-음

음 Korean Alternative forms ko -ㅁ after vowel-final and ko ㄹ-final verbal stems Etymology , from ko okm - -음〮 -úm, -ᄋᆞᆷ〮 -óm. This suffix is the most common Middle Korean nominalizer, including in the gugyeol sources of the fourteenth century and in the Hangul sources of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but is very rarely attested in pre-fourteenth-century Old Korean sources. Choe 2017 comments that no intermediary stage appears to exist, and that this sudden post-fourteenth-century dominance of an apparently novel grammatical suffix is puzzling and difficult to explain. The older nominalizers were realis okm 隱 *-n and irrealis okm 尸 *-l, both of which are now adnominal suffixes. In Middle Korean, -음〮 -úm proper only derived nouns from verbs, while verbal substantives ("-ing", "that...") were formed by bimorphemic -움〮 -wú-m, the first element traditionally being analyzed as the "modulator" suffix -우〮- -wú-. The "modulator" disappeared around the late sixteenth century, leaving ko -음 to do double duty. Suffix suffix -ness; -tion; -ment noun-deriving suffix for verbs and adjectives ko -기 ko 나누- to divide 나눔 division, charity ko 기쁘- happy 기쁨 happiness ko formal the act of, the process of, -ing, being, to be gerund- or noun clause-forming suffix for verbs and adjectives ko -기 non-formal ko 우리-가 만남-은 우연-이 아니다. Our meeting [each other] cannot be an accident. ko 이-가 옳-지 않음-은 명백-한 사실-입니다. This not being right is an evident fact. ko formal or Internet slang A formality-neutral sentence ender used in certain contexts when one desires to avoid formality distinctions, such as in formal reports or Internet conversations. ko 생물학-에 큰 관심-을 가지고 있음. [Student] has great interest in biology. (in a school report) ko 2020-년 12-월 9-일-에 씀. Written on 9 December, 2020. (in the preface of a book) ko 님, 거기 가 봄? Have you been there? (in an Internet conversation) Usage notes In non-formal language, ko -기 is used instead to turn verbs and adjectives into substantives. This suffix has an epenthetical vowel and therefore provokes verbal irregularities in certain stems, e.g. ko 그립다 그립- to long for > ko 그리움 longing. This suffix does not elide preceding ko ㄹ; instead, the epenthetical vowel is lost, e.g. ko 살다 살- to live > ko 삶 life. References ko 최성규 (Choe Seong-gyu) ko:명사형 어미 ‘-ㅁ’의 형성 과정 탐색 Gugeohak 2017 83 153—181 10.15811/jkl.2017..83.006 ko inflectional suffixes