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'm
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Appendix:Variations of "m"
English
Pronunciation
en /əm/ /m̩/ or, next to a vowel, sometimes /m/
en LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-'m.wav US
Etymology 1
Contraction of en am.
Verb
en verb form clitic clitics ’m
am, used especially in en I'm.
en Whatm I gon' do?
en 2008 Elizabeth George Playing for the Ashes Bantam 9780553905472 158 “So how'm I not good?”
en dialect Various forms of en be.
en 1874 Frances Mary Peard Thorpe Regis Youm no better than a baby when they've clacketed at ye for an hour or two without a word of sense from beginnin' to end.
en 1962 w:John Le Carre w:A Murder of Quality "Hem a bad one. Ooh, hem a bad one, Mister," and she laughed softly. "I seed 'im flying, riding on the wind," she laughed again, "and the moon be'ind 'im, lightin' up the way. Theym close as sisters, moon and Devil."
en 2016 w:Alan Moore Jerusalem 180 Liveright “Ah, it's a wonder we’m got two sticks to us name, with all that plunder what youm 'ad already.”
Related terms
en m'<t:I'm>
See also
en 'd ’d
en 'll ’ll
en 're ’re
en 's ’s (third person)
en 've ’ve
Etymology 2
Pronoun
en 'em.
1967-1969, Lou Sullivan, personal diary, quoted in 2019, Ellis Martin, Zach Ozma (editors), We Both Laughed In Pleasure
I picked up two stones and threw ’m in the air, heard ’m drop
Etymology 3
Contraction of en madam/en ma'am. Typologically compare ru -с.
Noun
en noun ’m
Represents the word madam or ma'am when used as a formal address of a female; as in yes'm and no'm.
en clitics m
en contractions m
Bavarian
Etymology
Merged unstressed form of bar am and bar em or bar dem.
Article
bar article m n
a dative
the dative
See also
Catalan
Pronoun
ca me
Usage notes
reduced
ca Truca'm. Call me.
Declension
Cornish
Etymology
From kw my. Cognate with cy 'm.
Determiner
kw det
en my
Pronoun
kw pron
en me
kw Hi a'm kwelas. She saw me.
See also
Dutch
Pronunciation
nl /əm/
nl Nl-'m.ogg
Pronoun
nl pronoun
nl hem
nl Hij heeft 'm neergeschoten. He shot him.
Declension
nl personal pronouns
Juǀ'hoan
Verb
ktz verb
to eat
ktz dshau nǂai 'ma ha da'abi ko mari The woman fed her child mealie meal.
ktz E kú ’m ǃhá. We are eating meat
ktz 1 Tom ǁxukxam nǂaiǁ’ama kxao https://storybooksnamibia.net/stories/ktz/0296/ Jusa hai tsia ǁ’ama khoea. Siǃa ǁ’ama Tom ǁxukxamsi te ‘m ha. More people come to the stall. They buy Tom’s bananas and eat them https://web.archive.org/web/20251218024109/https://storybooksnamibia.net/stories/ktz/0296/ 18 December 2025
ktz 1972/04/30 0106-1013_SideA http://hdl.handle.net/2196/00-0000-0000-000F-BEBF-7 Ku //a'e ha /'ae ko //'akoa, te 'm ha /'ae te. It will be slaughter there and be eating 00:14:17
Noun
ktz noun usually plural
ktz (~si) food
See also
ktz 'msi
Verb
ktz verb
ktz (... tci’ìtci’ì) to have hiccups
References
Biesele, Megan. 2011. Ju|’hoan Audio & Video Material 1970 to Present: A Work in Progress. Endangered Languages Archive. Handle: http://hdl.handle.net/2196/00-0000-0000-000D-089E-3.
Dickens, Patrick J. (2005). A Concise Grammar of Juǀʼhoan With a Juǀʼhoan–English Glossary and a Subject Index. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
Collins, Chris, 'The Linker in the Khoisan Languages', in Jason Kandybowicz, and Harold Torrence (eds), Africa's Endangered Languages: Documentary and Theoretical Approaches (New York, 2017; online edn, Oxford Academic, 24 Aug. 2017), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0011, accessed 12 Nov. 2025.
2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.
ktz Food and drink
North Frisian
Pronoun
frr pronoun frr Föhr-Amrum Mooring
frr Reduced form jam you, you all subject
Usage notes
Note that frr jam is both subject and object case, but the reduced form frr 'm occurs only for the subject.
On Föhr and Amrum, frr 'm is added to an imperative to make it plural, e.g. frr kem kom come! singular, frr kom'm come! plural. This usage is not common in Mooring, the simple form being used for both numbers (as in English).
See also
Welsh
Pronunciation
cy /m/
Etymology 1
Determiner
cy determiner possessive determiners
cy literary my triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel
cy fy
cy Rwy'n myned yn ôl adref i’m hannwyl famwlad. I am going back home to my dear homeland.
Pronoun
cy pronoun personal pronouns
cy literary me used after vowels as the direct object of a verb; triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel
cy fi i
cy Dywed na’m hadwaenai. He/She says that he/she would not recognise me.
cy Fe’m ganed i deulu di-Gymraeg. I was born (lit. "One gave birth to me") into a non-Welsh-speaking family.
Usage notes
The determiner can be considered a "contraction" of cy fy used after mostly functional vowel-final words (note however that it causes different mutations than cy fy).
The pronoun occurs after certain vowel-final preverbal particles, such as cy fe, cy a, cy ni, cy na, cy oni and cy pe.
Etymology 2
Particle
cy particle
cy colloquial cy ddim not
cy Dwyt ti’m yn cofio Macsen. You don’t remember Macsen.
Related terms
cy mo not definite
Further reading