-st

Appendix:Variations of "st" English Etymology 1 From en enm -st; see en -est#Etymology 2. Suffix en archaic Verb suffix for the second-person singular; en -est. 5 5 Thou com'st to use thy tongue. Etymology 2 From the written form of en first; see further etymology there. Suffix Marks ordinals written in digits when the final term of the spelled number is "first" en the 21st century Coordinate terms en -nd en -rd en -th Translations first Danish: da -e French: fr re m, fr ère f, fr ers m, fr ères f German: -st- (e.g. de 1ste = de erste) Italian: it ° mfbysense, it º m, it ª f, it ^ f (erroneous) Japanese: ja 第 だい, dai Polish: pl -szy Swedish: sv -a Etymology 3 en adverbial From en -s -t of excrescent suffixes, with -s sometimes genitive. Suffix Excrescent suffix (adding sound but largely not changing the meaning). en among amongst en mid midst en while whilst Usage notes When there is a shorter synonymous word (as in en amongst/en among), the form with -st is generally considered more formal, old-fashioned or affected in American English; whereas both are usually interchangeable in British English. However, en against is distinct in meaning from en again, and en midst is used in some contexts distinctly from en mid. Derived terms en against alongst amongst anenst beknownst midst unbeknownst whomst whilst Anagrams en st t's T&S T's ts Ts t.s TS Dutch Etymology 1 From nl gem-pro *-þiz. The -s- is the result of a wrong segmentation of stem and suffix of a noun in cases where the stem of the noun ended with -s-. For example: a word like Dutch nl vorst frost could be interpreted as vors+t or as vor+st. This suffix existed already in Gothic (got 𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃, from got *𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽).A. van Loey, "Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands", Zutphen, 8. druk, 1970, 90-03-21170-1; § 167 Suffix nl suffix noun-forming suffixes f plural -sten nl verbal noun appended to the stem of a verb, this suffix yields a verbal noun; it is similar in function to the Dutch suffix -ing Derived terms nl verbal noun Etymology 2 From nl dum -st, from nl odt -ist, odt -ost, from nl gem-pro *-istaz, gem-pro *-ōstaz. Cognate of af -ste, en -est, de -st -(e)st, da -est -(e)st, sv -ast -(a)st. Suffix nl suffix inflectional suffixes appended to an adjective this suffix forms the superlative nl vreemd strange → nl vreemdst vreemdst strangest References Estonian Suffix et suffix form et -ne partitive s Faroese Etymology fo non -sk, reduced form of the reflexive pronoun non sik (whence fo seg). Suffix fo suffix st turns verbs into middle voice verbs Derived terms fo minnast German Etymology 1 From de gmh -est, from older gmh -es through rebracketing in inverted forms like gmh sizzes du → sizzestu → sizzest du do you sit. Further from a merger of various de goh - conjugation suffixes, from de gem-pro -, from de ine-pro -. Pronunciation de /st/ standard de /t/ alternatively after -sch- de /s/ central-western Germany, chiefly informal de /ʃ/ south-western Germany and Switzerland, chiefly informal Suffix de suffix inflectional suffixes Verb suffix for the second-person singular. de lachen to laugh du lachst you laugh, thou laughest de spielen to play du spielst you play, thou playest Usage notes In the present tense, the suffix becomes de -t after de s, ß, x, z: de du schießt. After de sch the spelling de -t is standard only in Austria and South Tyrol, but the according pronunciation is common in most regions: de du wäschst or wäscht. The suffix becomes de -est after de d, t: de du wartest. However, strong verbs with a vowel change have de -st: de du rätst. In obsolete usage the form de -est was employed more freely also after other sounds. In the strong past tense, de -est is used after sibilants: de du schossest. However, when the preceding vowel is long the form de -t is possible alternatively: de du aßest or aßt. After de d, t the forms de -est and de -st are used in free variation: de du rittest or rittst. Etymology 2 From de gmh -est, from a merger of de goh -ist and goh -ōst, from de gem-pro *-istaz and gem-pro *-ōstaz. Pronunciation de /st/ Suffix de suffix inflectional suffixes Forms superlatives of adjectives and adverbs, sometimes triggering umlaut. de klein small der kleinste the smallest de lang long der längste the longest de herzlich cordially am herzlichsten most cordially de schleunig speedily schleunigst straight away Usage notes Attributive superlatives are declined like other adjectives. Predicative and adverbial superlatives generally take the particle de am before them and are accordingly declined in the neuter dative singular. Some adjectives/adverbs also have basic forms in de -st, but these are generally lexicalised. The suffix becomes de -est after sibilants de s, sch, ß, x, z and after de d, t when the adjective has final stress: de der kürzeste, weiteste (though de der kürzte, weitste may be heard colloquially and the same is standard in de der größte). When the last vowel is /ə/ or unstressed /ɪ/ the short form is used: de der geeignetste, sympathischste. After other unstressed vowels both ways are possible: de der elendeste or elendste. The forms de -st and de -est are also both possible after stressed final vowels and after consonant clusters (except those involving -r-). Thus: de der neueste or neuste, de der schlankeste or schlankste. The formal language prefers the long forms while the vernacular prefer the short ones. Derived terms de Hungarian Etymology From hu -s -t adjective-forming suffix locative suffix y in the Old Hungarian period. The adverbial sense of the locative suffix hu -t can be shown only in this hu -st morpheme. Pronunciation Suffix hu suffix hu adverb-forming suffix Forms an adverb of manner. Usage notes adverb-forming suffix Variants: hu -st hu -est hu öröm joy -est örömest with joy It is no longer productive and can be found only in a few adverbs: hu bízvást, hu egyenest, hu fogvást, hu folyvást, hu folyton-folyvást, hu homlokegyenest, hu képest, hu mármost, hu mihelyst, hu most, hu nézvést, hu oldalvást, hu óvást, hu örömest, hu rögvest, hu szemlátomást, hu üstöllést, hu valamelyest, hu vegyest.y, p. 495. Derived terms hu adverb References Icelandic Etymology From is non -sk, reduced form of the reflexive pronoun non sik (whence is sig). Suffix is suffix turns verbs into middle voice verbs Derived terms is berast biðjast bjóðast bregðast brjótast drepast elskast eyðast finnast fást gerast gleðjast haldast heilsast kveðjast kyssast leiðast látast líðast minnast segjast setjast sjást tærast týnast venjast virðast ætlast See also Appendix:Icelandic middle voice verbs Category:Icelandic middle voice verbs Ingrian Etymology 1 izh: Possibly identical to the elative marker (see below), exhibiting an archaic function of the elative, found also in archaic or dialectal fi -sta. Alternatively, from urj-fin-pro *-stik, reanalysed as identical to the elative marker after vowel reduction. In this case akin to fi -sti and et -sti. Pronunciation -sta -stä Suffix Used to form adverbs of manner from adjectives; -ly Usage notes In the Soikkola dialect, may trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel. Derived terms izh izh -staa<id:adverb> Etymology 2 elative From izh urj-fin-pro *-sta. Cognates include fi -sta and et -st. Pronunciation -sta -stä Suffix Used to form the elative case; out of Usage notes In the Soikkola dialect, may trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel. Inflection -staan -staas -staa -stamme -stanne -stasse References 43 Latin Verb la verb form clitic clitics -st la OL. Plautine Terentian la est<t:he/she/it is> la decretumst it was decreed la amicust he is a/my friend Usage notes Also used after terms ending in s, where the previous s is removed. Related terms la 's Luxembourgish Etymology From lb gmh -est, from lb goh -ist, goh -ōst, from lb gem-pro *-istaz, gem-pro *-ōstaz. The expected form would be lb -scht as still in lb bescht best and lb meescht most. The form lb -st is native in the northern third of Luxembourg and spread southwards, probably in part because the suffix is used in positions where /ʃ/ otherwise does not occur, and in part under the reinforcing influence of standard lb de -. Pronunciation lb /st/ Suffix lb suffix Forms the superlative of adjectives; -est Middle Dutch Etymology From dum odt -ist, odt -ost, from dum gem-pro *-istaz, gem-pro *-ōstaz. Suffix dum suffix st Forms the superlative of adjectives; -est Derived terms See :Category:Middle Dutch adjective superlative forms. Related terms dum -er Descendants nl -st Norwegian Nynorsk Alternative forms nn -s prior to the 2012 spelling reform Etymology From nn gmq-mno -st, from nn non -sk, reduced and grammaticalised form of the reflexive pronoun non sik (whence nn seg). Cognate with is -st, fo -st, da -s, sv -s and nb -s. Pronunciation nn /st/ Suffix nn suffix st nn no longer productive turns verbs into middle voice verbs nn finna<t:to find> finnast<t:to exist> forms the passive voice of transitive verbs nn eta<t:to eat> etast<t:to be eaten> Usage notes In standard nynorsk, a distinction is made between middle voice verbs (e.g. nn finnast exist), which have often been inherited from Old Norse and whose meanings can be drastically different from their roots, and verbs inflected for the passive voice (e.g. nn kastast be thrown). The latter are often avoided, unless the verb is in the infinitive form and follows an auxiliary like nn kunna, nn måtta, nn skulla or nn burda, by rewriting the phrase using nn verta or nn bli become + the past participle of the main verb. The sentence may also be rewritten to have an active meaning. *Ballen kastast av borna - the ball is thrown by the children → Ballen vert/blir kasta av borna - the ball is thrown by the children → Borna kastar ballen - the children throw the ball Ballen kan/må/skal/bør kastast - the ball can/must/will/should be thrown The Language Council of Norway has a short article (in norwegian) on how to write good active and passive sentences in nynorsk: Aktiv og passiv på nynorsk. Derived terms nn minnast finnast sjåast møtast nevast synast trivast skyldast spørjast slåst dragast ferdast eldast andast Old English Pronunciation -st Suffix ang suffix form forms the second person singular present indicative of strong verbs and certain Class I weak verbs ang drīfan<t:to drive> drīfst<t:you/thou drive>