-이

이 -이- Jeju Etymology Cognate with ko -에. Pronunciation Particle jje particle at to Synonyms jje -디 after jje ㅅ jje -에 after jje ㅣ and jje ㄹ jje -예 after a vowel Korean Etymology 1 nominative From ko okm -이〮 -í subject marker, from ko oko 是 是, 利 *-i subject marker. Old Korean sources also use oko 亦 *-yek? and oko 弋只 *-ik as a subject marker. It is possible that these are the more conservative forms, and that there was a shift from oko 亦 *-yek? > oko 弋只 *-ik > oko 是 *-i.Nam Pung-hyun Old Korean 41–72 Nicolas Tranter The Languages of Japan and Korea 2012 Routledge 978-0-415-46287-7 However, others have considered oko 弋只 *-ik) to be a suffixed form of -i.ko ko:차자표기 자료의 격조사 연구―삼국시대부터 고려시대까지를 중심으로— 2016 Choe Seonggyu Seoul National University (PhD) Study of case markers in Sinographic sources: from the Three Kingdoms to the Goryeo Period 101—120 The forms with *-k are attested later than simple *-i. Park (2016)2016 Park, Jinho ko:속격에서 주격으로 From genitive to nominative ko:언어유형론연구 Linguistic Typology Studies 3 1 72-88 suggests okm -이〮 may originally have been a genitive marker as in e.g. okm ᄉᆈ〯 of a cow, which became a nominative marker through reanalysis in genitive subject constructions. Such a development would be largely parallel to that of ja が nominative marker. John Whitman and Yuko Yanagida speculate an ultimate connection either to the demonstrative ("this") or to the bound noun ("person"). ojp い i emphatic particle is believed to be a borrowing from Korean into Japanese.A Korean Grammatical Borrowing in Early Middle Japanese Kunten texts and its Relation to the Syntactic Alignment of Earlier Japanese and Korean John Whitman Yuko Yanagida Japanese and Korean Linguistics 21 2012 121—135 Pronunciation Particle particle For non-honorific nouns ending in consonants, the nominative case particle marking it as the subject of a verb or adjective; see also Usage Notes. ko -가 for non-honorific nouns ending in vowels -께서 for honorific nouns ko 이 치킨-이 맛있다. This chicken is delicious. Ko-이 치킨이 맛이 있다.ogg For nouns ending in consonants, a particle marking it as the grammatical complement of the verbal stems 되다 to become and 아니다 to not be. ko -가 for nouns ending in vowels -으로 for the verb ko 되다 ko 물-이 얼음-이 되었다. The water became ice. Ko-물이 얼음이 되었다.ogg ko 걔-는 정상-이 아니다. He is not normal. 그는 정상이 아니다.ogg For nouns ending in consonants, an emphatic particle used to mark the object of desire in a construction with the auxiliary verb ko 싶다 to want. ko -가 for nouns ending in vowels ko 쟨 짜장면-이 먹고 싶다-는데? She says she wants to eat jajangmyeon. Ko-쟨 짜장면이 먹고 싶다는데.ogg Usage notes Korean commonly uses so-called "double subject" constructions, in which a subject-verb or subject-adjective combination is used as the predicate of another subject so that the subject marker appears twice in a single sentence. See the examples below: ko 손-이 아프다 The hand hurts. ko 우리 아들이 손-이 아프다 My son's hand hurts. My son is hand-hurting. As with all Korean particles, ko 이 is often omitted. ko 교실-이 왜 이렇게 커? Why is the classroom so big? ko 교실 왜 이렇게 커? Why is the classroom so big? particle omitted However, it cannot be omitted when the subject is a new topic being introduced into the conversation, or when the subject is being specified to the exclusion of others. The particle is thus obligatory in the sentence below, where ko 집 home is to the exclusion of other things. ko 집-이 제일 좋다. Home is best. Historically, ko 이 was the only subject-marking particle in the Korean language, and was used for nouns ending in vowels as well. This is true for most Early Modern Korean texts up to the late nineteenth century. In the peripheral Yukjin dialect spoken in far northeastern Korea and neighboring parts of China, ko 이 remains the only nominative particle used. It is the only contemporary dialect to preserve such an archaism. See also ko -은 -은/는 topic marker ko -을 -을/를 direct object marker Etymology 2 ko noun suffix From ko okm 이, of variable pitch depending on the stem being attached to. Lee Ki-Moon and S. Roberts Ramsey notes that it is "probably from the same etymological source" as the bound noun for "person".Lee Ki-Moon Ramsey S. Robert A History of the Korean Language Cambridge University Press 2011 978-0-521-66189-8 173—174 Pronunciation Suffix A noun-deriving suffix for certain consonant-final verb and adjective stems, used to nominalize both individual verbs and entire phrases. ko 먹- 먹이 to eat feed for animals ko 벌- 벌이 to make money earnings ko 감옥 살- 감옥살이 prison prison life to live -er, -or; an agent noun-deriving suffix attached to certain consonant-final words, stems, and phrases. ko 더듬- 더듬이 to grope, to stutter antennae, stutterer ko 멍멍 멍멍이 woof-woof doggy childish ko 절름발 절름발이 crippled leg cripple ko 옷 걸- 옷걸이 clothes to hang hanger A suffix attached to numerals, with the sense of "a group of people of that number". ko 둘-이-밖에 안 왔어. Just two people came. ko name suffix ko endearing A suffix attached to consonant-final personal names; compare English -y as in Johnny. See also Usage Notes. A suffix attached to consonant-final words for animals. In many cases, the original, non-suffixed form is not used. ko 거북 거북이 turtle turtle ko 호랑 호랑이 tiger tiger A suffix attached to any noun to euphonically lengthen the word without changing its meaning. Now more productive in non-Seoul dialects. ko 입술 입술이 lip lip Gyeongsang dialect, Jinju Usage notes The suffix is retained before most particles, but lost before the vocative particle ko -아: ko 서민-이 > 서민-아! [Dear] Seomin > Hey, Seomin! ko 멍멍-이 > 멍멍-아! doggy > Hey, doggy! For nouns historically formed by the suffix but where the original form has fallen out of widespread use, vocative behavior varies. In general, words where the suffixed form was already dominant in Middle Korean retain the suffix because they are no longer perceived as being multimorphemic, but words where the non-suffixed form was common into Early Modern Korean drop the suffix. ko 기러기 > 기럭-아! wild goose > Hey, wild goose! suffix lost in vocative ko 파리 > 파리-야! fly (insect) > Hey, fly! suffix retained in vocative When used with personal names, the suffix connotes that the person is on intimate or familiar terms with the speaker, that they are social equals or inferiors of the speaker, and that the context is not formal. In Korean, referring to a person simply by their given name without a surname or title already implies intimacy, lack of social superiority, and informality. The suffix ko -이 is thus usually added when using a consonant-final given name in isolation: ko 박서민-이 그랬어. 박서민//^박'^서민 Park Seomin said that. the speaker and Seomin are not on intimate terms ko 서민-이-가 그랬어. 서민//^서민 [Dear] Seomin said that. the speaker and Seomin are on intimate terms The suffix can also be used together with a surname, in which case the association with intimacy or familiarity is weaker and there can be a connotation that the speaker is looking down on the person being referred to. Derived terms ko -이 (noun suffix) Etymology 3 adverbialko adverbial From ko okm 이 adverb-deriving suffix, from ko oko 是 是, 利 *i adverb-deriving suffix. Pronunciation Suffix -ly; an adverb-deriving suffix, attaching especially to adjectives and certain reduplicated monosyllabic nouns. No longer productive in Seoul Korean. ko 게 productive adverb-deriving suffix ko 길- 길이 to be long for evermore ko 달ㄹ- dall- 달리 to be different unlike ko 슬프- 슬피 to be sad sadly, forlornly ko 간(間) 간(間) 간간이 interval interval from time to time ko 무진장(無盡藏) 무진찬이 limitlessness profusely Gyeongsang dialect, Namhae A suffix attached to an existing adverb not derived from a verb, generally with a more emphatic sense. No longer productive in Seoul Korean. ko 일찍 일찍이 early quite early ko 더욱 더욱이 yet more yet quite more Usage notes ko -게 is the normal adverb-deriving suffix. The ko -이 forms tend to have a marked or lexicalized meaning. In Seoul Korean, most adverbs derived by this suffix from adjectives formed with the light verb ko 하다 contract to ko -히, rather than ko *하이: ko 솔직하- -이 솔직히 to be honest honestly y ko 깔끔하- -이 깔끔히 to be neat neatly y However, some ko 하다 adjectives lose the consonant ko ㅎ entirely, taking ko -이 instead. In the prescriptive standard of Seoul Korean, there are two main exceptions: If the non-ko 하다 element ends in ko ㅅ, ko 이 is always used. ko 깨끗하- -이 깨끗이 to be clean cleanly If the non-ko 하다 element ends in ko ㄱ, ko 이 is often used. ko 굵직하- -이 굵직이 to be stout stoutly In practice, many Seoul speakers will uniformly use ko 히 for all adverbs where the corresponding ko 하다 adjective remains current in the language. For a few adverbs, the ko 히 form is prescriptively used despite being derived from non-ko 하다 adjectives. However, most of these words have fallen out of use in spoken Korean. Note also that certain adverbs which originate as contractions of longer adverbs may use ko 히 even when there is no corresponding ko 하다 adjective for the contraction, and that some Sino-Korean adverbs with ko 히 have lost their adjectival counterpart entirely. None of this is the case in many of the non-standard dialects, such as Gyeongsang where ko 하이 is permissible. Etymology 4 intimate particle Cognate to Standard Seoul Korean ko 응 yes, yeah, yep informal affirmative interjection. The interjection grammaticalized into a particle.ko:서남방언 담화표지 '이' 고찰 A study of the discourse marker -i in Southwestern Korean ko:김태인 Bang'eonhak 21 2015 9—38 Pronunciation ko [i~j] Often a change in preceding vowel quality: ko /a/ to /ɛ~e/ ko /ʌ~ə~ɤ/ to /e/ ko /o/ to /ø~we/ ko /u/ to /y~wi/ Particle particle ko southern _ dialectal including Gyeongsang Gangwon Jeolla A word-final particle denoting certitude and emotional intimacy. ko 종철-아! 잘 가-그래-이... 이 아부지-는 아무 할 말-이 없대-이. Go on to a good place, Cheol, my son. There’s nothing more I can say. Gyeongsang dialect, Busan (This is a quote from the father of Bak Jong-cheol, a university student tortured to death by the junta in 1987, during his son's funeral. It became a slogan of the June Struggle that toppled the regime that year. The translation is from a 2018 article in The Korea Herald.) Alternative forms ko -잉 Jeolla Etymology 5 See the main entry. Pronunciation Suffix suffix ko -으이 familiar style ending Post-vowel and post-ko ㄹ allomorphic References