-ing

Appendix:Variations of "ing" English Alternative forms en -in' -in colloquial en -ïng rare or nonstandard Pronunciation en /ɪŋ/ /ɪn/ /ən/ en LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ing.wav Southern England en En-us--ing.oga US en /ɪŋɡ/ southern,_,North West England,northern,_,West Midlands,Derbyshire,South,_,Yorkshire,Kent,<<non-NG-coalescence>> Orton, H. et al., The Linguistic Atlas of England, Croom Helm, London: 1978. en /ɪŋk/ /ɪŋɡ/ Kent,some dialects of,_,Australia,<<non-NG-coalescence>> en ink en /in/ /iŋ/ Upper Midwestern US,Pacific Northwest,Canada,pre-/ŋ/-tensingAllan Metcalf, How We Talk: American Regional English, Houghton Mifflin, Boston: 2000, p 143 en een Etymology 1 en gerund noun :inh enm:-ynge<id:gerund noun> en enm -ing, enm -yng, enm -ynge, from en ang -ing, ang -ung -ing suffix forming nouns from verbs, from en gmw-pro *-ingu, gmw-pro *-ungu, from en gem-pro *-ungō *-ingō, *-ungō -ing. 2 cog Cognate with sco -in, sco -in', sco -ing -ing, yol -een -ing, stq -enge -ing, nl -ing -ing, de,lb -ung -ing, da -ing, da -ning -ing, is,nb,nn,sv -ing -ing, fr -ange -ing. false cognate Unrelated to brh -اِنْگ -iṅg a suffix used to form infinitive or verbal noun from the base verb; -ing. Suffix ~ en noun Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs, denoting the act of doing something, an action, or the embodiment of an action. As true nouns. en My hearing is not good. en I have had several meetings with him. en gerund As gerunds. en Smoking marijuana cigarettes daily is bad for your health. en She has a habit of sleeping late. en I like meeting people. en There's no escaping the fact that the bodywork needs painting. Used to form nouns denoting materials or systems of objects which are used or employed in an action, or considered collectively. en Roofing is material that is used to roof. en Clothing is material with which one is clothed. en The piping is a system of pipes considered collectively. Usage notes Compare en -tion, which can be applied to some (Latinate) nouns with almost the same meaning: en the activating of the weapon must be stopped en the act of activating the weapon must be stopped en the activation of the weapon must be stopped In the first and third phrases the words in bold are nouns, while in the second phrase the word in bold is a gerund and the noun is en act, cognate with en action. There was formerly a tendency for the final vowel of a word to contract when this suffix was added; hence en carrying /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪŋ/ /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪn/, en following /ˈfɒlwɪŋ/ /ˈfɒlwɪn/, but analogy has usually now resulted in restoration of the full form (e.g., /ˈkæɹi.ɪŋ/ /ˈfɒloʊ.ɪn/). I 9.812 275 The same kind of analogy has resulted in pronunciations of en bottling such as /ˈbɒtəlɪŋ/ /ˈbɒtəlɪn/ (for earlier /ˈbɒtlɪŋ/ /ˈbɒtlɪn/). Synonyms act of doing something, action en -tion, en -ment activity en -ery, en -ment collection en -age, en -ery Derived terms collection en batting bunting carpeting lining packing piping roofing siding ticking tubing wadding wiring Translations to form gerunds Catalan: ca -ant, ca -ent, ca -int Danish: da -ing Dutch: nl -ing Esperanto: eo -ado Faroese: fo -ing Finnish: fi -minen, fi -nti French: fr -age Galician: gl -ando, gl -endo, gl -indo German: Use de zu + infinitive Greek: Use el το el να + second person singular present verb form Icelandic: is -ing Interlingua: ia -ion, ia -mento, ia -ar, ia -er, ia -ir Italian: first-conjugation gerund it -ando, second- and third-conjugation gerund it -endo Japanese: use a verb in continuative form (i.e., ja 泳ぎ oyogi swimming from ja 泳ぐ oyogu to swim), ja の -の -no, ja こと -こと -koto Khmer: km ការ kaa prefix Lao: lo Malay: ms peng--an Norwegian: no -ing Nǀuu: ngh -ki Old Norse: non -ing Persian: fa ـش Polish: pl -anie n, pl -cie n Portuguese: pt -ando, pt -endo, pt -indo Romanian: ro -ând, ro -ind Spanish: es -ando, es -iendo Tamil: ta -அல் Thai: th การ- gaan-, th ความ- kwaam- Turkish: tr -yor, tr -mekte, tr -makta act of doing something Chinese: Mandarin: with no suffix, verbs can be used as nouns Danish: da -ing c Dutch: nl -ing f nominalization of the infinitive Faroese: fo -ing f Finnish: fi -minen French: fr -age m, fr -tion f, fr -ment m German: de -ung f Italian: it -zione f (it -azione f, it -uzione f), it -mento m, informal it -aggio f Low German: nds -d n; nds -ung f German Low German: nds-de -en f; nds-de -inge -inge, -ing f, nds-de -unge -unge, -ung Middle Low German: gml -t n; gml -inge f Norwegian: Bokmål: nb -ing mf Nynorsk: nn -ing f Old Norse: non -ing f Polish: pl -nie n, pl -cie n Romanian: ro -re f Russian: ru -а́ние n, ru -е́ние n, ru -о́вка f, ru -ля f Swedish: sv -ing c Tagalog: tl pag- Turkish: tr -ma, tr -ış Yiddish: yi ־ונג f materials, systems of objects Dutch: nl -werk n, nl systeem n -systeem Faroese: fo -ing f Italian: it -tura f Malay: ms -an Old Norse: non -ing f See also collection en work Etymology 2 en participial :inh enm:-ynge<id:present participle> From en enm -inge, enm -ynge, alteration of earlier enm -inde, enm -ende, enm -and (see en -and), from en ang -ende present participle ending, from en gmw-pro *-andī, from en gem-pro *-andz present participle ending, from en ine-pro *-onts. Cognate with fy -end, nl -end, af -ende, de -end, nds -end, da -ende, sv -ande, is -andi, got -𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃, got -𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃, la -ans, la -ans -ant-, grc -ων, sa -अन्त्, fa ـنده -ande, pl -ący, pl -ąc, cs -oucí, uk -учий, sh -ući/sh -ући. More at en -and. Suffix inflectional suffixes en present participle Used to form present participles of verbs. en Rolling stones gather no moss. en My new cabin, which is going to look over the lake, is getting a brand new roof this winter. en I wondered what time the play was starting. en Anybody touching this wire will get a deadly shock. en When it occurred, I was flying to New York a great deal. en She told us they were skiing in Burgos the following week. en We were boogieing from midnight until three o’clock in the morning. en It's a very creative job, allowing us a great deal of latitude. en Refusing to apologise, I stormed out the room. I'm regretting doing such a stupid thing already. en I was listening to music while I was driving here. en It's a very creative job, allowing me a great deal of latitude. 2001, Brian Hall, “Beej's Guide to Network Programming”, “Using Internet Sockets” If you are connect()ing to a remote machineyou can simply call connect(), it'll check to see if the socket is unworthy, and will bind() it to an unused local port if necessary. Translations to form present participles Belizean Creole: bzj di Chinese: Cantonese: yue 緊 gan2, yue 住 zyu6 Mandarin: cmn 著, cmn 着 zhe, cmn 正在 zhèngzài Danish: da -ende Dutch: nl -end Esperanto: eo -anta Estonian: et -v Faroese: fo -andi Finnish: fi -va, fi -vä French: fr -ant Galician: gl -ando, gl -endo, gl -indo German: de -end Hungarian: hu -ó/hu -ő Icelandic: is -andi Ido: io -anta Interlingua: ia -ante, ia -ente, ia -iente Italian: first-conjugation persent participle it -ante, second- and third-conjugation present participle it -ente Japanese: ja ている (-te iru) Khmer: km កំពុង kɑmpuŋ prefix Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: kmr -er, kmr -ende, kmr -bar Lao: lo Latin: la -ens Neapolitan: nap -anno, nap -enno Norwegian: no -ende Polish: pl -ący Portuguese: pt -ando, pt -endo, pt -indo Russian: ru -ающий, ru -ящий, ru -ущий, ru -ющий, ru -ащий, ru -еющий, ru -ующий, ru -я́ющий, ru -щий Spanish: es -ando verbs ending in es -ar, verbs ending in es -er and es -ir: es -iendo after a consonant, es -yendo after a vowel; es estar que colloquial, es -ante (1st conjugation), es -iente (2nd and 3rd conjugations) Swedish: sv -ande verbs ending in sv -a, sv -ende verbs ending in other letter than -a Thai: th กำลัง gam-lang Turkish: tr -iyor, tr -yor, tr -uyor, tr -ıyor, tr -üyor, tr -en, tr -yen, tr -an, tr -yan Xibe: sjo -maħ Etymology 3 en king :inh enm:-yng<id:diminutive> From en enm -ynge, from en ang -ing, from en gmw-pro *-ing, from en gem-pro *-ingaz. Akin to non -ingr. Suffix en diminutive en no longer productive suffix Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as in placenames, patronymics or diminutives; -ite. en Ealing, Dorking, Reading, Worthing en Browning, Channing, Ewing en *bunt bunting enm en skill shilling en fourth farthing Forming nouns having a specified quality, characteristic, or nature; of the kind of en sweet sweeting en white whiting en geld gelding Derived terms en diminutive See also en -ed References Further reading -ing¹ V 281–282 https://archive.org/details/newenglishdict05murrmiss/page/281/mode/2up -ing² V 282 -ing³ V 282 2 Anagrams en gin IGN Gin gin nig NGI GNI Danish Alternative forms da -ning Etymology From da non -ing, non -ung, from da gem-pro *-ingō, gem-pro *-ungō. Pronunciation da [eŋ] Suffix en er added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process, the result of or the subject performing such action designates a person of a certain origin or with certain qualities Declension en er Synonyms added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process da -else, da -tion Derived terms da References Dutch Pronunciation nl /ɪŋ/ Etymology 1 nl dum -inge, from nl odt -inga, odt -unga, odt -onga, from nl gmw-pro *-ingu, gmw-pro *-ungu, from nl gem-pro *-ungō. Suffix f -en -inkje,+ en -ing, -ation; forms nouns from verbs, referring to the action of the verb or result of that action nl barricaderen<t:to barricade> barricadering<t:(act of) barricading; a barricade> nl aarzelen<t:to hesitate> aarzeling<t:hesitation> Derived terms nl Etymology 2 From nl dum -inc, from nl odt -ing, from nl gmw-pro *-ing, from nl gem-pro *-ingaz. Alternative forms nl -inck -ink Suffix mfbysense<qq:in surnames>,n<qq:in place names> nl no longer productive suffix en -ing; forms nouns for a person originating from a place or family nl Brunsting hamlet in Drenthe, Netherlands nl Greffeling hamlet in Gelderland, Netherlands nl Vlaming Fleming, Flemish person Usage notes The suffix is no longer productive and is not generally recognised in this meaning. It is found in many place names and surnames, however. East Central German Alternative forms gmw-ecg -üng Suffix gmw-ecg suffix gmw-ecg Erzgebirgisch en -ing noun French Etymology fr :ubor en:-ing<id:gerund noun> fr en -ing. Pronunciation -iŋ(g) -ɪŋ Canada Suffix m fr productive suffix Used to form verbal nouns from verbs Usage notes The suffix is used productively to create pseudo-anglicisms with terms borrowed from English, for example, fr footing jogging and fr relooking makeover.en 2017 Saugera, Valérie Remade in France: Anglicisms in the Lexicon and Morphology of French Oxford; New York w:Oxford University Press 9780190625542 2016019835 Derived terms fr fr acting action painting amazing ambush marketing art street fighting banking bashing beatboxing benchmarking bending betting binge drinking blogging bodybuilding bookmaking booming boxing brainstorming brushing bullying busing camping canaping carjacking,car-jacking casting circuit bending clogging closing clubbing computing consulting cost killing cost-cutting cottaging couch surfing,couch-surfing creative thinking crowdfunding crowdsourcing curling cybersquatting dancing datamining doctor shopping downsizing dressing dripping e-bullying e-learning editing fact-checking featuring feeling fishing folding fooding French bashing fronting gagging gaming gardening greenwashing grooming hacking happy ending headbanging high frequency trading hijacking home-jacking housing first including iteming kickboxing,kick boxing kidding legging levelling up lobbying mailing list mapping marketing mastering matching meeting microblogging miscasting name dropping,name-dropping nightclubbing,night-clubbing operating system overbooking padding parking parking day piercing pricing pro-gaming quantitative easing rafting ranking relooking reporting retrogaming ruling class running running gag setting shooting shopping short selling skate painting,skate-painting sleeping partner snacking songwriting soundpainting speed dating,speed-dating spinning sporting club starring storytelling strapping streaming streamlining street painting surfing tap dancing testing tracklisting trigging twittering uploading vetting voice acting waterboarding wishful thinking wording working wrestling References Fuyug Suffix fuy suffix plural marker fuy amul woman : fuy amuling women References Robert L. Bradshaw, Fuyug grammar sketch (2007) German Etymology de en -ing. Doublet of native de -ung. Suffix de suffix n genitive -ings plural -ings de in English borrowings en -ing de productive suffix colloquial humorous Used to form verbal nouns which jocularly imply that something is a sport, trend, or fashionable concept. de Extremsparing extreme saving: saving money as a sport de Cloud-Abwasching cloud dish washing: dish washing following the cloud principle 2001, Ulrich Busse, Typen von Anglizismen, in: Gerhard von Stickel (ed.), Neues und Fremdes im deutschen Wortschatz, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, p. 131-155 [only a mentioning] de Typen von Anglizismen: von der heilago geist bis Extremsparing – aufgezeigt anhand ausgewählter lexikographischer Kategorisierungen. Types of anglicisms: from der heilago geist [Old High German for “the Holy Spirit”] to extreme saving – illustrated by means of selected lexicographic categorisations. de 2012 Hans Zippert Wir verlagern das ganze Leben in die Internetwolke https://www.welt.de/debatte/kolumnen/zippert_zappt/article13909052/Wir-verlagern-das-ganze-Leben-in-die-Internetwolke.html Website of Die Welt Beim Cloud-Abwasching wird das schmutzige Geschirr einfach ausgelagert, damit es keinen Speicherplatz in der Spüle wegnimmt und jeder darauf zugreifen kann, der die Lizenz zum Abwasch hat. In cloud dish washing, the dirty crockery is simply swapped out, so it doesn’t take up any memory in the kitchen sink and everybody who has a wash-up licence can access it. Usage notes Productive use is chiefly restricted to ad-hoc formations (such as the two examples above). Hungarian Pronunciation Suffix hu suffix verb-forming suffixes hu frequentative suffix Added to a verb or to an onomatopoeic stem to form a verb denoting repetitive action. hu kering to circulate, orbit Usage notes Derived terms hu verb See also Appendix:Hungarian suffixes References 568 -ng Icelandic Etymology is non -ing, from is gem-pro *-ingō, gem-pro *-ungō. Suffix @@ en -ing; indicates an action performed by a verb Declension f Derived terms is Low German Etymology nds gml -inc, from nds osx -ing, from nds gmw-pro *-ing, from nds gem-pro *-ingaz. Suffix nds suffix nds Mecklenburg-Vorpommern used to form diminutives Usage notes Nouns derived with this suffix are neuters and their plural end in -ings. The suffix can not only be added to nouns, but also to other parts of speech like adverbs. Derived terms nds Bläuming nds Bräuding de Brüderchen (little brother) nds Dirning Dirnken < Dirn (young girl) nds Döchting de Töchterchen (little daughter) fixing Körling Nahwersching nipping See also nds -ken East Frisian nds -je, nds -tje, nds -ke References Carl Friedrich Müller, Zur Sprache Fritz Reuters. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der mecklenburgischen Mundart, Leipzig: Max Hesse's Verlag, 1902, pp. 41-2, 47. Middle English Etymology 1 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -ynge gerund noun gerund Etymology 2 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -ynge present participle present participle Etymology 3 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -yng Norwegian Bokmål Etymology nb :inh non:-ingr nb non -ingr m, non -ingi m, non -ing f, from nb gem-pro *-ingō, gem-pro *-ungō. Pronunciation nb /ɪŋ/ nb ɪŋ Suffix nb suffix m f or m (see below) Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing. no Han var lei av masing. He was tired of nagging. y Used to form demonyms. nb Færøyene færøying Usage notes The gender is usually m or f (in Bokmål) if the word ended in non -ing in Old Norse and m if it ended in non -ingr or non -ingi. Living things like nb islending Icelander and nb dumming idiot are usually m whilst inanimate things like nb stråling radiation and nb eting the act of eating usually are m f. Derived terms nb nb austlending estlending finlending flamlending færøying grønlending helgelending hjaltlending<qq:Nynorsk> hollending hordalending innlending irlending islending leilending<qq:Bokmål> leiglending<qq:Nynorsk> lettlending nederlending newzealending nordlending nyzealending shetlending swazilending sørlending thailending utlending vestlending viking østlending See also nb -ning References nb noun-forming suffixes Norwegian Nynorsk Etymology 1 nn non -ing f. Suffix nn suffix f Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing. Derived terms nn Etymology 2 From nn non -ingr m, non -ingi m. Suffix nn suffix m Used to form demonyms. nn Færøyane færøying See also nn -ning References nn noun-forming suffixes Ojibwe Final oj final noun finals used in certain adverbs Derived terms oj ingoding oj ningoding Suffix oj suffix noun suffixes A suffix denoting the locative form of a noun See also oj -ang -aang -iing -ng -ong References The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/ing-final Old English Pronunciation -ing Etymology 1 Variant of ang -ung. Alternative forms ang -ung Suffix f forms nouns from verbs, indicating action, process or material Declension -ing Derived terms ang Etymology 2 ang belonging to :inh gmw-pro:*-ing<id:belonging to> From ang gmw-pro *-ing, from ang gem-pro *-ingaz. Suffix m proper noun ang son forms proper nouns from other proper nouns indicating the son of someone ang Cūþa<pos:proper name> Cūþing<t:son of Cūþa> ang Cyneweald<pos:proper name> Cynewealding<t:son of Cūþa> ang Scyld<ng:legendary Danish king> Scylding<t:Dane><l:poetic><lit:son of Scyld> forms nouns from nouns, proper nouns and adjectives indicating belonging to, relating to or in the retinue of someone, often figuratively> ang heard<t:hard; brave> hearding<t:brave man; warrior> ang æþele<t:noble> æþeling<t:nobleman, prince> ang Cent<t:Kent> Centingas<t:people of Kent> ang cyne-<t:royal> cyning<t:king> ang fierd<t:army> fyrding<t:army, host> ang sæcc<t:sack; sackcloth> sæċċing<t:sackcloth> Declension -ing Derived terms ang son Old Norse Alternative forms non -ung Etymology non :inh gem-pro:*-ungō<alt:*-ingō> non gem-pro *-ungō *-ingō. Suffix non suffix f forms gerund nouns from verbs Declension -ing -ingu Note the dative -u that is a staple of the declension of these words Derived terms non -ing Descendants da -ing fo -ing is -ing -ung nb -ing nn -ing gmq-osw -ing -ung sv -ing -ung (fossilized, may arize from pattern) See also non -an f non -ingi m, non -ingr m Old Swedish Etymology gmq-osw :inh non:-ing gmq-osw non -ing, from gmq-osw gem-pro *-ingō, gem-pro *-ungō. Suffix gmq-osw suffix Forms gerund nouns from verbs Declension -ing Descendants sv -ing -ung Ottawa Suffix otw suffix locative References 194 Polish Etymology pl nominal :bor en:-ing<id:gerund noun> + 1 -unek Pronunciation Suffix pl suffix m-in Forms colloquial or humorous nouns. pl grzyb grzybing Declension Derived terms pl Scots Suffix sco suffix sco -in ing Spanish Alternative forms es -in Etymology es :ubor en:-ing + 1 Suffix m forms verbal nouns from verbs Usage notes Most terms suffixed with -ing are borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g., es footing (pseudo-anglicism), es puenting, es edredoning). Usage notes Derived terms es Sundanese Etymology 1 From su osn -iṅ. Reanalyzed as derivative of su aing. Suffix suffix -ᮄᮀ su archaic poetic Possessive first person singular oblique enclitic pronoun su anaking my child See also Etymology 2 From su jv ꦲꦶꦁ, from su kaw iṅ. su ing Suffix suffix -ᮄᮀ su formal or literary rare suffix indicating possession or belonging within a given place or time su ratuning sajagat the ruler of the world su salebeting galih the contents of one's heart su salianing Raden except for the Raden Alternative forms su -ning Further reading Swedish Etymology 1 sv verbal noun :inh gmq-osw:-ing sv gmq-osw -ing, gmq-osw -ung, from sv non -ing, non -ung, from sv gem-pro *-ingō, gem-pro *-ungō. Cognate with de -ung. Suffix sv suffix c f Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ation; en -ing Derived terms sv verbal noun Related terms sv -ning sv -ung archaic Etymology 2 sv -er :inh gmq-osw:-inger From sv gmq-osw -inger, from sv non -ingr, from sv gem-pro *-ingaz. Cognate with is -ingur, en -ing#Etymology 3 -ing derivative suffix. Suffix sv suffix c m sv demonym sv rarely productive suffix added to a noun stem, causing i-mutation (if applicable), forming a noun denoting an inhabitant or original of a particular place, a descendant of a person, etc.; -er, -ite. See also sv -ling. sv Skåne Scania skåning Scanian sv Island Iceland islänning Icelander sv diminutive sv rarely productive suffix diminutive suffix sv get goat geting wasp sv släkt (extended) family släkting relative sv galen crazy galning crazy person, lunatic, madman Derived terms sv demonym sv diminutive Anagrams sv gin gin nig Tagalog Alternative forms tl -ng for roots ending in vowels Etymology tl :der<unc> es:-ín ++ 1 Compare tl tsikiting with es chiquitín and list of derived terms. Pronunciation Suffix + diminutive suffix, used to form diminutives ending in consonants, especially given names, often one already shortened or with a diminutive suffix. Derived terms tl See also tl -ay -ita -ito -ng -oy Uzbek Etymology uz Pronunciation uz Suffix ing ng -инг uz suffix second-person singular possessive suffix, used after a noun ending in a consonant uz Bu kitobing. This is your book. 1 Usage notes When directly addressing another person, it is polite to use the plural uz -ingiz or uz -ngiz forms. uz nominal affixes