2 weak verbs, this suffix was attached directly to nouns without any intervening verb. Cognate with la -ātus (whence also a doublet en -ate), sla-pro *-atъ. Suffix adjective-forming suffixes en havingUsed to form possessional adjectives from nouns, in the sense of having the object represented by the noun. en -less en point pointed en horn horned en hoof hooved en chagrin chagrined en having-compound As an extension of the above, used to form possessional adjectives from adjective-noun pairs. en red hair red-haired en left hand left-handed en two prong<alt:prong(s)> two-pronged Derived terms en Translations having an object Danish: da -ig, da -et Dutch: nl -ig, nl ge- -d Finnish: fi -kas Hungarian: hu -s/-os/-as/-es/-ös Indonesian: id ber- Japanese: ja 気味 kimi Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: kmr -dar, kmr bi- Malay: ms ber- Persian: fa ـدار -dâr Swedish: sv -ig, sv -ad, sv -d having an object of a particular quality Danish: da -et, da -ig Dutch: nl -ig, also as a past participle: nl ge- + nl -d Finnish: fi -nen Hungarian: hu -ú/-ű/-jú/-jű Indonesian: id ber- Japanese: ja 気味 kimi Malay: ms ber- Polish: pl -y m, pl -ny m Swedish: sv -ig, sv -ad, sv -d See also en -t en -ing Anagrams en de de- D&E dE DE de De Breton Etymology Cognate to kw -es. Suffix br suffix plural suffixes Suffix denoting plural of certain nouns br kazhez female cat kazhezed female cats Derived terms br German Etymology de :bor en:-ed<id:past participle><pos:past participle suffix> de en -ed<id:past participle><pos:past participle suffix>. Suffix de suffix de sometimes proscribed de -t used in verbs borrowed from English: To form past participles. de downloaden gedownloaded de nonstandard To form the third-person singular. de bashen bashed sie bashed Hungarian Pronunciation hu ɛd 1 Etymology 1 From hu -e- -d linking vowel possessive suffix y. Suffix hu suffix hu possessive hu possessive suffix your second-person singular, single possession hu kert garden kerted your (singular, informal) garden hu Megbízol engem a kerted gondozásával? Will you entrust me with the care of your garden? Usage notes Etymology 2 From hu -e- -d linking vowel personal suffix y. Suffix hu suffix hu personal hu personal suffix Forms the definite second-person singular indicative present of verbs. hu fest to paint fested you paint [him/her/it], you are painting [him/her/it] hu Mikor fested a kerítést? When do you paint the fence? Usage notes personal suffix See harmonic variants in the table below. Etymology 3 From hu -e- -d linking vowel fraction-forming and verb-forming suffix y. Suffix hu suffix hu fraction hu fraction-forming suffix -th added to a cardinal number to form a fraction hu ezer thousand ezred thousandth hu verb hu frequentative verb-forming suffix Added to a stem to form a verb to indicate repetitive action. No longer productive. hu szenved to suffer Usage notes fraction-forming suffix Variants: hu -d fraction is added to words ending in a vowel hu -ad fraction is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant hu -od fraction is added to some other back-vowel words ending in a consonant hu -ed fraction is added to unrounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant hu -öd fraction is added to rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant frequentative suffix Variants: hu -d verb is found only in a few words as an obscured suffix hu mond to say, tell, hu kezd to begin hu -od verb is added to back-vowel words hu tapod to tread on something hu -ad verb is added to back-vowel words hu -ed verb is added to unrounded front-vowel words hu szenved to suffer hu -öd verb is added to rounded front-vowel words hu bököd to repeatedly poke at something Derived terms hu fractional number See also :Category:Hungarian noun forms :Category:Hungarian verb forms Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes Appendix:Hungarian suffixes hu terms with multiple lemma etymologies terms with multiple morpheme etymologies Ido Etymology From io fr -ée, io it -ata, io es -ada, ultimately from io la -atus. Suffix io suffix contents of, -ful. io manuo hand manuedo handful Derived terms io io suffixes ed Latin Suffix la suffix form la -it Archaic Latin non-lemma la esom esed possibly la fēcī fēced Middle English Etymology 1 enm past participle :inh ang:-ed<id:past-participle> ang:-od enm ang -od weak class 2 past participle, from enm gmw-pro *-ōd, from enm gem-pro *-ōdaz, from the weak class 2 suffix gem-pro *-ōną + the bare past particple suffix gem-pro *-daz (from enm ine-pro *-tós). This form also continues the Old English weak class 1 past participle suffix ang -ed, but after the Early Middle English period, it is replaced by enm -d, enm -t by analogy with the finite past. Alternative forms enm -ede -et -it -t Pronunciation enm /-əd/ Suffix enm suffix Forms the past participle of weak verbs in -ede enm mostly early Forms the past participle of weak verbs in -de Descendants en -ed past participle gmw-msc -it sco -it -ed References -(e)d suf.(2) MED12958 Etymology 2 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -ede past Etymology 3 enm state Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -hede Old English Pronunciation -ed Etymology 1 ang past-participle :der ine-pro:*-tós<id:verbal adjectives> Suffix part 1 -t; forms the past participle of class I weak verbs ang fremman<t:to perform> fremed<t:performed> Etymology 2 Suffix part 1 ang -od: en -ed; forms the past participle of class II weak verbs Suffix ang -od: en -ed; forms adjectives from nouns and class 2 weak past participles, indicating the possession of a thing or a quality ang æppel<t:apple> æppled<t:apple-shaped> Declension -ed Old Irish Pronunciation sga /eð/ Suffix sga suffix form sga -ad Spanish Etymology es :inh la:-ēte<pos:second-person plural present active imperative ending of second conjugation verbs> + 1 Suffix es suffix form used to form the informal second-person plural imperative mood of es -er verbs es comer ¡Comed! to eat Eat! es Poned eso en la mesa. Put that on the table. Usage notes In everyday Peninsular Spanish, it is more common to use the infinitive instead of the affirmative imperative for the second-person plural, although this is technically incorrect according to the Royal Spanish Academy. In Latin America, the pronoun *vosotros*—along with its verb conjugations, inflections, and possessives—is not used and is considered archaic; instead, the forms corresponding to the pronoun *ustedes* are always used. Swedish Suffix c Dals Långed Hamneda Ed sv place-names path between or along water sv -eda See also sv ed isthmus Welsh Etymology 1 From cy cel-bry-pro *-hed, from cy cel-pro *-isetos. Pronunciation cy /ɛd/ cy-N,standard,colloquial cy /ad/ cy-N,colloquial cy /ɛd/ cy-S Suffix cy suffix Forms an equative of an adjective of one or two syllables. cy gwan weak gwanned as weak cy rhad cheap rhated as cheap cy cynt faster, earlier, sooner cynted as fast, as early, as soon Usage notes Causes fortition of final voiced consonant of adjectival roots. Etymology 2 Reduced form of cy -fed. Cognate with kw -es. Pronunciation cy /ɛd/ cy-N,standard,colloquial cy /ad/ cy-N,colloquial cy /ɛd/ cy-S Suffix cy suffix Used to form the ordinal forms of five and six. cy -edd -fed -ydd cy pump five pumed fifth cy chwech six chweched sixth Etymology 3 Ultimately from cy ine-pro *-tis or cy ine-pro *-tus.203 iii 8 Pronunciation cy /ɛd/ cy-N,standard,colloquial cy /ad/ cy-N,colloquial cy /ɛd/ cy-S Suffix cy suffix Used to form verbal nouns. cy cerdd- to walk stem cerdded to walk verbal noun cy clyw- to hear stem clywed to hear verbal noun Etymology 4 Cognate with kw -es. Pronunciation cy /ɛd/ cy-N,standard,colloquial cy /ad/ cy-N,colloquial cy /ɛd/ cy-S Suffix cy suffix Used to form nouns. cy colli to lose colled loss cy sych dry syched thirst cy cymuno to take communion, to communicate cymuned community Etymology 5 Pronunciation cy /ɛd/ cy-N,standard,colloquial cy /ad/ /ai̯d/ cy-N,colloquial cy /ɛd/ cy-S Suffix cy suffix Used to form plural nouns. cy -aid -aint -au -edd -en -i -iadau -iaid -iau -ion -od -oedd -on -ydd -yr -ys cy pryf bug, insect pryfed bugs, insects cy merch girl merched girls Usage notes -ed is only used in the above two plural forms in Modern Welsh. Etymology 6 Pronunciation cy /ɛd/ Suffix cy suffix cy literary verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative Etymology 7 Pronunciation cy /ɛd/ Suffix cy suffix cy literary verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative cy -pwyd -wyd Usage notes Rare in Modern Welsh with a few verbs creating an alternative secondary form. cy ganwyd, ganed was born, one bore cy trowyd, troed was turned, one turned cy cafwyd, caed was had, one had cy daethpwyd, deuwyd, doed one came Derived terms cy References Further reading