-dde

Norwegian Bokmål Etymology nb non -ði weak-verb simple-past ending, containing the inherited Germanic dental preterite marker. In Bokmål, it appears as nb -dde after certain verb stems, commonly with shortening of a preceding long vowel. Compare nn -dde and sv -dde weak-verb simple-past ending. Pronunciation nb /dːə/ nb dːə 1 nb -dde Suffix nb suffix An inflectional suffix forming the simple past of certain weak and irregular verbs. nb bo -dde to live, reside simple-past suffix → nb bodde lived, resided nb nå -dde to reach simple-past suffix → nb nådde reached nb sy -dde to sew simple-past suffix → nb sydde sewed nb tro -dde to believe simple-past suffix → nb trodde believed nb snu -dde to turn simple-past suffix → nb snudde turned nb Hun sydde kjolen selv. She sewed the dress herself. The ending occurring in the definite singular and plural forms of past participles whose basic form ends in nb -dd. nb sydd sewn → nb sydde sewn; definite singular and plural nb bodd lived in, inhabited → nb bodde lived in, inhabited; definite singular and plural nb spådd predicted → nb spådde predicted; definite singular and plural nb den sydde kjolen the sewn dress nb sydde klær sewn clothes Usage notes In the simple past, nb -dde normally corresponds to a supine and basic past participle in nb -dd: nb bo to live, reside — nb bodde lived, resided — nb bodd lived, resided nb sy to sew — nb sydde sewed — nb sydd sewn nb tro to believe — nb trodde believed — nb trodd believed nb spå to predict — nb spådde predicted — nb spådd predicted The definite and plural participial ending is synchronically more transparently analysed as the basic participial suffix nb -dd followed by the adjective ending nb -e: nb sydd + nb -e → nb sydde nb spådd + nb -e → nb spådde With infinitives ending in unstressed ⟨e⟩, that vowel is removed before the simple-past ending: nb kle to dress → nb kledde dressed nb skje to happen → nb skjedde happened nb spre to spread → nb spredde spread The preceding stem vowel is commonly shortened before /dː/: nb bo /buː/ → nb bodde /ˈbʊdːə/ nb nå /noː/ → nb nådde /ˈnɔdːə/ nb sy /syː/ → nb sydde /ˈsʏdːə/ The distribution of nb -dde is lexical and cannot be predicted solely from the final sound or spelling of the infinitive. Compare nb bo → nb bodde, but nb gå to go → nb gikk went and nb se to see → nb så saw. Some irregular verbs have a simple past in nb -dde but a different supine ending. Most notably, nb ha to have has simple past nb hadde had but supine nb hatt had. Conversely, a verb may have a participle in nb -dd without a simple past in nb -dde. nb le to laugh has simple past nb lo laughed, supine nb ledd laughed, and definite or plural participle nb ledde laughed. A form in nb -dde may therefore be ambiguous between a finite verb and an inflected participle: de sydde klær — “they sewed clothes” de sydde klærne — “the sewn clothes” The doubled ⟨dd⟩ represents a pronounced long consonant; it is not merely an orthographic doubling. Derived terms nb blødde bled nb bodde lived, resided nb brydde bothered, cared nb fridde proposed marriage; freed nb hadde had nb kledde dressed, clothed nb nådde reached nb rodde rowed nb rådde advised; prevailed nb skjedde happened nb snudde turned nb snødde snowed nb spådde predicted nb spredde spread nb sydde sewed; sewn nb sådde sowed; sown nb trodde believed nb vridde twisted See also nb -dd supine and past-participle ending nb -e definite singular and plural adjective ending nb -te weak-verb simple-past ending nb -de weak-verb simple-past ending nb -et weak-verb simple-past, supine and past-participle ending nb -a weak-verb simple-past, supine and past-participle ending References “supinum – grammatikk”, Store norske leksikon. “Adjektiver og partisipper”, Språkrådet.