-지

지 Korean Etymology 1 Palatalized from earlier -디 -ti, short for ko okm - -디〮ᄫᅵ〮 -tíWí contrastive suffix.ko ko:중세국어 접속어미 '-디ᄫᅵ'의 통시적 변천과 기능 The synchronic transformations and functions of the Middle Korean connective suffix -tiWi 1997 Munhak-gwa Eoneo ko:김종록 19 29—54ko ko [節](절) [結](결)[束](속)[力](력) [變](변)[化](화)의 [觀](관)[點](점)에서 본 [終](종)[結](결)[語](어)[尾](미) '-지'의 [形](형)[成](성) The formation of the sentence-final suffix -ci from the perspective of shifts in clausal cohesion ko [李](이)[知](지)[英](영) Eomunnonhak 36 1 2008 105—130ko:국어 종결어미의 통시적 변화와 쟁점 ko:장윤희 Gugeosa yeon'gu 14 63—99 2012 A general survey of diachronic change of Korean sentence-terminating endings Compare ko-ham -지비, which has the most conservative form of this morpheme; ko-gys -재 may also be a non-shortened form of -디〮ᄫᅵ〮 -tíWí, via ko-ear -지웨. Sentence-final use appears in the eighteenth century, arising from an omission of the second fact in colloquial speech. Suffix Used to contrast two facts regarding the same topic, thereby emphasizing both facts. In conversation, it is usually used to deny or qualify something the other person has said. The second fact tends to be negated or a rhetorical question. ko 나-는 애국자-이-지 민족주의자-는 아닙니다. I am a patriot, not a nationalist. ko 우리-는 반려견-을 가족-처럼 생각-해. — ^개-가 동물-이-지 어떻게 사람-이냐? We think of pet dogs like family. ― A dog is an animal; how can it be a human? Used to strongly emphasize a fact by connecting two differently worded statements amounting to the same meaning. The second statement tends to be negated or a rhetorical question. ko 죽-었--으면 죽-었--지 살아-있을 리-가 없다. He's dead for sure; no way he's alive. In the intimate style, a general-purpose sentence-final suffix with a more affirmative sense than ko -어: In the declarative mood, used to strongly affirm that something is the case. ko 어떻게-든 하--겠--지. He's going to do it, no matter the how. ko 영국 가-봤어? ― 가-봤-지. Have you been to the United Kingdom? ― Of course I did. right?; in the interrogative mood, used to request confirmation about something one believes. ko 어떻게-든 하--겠--지? He's going to do it somehow, right? ko 터키-가 원래 ^오스만-이-었--지-요? Turkey was originally the Ottomans, right? In the imperative mood, used to soften orders and make them more indirect. ko 천천히 먹--지. It might be good if you ate more slowly. Usage notes contrastive suffix The first fact is often given further emphatic force through the construction ko -으면... -지, as in one of the examples above. Alternative forms ko -재 Gyeongsang, sometimes in colloquial Seoul ko -지비 Hamgyong Etymology 2 negation From ko okm - -디〮 -tí, plausibly from ᄃᆞ to fact + -이〮 -í nominative case marker; compare -ᄃᆞᆯ〮 -tól, of similar use in long negation and incorporating the accusative marker. Apparently a Middle Korean innovation; oko 隱 *-n and oko 尸 *-lq were used in Old Korean long negation. Nam Pung-hyeon notes that Middle Korean -디〮 -tí and -ᄃᆞᆯ〮 -tól apparently correspond to Old Korean oko 不知 ANti noun-negating particle and oko 不冬 ANtol verb-negating adverb. Suffix Used for the negated verb or adjective in "long negation". ko 담배-를 피우-지 맙시다. Let's not smoke. ko 많-지-가 않아-요. It's not much. ko ^서울-에 오-지 말 걸 그랬네-요. I guess I shouldn't have come to Seoul. ko 밥-을 먹-지-도 못-해-요. He can't even eat. Usage notes In long negation, a clause is negated with the verbs ko 않다 to not..., ko 아니하다 formal to not... ko 못하다 to be unable to..., or ko 말다 to not do. The verb or adjective of the negated clause takes the suffix ko -지, which transforms the verb or adjective into the direct subject or object of the negating verb. Therefore, the verb negated via long negation can take ko -가 subject marker or ko -를 direct object marker. Such case markers add a more emphatic nuance to the negation. Long negation has a more formal connotation than the adverbial negators ko 안 not and ko 못 cannot. Compare: ko 야, 나 안 먹었어. Hey, I didn't eat. ko 교수-님, 저-는 먹지 않았습니다. I didn't eat, Professor. Certain terms or expressions have a strong, sometimes obligatory, preference for one negation type or another. For example, adjectives derived from ko -스럽다 are almost always negated by long negation, as are inherently negative verbs such as ko 없다 to not have and ko 모르다 to not know. The adverbs negate only the verb or adjective, whereas long negation negates the entire embedded clause. While this difference is often not semantically meaningful, it can also lead to contrasting meanings, such as when the particle ko -만 only is involved: ko 사과-만 안 먹어. Apples are the only thing they don't eat. ko 사과-만 먹지 않아. They don't only eat apples [but they eat other things too]. In the first case, only the verb ko 먹다 to eat is negated. In the latter, the entire clause ko 사과-만 먹다 to eat only apples is negated. For negative imperatives, long negation with ko 말다 is the only possibility, as no corresponding adverb exists. Etymology 3 From ko okm - -디〮 -tí, from ᄃᆞ to fact + -이〮 -í nominative case marker. Suffix ko -는지, ko -은지, ko -던지, ko -을지, and ko -을는지. References