-ko

Appendix:Variations of "ko" Alabama Etymology akz :af -ki -o 1 akz -ki forms negative verb stems -o verb ending. Cognate with cku -ko. Suffix akz suffix verb-forming suffixes Creates a negative verb from a positive one. akz kano to be good -ko kànko to be no good, to be bad Derived terms akz Basque Alternative forms eu -eko after consonants eu -go see usage notes Etymology eu.252 Pronunciation ko + Suffix eu suffix inflectional suffixes Locative singular suffix. eu etxe house etxeko of the house, related to the house Noun-forming suffix with various functions. related to, near eu gerri waist gerriko belt eu belarri ear belarritako earring Forms words expressing a hit or strike Forms future participles. eu egin to do egingo will do Usage notes The case formed by this suffix is also called "local genitive" or "locative genitive". It roughly corresponds to the usage of the prepositions en of in English and es de in Spanish. The genitive case (formed by the suffix eu -ren) also corresponds generally to these prepositions; but is mostly used to imply ownership, while the locative implies location or relatedness. However, there are exceptions to this general rule, see the usage examples below. eu Bizkaiko mendiak the mountains of Biscay eu buruko mina headache pain in the head eu eskolako jaialdia school festival eu Picassoren margolan bat a painting by Picasso eu Ilargiaren orbita the orbit of the Moon eu mutilaren argazkia the picture of (owned by) the boy; the picture of (showing) the boy Common nouns ending in a consonant take the form eu -eko with an epenthetic vowel. eu hondartz hondartzeko beach of the beach. Proper nouns and verbs ending /n/ or /l/ take the voiced form eu -go. eu Madril Madrilgo Madrid of Madrid. Declension Derived terms eu References Czech Pronunciation Suffix ncs diminutive suffixes forms diminutive nouns cs ef efko cs oko očko cs zrno zrnko Derived terms cs See also cs -átko cs -čko cs -íčko Further reading Finnish Etymology From fi urj-fin-pro *-ko, probably ultimately from fi urj-pro *ko-. Particle kö fi enclitic particle fi enclitic Makes a clause interrogative (polar question, yes–no). fi -ks<qq:colloquial> fi Onko hän täällä? Is s/he here? fi Täälläkö hän on? Is s/he here? here specifically, as opposed to somewhere else fi Tuleeko hän laivalla? Is she coming by the ship? fi Millä sitten - veneelläkö? By what, then - by boat? fi Näkeekö hän? Does s/he see? fi Pitäisikö hänen tulla tänne? Should s/he come here? fi En tiedä, tuleeko hän. I don't know if/whether she's coming. fi En tiedä, näkeekö hän. I don't know if/whether she sees. fi enclitic colloquial Together with an interrogative. fi Olikko millon tulossa käymään? (So) when are you coming by here? fi enclitic When followed by the clitic fi -han -han/-hän clitic: Expresses wondering whether something is the case, generally corresponding to en I wonder if. fi Pukeutuikohan hän tarpeeksi lämpimästi tänä aamuna? I wonder if he put enough clothes on this morning. fi Meniköhän hän kouluun tänä aamuna? I wonder if he went to school this morning. With the negative verb, expresses an assumption or expectation that something will happen, corresponding to en I suppose. fi Emmeköhän me jotenkuten tule toimeen. I suppose we'll get by somehow. Usage notes interrogative particle The English translation depends; with direct questions, word order inversion (possibly with en do) and intonation changes are the most common. With indirect questions, en if or en whether generally apply. The particle fi -ko/-kö is used without a corresponding interrogative word in both direct and indirect questions. The question is seen as a polar question - i.e., the answer is expected to be simply affirmative or negative. Colloquially, the particle may be used emphatically with an interrogative word like fi milloin when, which follows as the second word in the clause. The particle is usually attached to the predicate (verb) in the sentence. However, for emphasis, it can also be attached to the word that is being questioned the most: fi Onko hän täällä? Is s/he here? neutral, non-emphatic fi Täälläkö hän on? Is s/he here? (So here is where he/she is?) emphasizing the location The word with this particle moves to the beginning of the clause, with only some exceptions. In the following usage example, it can be for example argued that there are two separate clauses/utterances, even though they are used together: fi Millä sitten - veneelläkö? By what, then - by boat? with fi -han/-hän Note that, unlike in English, the sentence meaning "I wonder if" is considered an interrogative sentence in Finnish, and so it ends with a question mark when properly written. This does not apply when used with the negative verb. See also fi -kin fi -kaan/fi -kään fi -han clitic/fi -hän clitic fi -kö fi -pa clitic/fi -pä clitic fi -s clitic Further reading Garo Etymology grt Suffix grt suffix grt inflectional suffix forms the accusative case See also grt -ni forms genitive grt -na forms dative grt -chi forms instrumental grt -no forms locative Hadza Pronunciation hts /ko/ Suffix hts suffix a feminine singular suffix (often used with a collective sense) Related terms hts -hako Ilocano Alternative forms ilo -k before vowels and suffixes ilo -en and ilo -an Etymology ilo :inh poz-pro:*ku<ety:inh<map-pro:*ku>> 2 1 Pronunciation ilo /ko/ /ku/ Pronoun pronoun 1 First-person singular ergative enclitic pronoun; I ilo Inlukatko ti tawa ta napudot. I opened the window because it is hot. ilo Aramidekto dayta no bigat. I'll do that tomorrow. First-person singular possessive marker; my ilo Daytoy ti pamiliak. This is my family. ilo Annakko dagitoy. These are my children. Usage notes When attached to verbs ending with the suffixes ilo -en or ilo -an, the n of the suffix is dropped and the enclitic (in the form ilo -k) is attached. ilo lutuen<t:to cook> -k(o) lutuek<t:I cook> ilo dalusan<t:to clean> -k(o) dalusak<t:I clean> When attached to the enclitic ilo -en -(e)n, the pronoun becomes -kon, even if the enclitic is in the form ilo -k. ilo Linutok ti ikan. I cooked the fish. ilo Linutokon ti ikan. I already cooked the fish. When attached to the negative adverb ilo di, the pronoun becomes -ak. ilo Diak inggagara. I did not mean it. When attached to the verb ilo in to go, the n geminates, and the pronoun becomes -ak. ilo Innak kitaen no addadan. I'll go check if they are already there. See also ilo enclitics Ingrian Pronunciation Particle izh particle clitics front-vowel variant -kö izh -k Töö-ko meille avita. Come help us. 12 References 178 Japanese Romanization こ Lower Sorbian Etymology From dsb sla-pro *-ъko. Suffix dsb suffix n diminutive suffixes noun-forming suffixes added to neuter nouns to form a diminutive Derived terms dsb Lower Tanana Pronunciation taa /kʰɔ/ /qʰɔ/ Noun taa noun taa areal noun the surface of Related terms taa koxt'ana person taa -koget on the surface of taa koga'/taa koka' on taa -kw onto the surface of; surface (noun suffix) taa neɬkoyi wounded animal taa neɬkoyenh wounded person taa uko in quest of References 241 Makasar Etymology From mak poz-pro *(i-)kahu, mak map-pro *(i-)kaSu. Pronoun pron absolutive enclitic you (familiar second person singular and plural) See also Murui Huitoto Pronunciation Classifier huu classifier Classifier for objects that give cover. Classifier for spherical objects. Derived terms huu References 195-196 Navajo Stem nv stem Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations: indent MOM nv -KO (agreeable) nv -KO (agreeable) nv -KO (agreeable) nv -KO (agreeable) NEU nv -KO (agreeable) |} Nupe Pronunciation nup /kó/ Suffix suffix -kó augmentative suffixes noun-forming suffixes augmentative suffix; used to form nouns meaning a larger form of something. nup -gi nup èsá èsákó stool table nup yàbà yàbàkó banana plantain nup ǹdá ǹdákó father grandfather nup bànban bànbankó river bank cliff nup tákùn tákùnkó rock large rock Used to form a nominalised and superlative form of verbs. nup wáncí wáncíkó to be large the largest nup pàrà pàràkó to be wide the widest Derived terms nup -ko Further reading Alhaji, Gabra Ibrahim A Morphological Analysis of Nouns and Adjectives In The Nupe Language, 2012 Old Polish Etymology zlw-opl nominal :inh sla-pro:*-ъko<id:suffix> 1 + Pronunciation Suffix zlw-opl suffix n diminutive suffix for neuter nouns; may cause various vowel shifts Derived terms zlw-opl Descendants pl -ko szl -ko Polish Etymology pl nominal :inh zlw-opl:-ko<id:nominal> 1 + Pronunciation LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf--ko.wav Suffix pl suffix n diminutive suffix for neuter nouns. May cause various vowel shifts pl słowo słówko Declension - k -k/-ek Derived terms pl Serbo-Croatian Suffix sh diminutive suffixes Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, most likely to make diminutive. Usually used to make names, or nicknames denoting a negative feature. sh dar Darko sh Jano Janko sh debeo debeljko fatty (meant as an insult) Slovak Pronunciation Suffix sk suffix n diminutive suffixes diminutive suffix for neuter nouns Declension n -ka -iek -ok -kam -ka -kach Derived terms sk Swahili Suffix sw suffix 17 relative marker, where sw Sijui wanakotoka. I do not know where they come from. See also Votic Etymology From vot urj-fin-pro *-ko. Pronunciation Particle vot particle Makes a clause interrogative; marks yes-no questions. Usage notes Attaches to the first word in a sentence or (subordinate) clause (the latter applies to indirect questions). If the sentence or clause contains a verb (predicate), it shifts to become the first word, and vot -ko is then attached to it; as a consequence, the particle predominantly attaches to verbs. References -ko