-dü

dü due Appendix:Variations of "du" Turkish Etymology tr :inh ota:ـدی<tr:-dı, -di> ++ 1 Pronunciation Suffix ı i u ü d past tense suffix tr görmek gör(-mek) (to) see → tr gördü he/she/it saw tr gülmek gül(-mek) (to) laugh → tr güldü he/she/it laughed used in nouns to indicate that it has been seen in the past; equivalent to en was were tr çöl çöl desert → tr çöldü it was a desert tr tüy tüy feather → tr tüydü it was a feather tr dialectal reduplicated to form the pluperfect tr güldüydü he/she/it had laughed tr -müştü Usage notes Personal suffixes are added after "-dü". tr gülmek gül + -dü + tr -m → tr güldüm I laughed tr gülmek gül + -dü + tr -n → tr güldün you laughed tr gülmek gül + -dü → tr güldü he/she/it laughed tr gülmek gül + -dü + tr -k → tr güldük we laughed tr gülmek gül + -dü + tr -nüz → tr güldünüz you (pl.) laughed tr gülmek gül + -dü + tr -ler → tr güldüler they laughed tr inflectional suffixes Ye'kwana Etymology 1 From mch sai-car-pro *-rɨ. The development into an imperfective marker is relatively late, and a similar evolution can be observed in the car - cognate car -ry. Alternative forms mch -chü -yü allomorphs after mch i mch -du allomorph after mch u Pronunciation Suffix mch suffix mch possessed Marks a noun as possessed; used with most types of nouns, including instruments, kinship terms, body parts, and natural and cultural elements. mch nominalizer Forms a noun from a verb, representing either the (nonpast) action or the object of the verb; must be accompanied by a personal prefix and an indicator specifying the role of the verb argument indicated by the noun (intransitive argument mch w-, transitive agent mch n-, or transitive patient mch ∅-). Forms the imperfective aspect in many contexts. Usage notes This suffix does not cause syllable reduction. Verbs nominalized with this suffix take person markers of series II; however, when the verb is intransitive and its argument is explicitly expressed as a noun before the verb, no person markers are used. Nonetheless, even in this latter case, if the argument is marked as an oblique argument of another verb in the sentence, person markings must be expressed. When a verb takes this suffix to form the imperfective aspect, it can function syntactically as a main verb, but morphologically it behaves like a nominalized form: it takes the intransitive marker mch w-, series II person markers that index either an intransitive argument or a transitive patient, and the nominal plural suffix mch -komo and negation mch -jünü instead of the verbal plurals mch -to and mch -tö. Furthermore, the transitive agent, when expressed, is marked by the postposition mch -uwö instead of unmarked (as it would be with series I markers). Derived terms mch -dawö -'jüdü mch -dü (possessed) mch Etymology 2 Perhaps ultimately of the same origin as etymology 1 above; a similar construction can be found in aoc -yi, also homophonic with one of the allomorphs of the Pemon possessive marker. Alternative forms mch -chü allomorph after mch i mch -nü allomorph after mch -anö Pronunciation Suffix mch suffix mch relativizer Relativizing clitic; nominalizes a construction containing a finite verb, often to form a relative clause. Usage notes This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix. It causes syllable reduction when it follows the recent past imperfective suffix mch -anö, in which case this morpheme takes the form mch -nü to make the combined form mch -annü. Another allomorph, mch -chü, is used when the preceding stem ends with mch i, typically as either the past tense or the unreal suffix mch -i. In all other cases the form of this clitic is mch -dü. The finite verb in the nominalized construction must take series I person markers. References 111–112, 144, 152, 161–162, 226–228 -dü 288–290