-소

소 Korean Etymology Ultimately from ko okm - -ᄉᆞᇦ〯- -sǒW- object-honorific suffix, which gradually came to have an addressee-honoring meaning. Compare ko -오-, ko -옵-, from the same suffix and both now with addressee-honoring meaning. First attested for the imperative mood in the late sixteenth century. It expanded to the declarative and interrogative moods in the eighteenth century. However, it is not clear if the two suffixes are related.ko:국어 종결어미의 통시적 변화와 쟁점 ko:장윤희 Gugeosa yeon'gu 14 63—99 2012 A general survey of diachronic change of Korean sentence-terminating endings The early imperative suffix was invariably ko -소, as in modern Gyeongsang. There are many theories about its etymology, but the most widely accepted one is that it is shortened from ko okm - -ᄉᆞᇦ〯- -sǒW- object-honorific suffix + -ᄋᆞ쇼〮셔〮 -òsyósyé highly deferential imperative suffix: -ᄉᆞᄫᆞ〮쇼셔〮 -sòW-ósyòsyé > -ᄉᆞ오〮쇼셔〮 -sòw-ósyòsyé > -ᄉᆞ오〮 -sòwó > -소 -swo For the declarative and interrogative suffixes, there are again many theories: Directly from the imperative suffix. Equivalent to -ᄉᆞ오- -sow(o)- late form of okm -ᅀᆞᇦ- -ᄉᆞᇦ〯- + -으이 -ui colloquial sentence-final suffix: -ᄉᆞ외 -sow-oy > unattested ko *-쇠 (Yale: *-swoy) > -소 -swo From the Early Modern polite suffix -ᄉᆞᆸ -sop via intermediary -솝 -swop; this is also ultimately from -ᄉᆞᇦ〯- -sǒW-. The form is ko -오 after sonorants because Middle Korean -ᄉᆞᇦ〯- -sǒW- was -ᅀᆞᇦ〯- -zǒW- in such environments, and Middle Korean /z/ was subsequently deleted. Pronunciation Suffix Used in the semi-formal style, a register in which the speaker acknowledges the listener's high status without conceding their own: Marks the declarative mood. ko 오늘 날-이 춥-소. It's cold today. Marks the interrogative mood. ko 반발-이 심-했-소? Was the opposition severe? Marks the imperative mood; the form is ko -으오 in Standard Korean and ko -소 in Gyeongsang. ko 다음 방정식-을 푸-시--오. Solve the following equation. ko ^대구-로 오-소. Come to Daegu. Gyeongsang dialect ko Jeolla Used in the ko 허씨요체 - style, a general polite speech level used e.g. when addressing one's parents or a stranger on the street, or when talking to a social inferior in formal contexts:ko:한국어 방언들 사이의 상대높임법 비교 연구 ko:이기갑 Eoneohak 21 185—217 1997 A Comparative Study of Speech Level Systems in Korean Dialects Marks the declarative mood. ko 2013 February 5 ko:최동만 ko:결혼하기까지 ko:한국구비문학대계 ko:전라남도 장흥군 유치면 https://gubi.aks.ac.kr/web/VolView2_html5.asp?datacode=06_17_MPN_20130205_NKS_CMD_0001&dbkind=2 결혼해가지-고 계속 여그-서 새끼-들 낳-고, 새끼-들 인자 도시-로 보내-고 우리 할머니 둘-이-만 살-고 있소. So we got married, kept on living here and had kids, [but] now since our children have moved to the city it's only me and my wife living here. 10 October 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20221010111331/https://gubi.aks.ac.kr/web/VolView2_html5.asp?datacode=06_17_MPN_20130205_NKS_CMD_0001&dbkind=2 10 October 2022 Marks the interrogative mood. ko Jeolla Used in the ko 허소체 - style, a speech level denoting emotional intimacy, used e.g. when addressing one's wife or speaking to one's family members: Marks the imperative mood. ko Hamgyong Used in the formal polite style: Marks the declarative mood. ko August 22 2021 ko:한유미 ko:남한정착 3개월차 탈북녀들의 황당한 한국생활 계획! 북한사투리 버전 ko:중고차는 유미카 ko:함경남도 북청군 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erHXXJDmwNQ 언니 한국사람 아이-지 않소 그러니까 아이 붙인단 말-이-네. But you're not from the south so you don't attach it (the -요 suffix) at the end as well. Marks the interrogative mood. Marks the imperative mood. ko 1971 ko:황봉 ko:그물당기는소리-날바소리 ko:MBC 한국민요대전 음반자료 사이트 ko:함경북도 선봉군 (현 라선특별시 선봉구역) 굴포리 http://urisori.co.kr/urisori-cd/doku.php?id=nk:%EB%B6%81%ED%95%9C07:%EB%B6%81%ED%95%9C0712 여보소 동무님-네-들 Look here, my friends Usage notes modern usage The semi-formal style is nowadays not commonly used in South Korea outside written commands, such as test questions or warnings, and literature. It is still popular in North Korea, although young women even there prefer the polite style. In South Korea, it tends to have a dialectal connotation because the decline of the suffix and its related speech levels is less severe outside the Seoul area. Standard Korean speakers are often confused or even offended by dialectal forms such as Hamgyong ko -소 or the related Gyeongsang ko -이소 formal polite imperative suffix, because they tend to associate the suffix with a degree of self-assertiveness and hence lack of politeness. ko allomorphy with ko -오 After vowels, the liquid consonant ko ㄹ, and the copula stems, Standard Korean uses the allomorph ko -오; in the southern dialects of Gyeongsang and Jeolla, this becomes ko -요 with a semivowel to break hiatus between vowels. However, there are certain differences between these two largely allomorphic forms, especially regarding the imperative mood. In Standard Korean, only ko -오 can be used for the imperative; after a consonant, the form ko -으오 is used instead of ko -소. Conversely, in Gyeongsang Korean, only ko -소 can be used for the imperative, even if the stem ends in a vowel. allomorphy with ko -으오 In Standard Korean, ko -소 can always be replaced by ko -으오, although it is less common. As mentioned above, however, ko -으오 is obligatory for the imperative. Alternative forms ko -오 -우 In Standard Korean, after vowels, ko ㄹ, and the copulas ko -이다 to be and ko 아니다 to not be ko -요 In Jeolla and Gyeongsang, after vowels, ko ㄹ, and the copulas ko -이다 to be and ko 아이다 to not be ko -으오 -으우 alternative Standard Korean forms after consonants ko -으요 alternative Jeolla form after consonants Derived terms ko -요 -이소 -이라우 References