-거-

Middle Korean Alternative forms okm -어- -e- after l-final stems Possibly: okm -아〮- -á- -어〮- -é- see below Etymology From okm oko 去 *-ke. Pronunciation okm /kə/ Suffix okm suffix -ke- A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean. okm y There are two main competing hypotheses, and it is also possible that both hypotheses were simultaneously true in some capacity: A perfective aspect marker, regarding the action of the verb as having completed (either from the perspective of the present, or from some future vantage point). An important argument is that it is commonly used to translate cmn - 了; another is that it fits the same paradigmal slot as the imperfective okm -더〮- -té. A confirmative mood marker, emphasizing the speaker's subjective certitude that the action of the verb must have taken (or must take) place. Usage notes This suffix is one of three Middle Korean suffixes which do not have a fixed underlying pitch, but assume the pitch of the preceding syllable. The two others are okm -ᄂᆞ- -no- and the epenthetic vowel of okm -시〮- -sí-. okm -거- -ke- is most often, but not exclusively, found with adjectives, intransitive verbs, and the copula. Transitive verbs usually take okm -아〮- -á- or okm -어〮- -é- depending on vowel harmony, and this appears to have had largely the same meaning as okm -거- -ke-. The most common explanation is that they were allomorphs of the same suffix, with the choice between the two largely determined by transitivity. However, others have suggested that the two suffixes had different meanings, with okm -아〮- -á-/okm -어〮- -é- having a stronger perfective sense. Related terms These are believed to have been derived from the suffix, but it is not clear to what extent Middle Korean speakers still saw them as multiple suffixes rather than as single fully grammaticalized suffixes. okm -과〮<tr:-kwá><qq:fused with modulator> -거나〮<tr:-kená><t:either> -거니〮와〮<tr:-kèníwá><t:although> -거늘〮<tr:-kenúl><t:since> -거든〮<tr:-ketón><t:if> -거라〮<tr:-kelá> -거〮시〮<tr:-késí><qq:fused with honorific> -거지〮라〮<tr:-kecílá><t:I desire...> -건뎌ᇰ〮<tr:-kentyéng><t:but, even if> -건마ᄅᆞᆫ〮<tr:-kenmàlón><t:even though> -과〮라〮<tr:-kwálá><qq:fused with modulator> -관〮ᄃᆡ〮<tr:-kwántóy><t:because> See also References ko 유필재 (Yoo Pil-jae) Jindan hakbo ko:후기중세국어 '거, 아/어'계 어미의 성조와 형태 분석 Analysis of pitch and morphology in Late Middle Korean -ke, -a/e-class suffixes 111 2011 243—262 ko 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) Gugeosa yeon'gu ko 선어말어미 {-거-}의 연구 성과와 쟁점 Findings and key topics in the study of the verb-internal suffix -ke- 19 2014 31—63