-e-

Appendix:Variations of "e" English Etymology 1 en :bor la:-e- + 1 Interfix en interfix A linking vowel inserted between two morphemes, to ease pronunciation, without contributing to the meaning. Derived terms en Etymology 2 The final vowel of hamster, as the initial vowel would be a homonym of -a- from rat. Infix en infix en pharmacology a monoclonal antibody derived from a hamster source Related terms en -mab is the base suffix common to all monoclonal antibodies. (See that entry for full paradigm.) See also en -i- en -o- en -u- References USP Dictionary of USAN and International Drug Names, U.S. Pharmacopeia, 2000 en Medicine Danish Interfix da interfix A morph interjected between word roots to give pronunciation a better sense of flow, but which gives no change in meaning. Derived terms da See also da fuge-e Dutch Etymology Originally often represented a thematic vowel or a (genitive) case ending; also sometimes added simply for ease of pronunciation. nl Interfix nl interfix a linking vowel added in compound words nl willekeur nl Koninginnedag Derived terms nl Related terms nl -en- nl -s- Finnish Etymology From fi urj-fin-pro *-dë-. Interfix fi interfix The second infinitive marker. Usage notes In the active, attaches to the same stem as the first infinitive (by replacing the final fi -a or fi -ä). In the passive, attaches to the strong passive stem (same as the passive conditional without the final fi -isiin) and does not replace the final fi -a or fi -ä. Always followed by a case marker: in standard Finnish, either the inessive or the instructive case (the latter for active only). Further reading German Interfix de interfix used to link elements in some compounds Derived terms de Hungarian Pronunciation Interfix hu interfix A suffix-initial vowel (or linking vowel) inserted interconsonantally between the word stem and the suffix, to ease pronunciation, without contributing to the meaning. hu öreg old -e- + -bb öregebb older See also hu -a- -á- -o- -ö- Northern Kurdish Interfix kmr interfix used to link elements in some compounds pîrejin (pîr-e-jin, 'an old woman') kurteçîrok (kurt-e-çîrok, 'a short story') Derived terms kmr Norwegian Bokmål no Fuge-e Etymology nb non -a genitive plural ending, reduced to unstressed nb -e- in compounds. Some occurrences may instead continue other older inflectional or compositional forms. The element was subsequently reanalysed and analogically extended as a general linking vowel, and need not express a genitive or plural relationship in present-day Norwegian. Compare nn -e- and da -e- linking interfix. Pronunciation nb /ə/ Interfix nb interfix A linking vowel used between the constituents of certain compound words, generally without an independent meaning. nb bjørk -e- skog birch linking interfix forest → nb bjørkeskog birch forest nb jul -e- gave Christmas, Yule linking interfix gift → nb julegave Christmas present nb barn -e- sko child linking interfix shoe → nb barnesko children's shoe Usage notes The interfix is commonly called a nb binde-e linking e or nb fuge-e linking e, and is a type of nb bindevokal linking vowel. nb -e- is common after monosyllabic nominal first constituents ending in a consonant, as in nb hundemat dog food, nb fuglekasse birdhouse, nb juletre Christmas tree and nb folkedans folk dance. This is only a tendency, not a general rule. The presence of the interfix is largely determined by established usage and by the particular first constituent. An uncertain compound should therefore be checked in a dictionary. Even compounds with the same first constituent may differ. For example, nb skattemelding tax return has nb -e-, while nb skattlegge to tax does not. Similarly, nb straffelov penal code has it, while nb straffansvar criminal liability does not. In some compounds the interfix is optional, including skattefri or skattfri (“tax-free”) and straffeforfølging or straffforfølging (“criminal prosecution”). Although many occurrences developed from older genitive plural forms, nb -e- does not reliably indicate that the first constituent is plural. Its use in present-day compounds is normally lexical rather than semantically predictable. Not every ⟨e⟩ at a compound boundary is this interfix. When the first constituent itself ends in ⟨e⟩, the vowel belongs to that word, as in nb kaffekopp coffee cup from nb kaffe coffee and nb kopp cup. The interfix is retained when the following constituent begins with a vowel, as in nb hundeeier dog owner and nb dyreart animal species. Although conventionally described as occurring between the constituents, linking elements may also be analysed morphologically as suffixes attached to the first constituent. This interfix is distinct from the various derivational and inflectional uses of nb -e. Derived terms nb See also nb -s- linking interfix nb -e suffix References bindevokal binde-e fuge-e “fuge – språk”, Store norske leksikon. “Bindebokstaver i sammensatte ord”, Språkrådet. Norwegian Nynorsk Alternative forms nn -ar- in older standards when the first element is strong feminine nn -a- Etymology From the nn non - genitive plural ending, non -a, such as in non manna mál (> nn mannemål mannemål). Also from the strong feminine genitive singular, non -ar, whence also nn -ar- and nn -a-. Interfix nn interfix Genitival interfix indicating that the former element is a characteristic of the latter. nn hest horse hov hoof hestehov hestehov horse’s hoof Usage notes This interfix is often used in compounds where the first element is plural, as opposed to singular nn -s-. Example: nn gudetru polytheism, belief in gods and nn gudstru monotheism, belief in a god. Derived terms nn Saterland Frisian Etymology Akin to de -n-/de -e-, nl -en-/nl -e- and sv -e-. Pronunciation stq /-ə-/ Interfix stq interfix Genitival interfix indicating that the former element is a characteristic of the latter. stq Múus mouse Buk male animal Muzebuk Muzebuk male mouse Derived terms stq Swedish Pronunciation sv /ɛ/ Interfix sv interfix Interfix used to link elements in some compounds Usage notes The interfix -e- is sometimes used in compounds where the first element ends in -a: This is especially productive when the word is the second element in a longer compound, e.g. sv högskola university → sv högskoleexamen university degree; sv kolgruva coal mine → sv kolgruvearbetare coal mine worker. It is also used in shorter compounds when the first element ends in the female suffixes sv -inna or sv -erska, e.g. sv hjältinna heroïne → sv hjältinneroll part as a heroïne; sv sköterska nurse → sv sköterskedräkt nurse’s uniform. It is also used for nouns ending in -ja or -ia, e.g. sv olja oil → sv oljeplattform oil rig, sv historia history → sv historielektion history lesson. It is also used for some nouns ending in a consonant + /l r n/ + -a, e.g. sv ödla lizard → sv ödleart lizard species; sv åsna donkey → sv åsneföl donkey’s foal. It is also used in some compounds of words ending in -a, e.g. sv ära honor → sv ärekränka defame; sv hjärta heart → sv hjärtesorg grief, heartache. It is also used in some compounds ending in a consonant, e.g. sv natt night → sv nattetid (during) nighttime; sv skörd harvest → sv skördetröska combine harvester; sv tjänst service → sv tjänsteman civil servant; sv tid time → sv tideräkning chronology. In some cases, -e- is found in more literary or archaic compounds, but not otherwise, e.g. sv stjärna star → sv stjärnevalv stellar vault, cf. sv stjärnkikare astronomical telescope The interfix -e- is also more common in southern and western dialects, and thus in compounds derived from those dialects, cf. sv -a-, e.g. sv spettekaka skewer cake, sv pilevall avenue of willow trees. Derived terms sv See also sv -a- References Teleman, Ulf; Hellberg, Staffan; Andersson, Erik & Holm, Lisa (1999). Svenska akademiens grammatik 2 Ord. Stockholm: Svenska akad. Wessén, Elias (1958). Svensk språkhistoria. 2, Ordbildningslära. 3. ed. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell