-ებ-

Georgian Etymology 1 From ka ccs-pro *-eb- nominal pluralizer. Suffix ka suffix Used to form the regular plural of nouns and adjectives. ka სახლი house → ka სახლები houses ka მწვანე green → ka მწვანეები green ones Usage notes Truncation and Syncope: When forming the plural, the suffix attaches directly to the nominal stem, which can trigger specific morphophonemic changes depending on how the stem ends: Consonant-ending stems (with nominative ka -ი): The nominative case marker ka -ი is dropped before the plural suffix is appended to the structural stem: ka სახლი house (stem: ka სახლ-) → ka სახლები houses Truncating vowel stems (ending in ka -ა): The final vowel of the stem is dropped completely before the plural suffix is appended: ka დედა mother (stem: ka დედ-) → ka დედები mothers Syncopating stems: If a stem undergoes vowel syncope (ka კუმშვა) during regular declension, it also syncopates when the plural suffix is attached: ka წყალი water (stem: ka წყალ- → syncopated stem: ka წყლ-) → ka წყლები waters Simultaneous Truncation and Syncope: Certain nouns undergo both structural processes at the same time: ka ფანჯარა window (stem: ka ფანჯარ- → syncopated and truncated stem: ka ფანჯრ-) → ka ფანჯრები windows Non-truncating vowel stems (ending in ka -ო, ka -უ, or non-truncating ka -ე): The stem remains entirely intact, and the suffix attaches without modifying the base word: ka წყარო spring, source → ka წყაროები springs, sources ka ხე tree → ka ხეები trees Etymology 2 From ka ccs-pro *-eb- verbal derivational suffix. Suffix ka suffix ka grammar Used as a thematic suffix (present-stem formant) to form transitive, intransitive, and denominative or deadjectival verbs. ka აშენებს he/she builds ka აკეთებს he/she makes, does ka წითლდება it turns red Usage notes Screeve Series Distribution: The thematic suffix ka -ებ- is present across all Series I screeves (the present and future systems). When the verb transitions into Series II (the aorist system), the suffix ka -ებ- drops entirely. In Series III (the perfect system) for transitive verbs, it is regularly retained: ka აშენებს he/she builds Present, Series I → ka ააშენა he/she built Aorist, Series II → ka აუშენებია he/she has built Perfect, Series III ka აკეთებს he/she makes, does Present, Series I → ka გააკეთა he/she made, did Aorist, Series II → ka გაუკეთებია he/she has made, done Perfect, Series III Obligatory role in Causative Stems: When causative verbs are formed using the interfix ka -ინ-, the thematic suffix ka -ებ- is structurally required to follow it across all Series I screeves. This morphological cascade occurs regardless of whether the base verb originally used a different thematic suffix (such as ka -ავ-), or had a zero thematic suffix (root verbs): Base verb with thematic suffix ka -ავ-: The original suffix reduces to ka -ვ- before the causative interfix, which is then strictly bound to ka -ებ-: ka ხატავს he/she draws (base stem: ka ხატ-ავ-) → ka ახატვინებს he/she makes someone draw (causative stem structure: ka ა-ხატ-ვ-ინ-ებ-) Base root verb (zero thematic suffix): The causative interfix directly attaches to the root, introducing the mandatory ka -ებ- wrapper: ka წერს he/she writes (base stem: ka წერ-) → ka აწერინებს he/she makes someone write, dictates (causative stem structure: ka ა-წერ-ინ-ებ-) Base verb with thematic suffix ka -ებ-: The interfix stacks sequentially right after the root's original suffix, ending in the second, mandatory present-system closure: ka აკეთებს he/she makes (base stem: ka აკეთ-ებ-) → ka აკეთებინებს he/she makes someone make something (causative stem structure: ka ა-კეთ-ებ-ინ-ებ-) Derived terms ka -ება ka suffixes