-es

Appendix:Variations of "es" English Pronunciation after sibilant en /-ɪz/ /-əz/ weak vowel after vowel sound en /-z/ en /-iːz/ US,sometimes Etymology 1 From en enm -es, from en ang -as. More at en -s. Suffix inflectional suffixes Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /t͡ʃ/, or /d͡ʒ/), such as: (t)ch, when pronounced as /tʃ/: en glitch→en glitches (but en psych→en psychs) (j)j: en hajj→en hajjes (j is only final in loan words raj, hajj) (s)s: en bus→en buses, Jones → Joneses; yes → yeses. x: en box→en boxes (z)z: en buzz → en buzzes, en waltz → en waltzes sh: en ash→en ashes Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a consonant (or qu) + y: en lady→en ladies, en soliloquy→en soliloquies (but en key→en keys) Used to form the plural of some nouns that end in a consonant + o: en tomato→en tomatoes (but en soprano→en sopranos) en dialectal Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in /sp/ /st/ /sk/ en post→en postes /ˈpəʊstɪz/ /ˈpoʊstɪz/ (standard en posts) Usage notes Nouns that end in silent e in the singular regularly form their plural with the ending en -s, e.g. "en fence" /ˈfɛns/→"fences" /ˈfɛnsɪz/, "en bridge" /ˈbɹɪd͡ʒ/→"bridges" /ˈbɹɪd͡ʒɪz/. A handful of words that end in the sound /s/ have developed optional (and sometimes proscribed) alternative plural forms that end in /siːz/ (pronounced like en seize) in place of /sɪz/: commonly heard examples are en processes and en biases. This may be due to influence from the standard plurals of words like en parentheses and en hypotheses (where en -ses /siːz/ replaces en -sis /sɪs/ in the singular). Etymology 2 en third-person singular From en enm -es, enm -is, from en ang -es, ang -as, Northern variants of enm -est, ang -ast second person singular indicative ending. Replaced Middle English en -eth, from en ang -eþ, ang -aþ. The falling together of the second and third person singular verb forms in Old English is believed to be due to Scandinavian influence, where the employment of the same verbal endings for both 2nd and 3rd singular indicative follows a similar pattern to that seen in Old Norse (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.). Suffix en suffix Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs: that end in (t)ch pronounced as /tʃ/: impeach→impeaches (but psych→psychs) that end in (s)s: miss → misses, yes → yesses; bus → buses; buss → busses that end in x: tax → taxes that end in (z)z: fizz→fizzes that end in consonant + o in some cases: go→goes (but radio→radios) that end in sh: wish→wishes that end in consonant (or qu) + y: cry→cries (but buy→buys) Etymology 3 See en -s, en -'s. Suffix en obsolete no longer productive Possessive marker; see en -s, en -'s. en 1573 An exposition of the kinges prerogative, collected out of the great Abridgement of Justice Fitzherbert and other olde writers of the lawes of England 38 ... whereupon king Henry his sonne, as it may appeare by the later clause of this chapter, recouered diuers eschet[s] of lande within this Realme holden by Normans, whiche after they began to adhere to the French king, the kinges enimy Anagrams en es -se SE Se. se se. Catalan Etymology ca :inh la:-a<alt:-ās> ca la -a -ās. Suffix ca suffix form f ca -a Cornish Etymology 1 kw abstract From kw cel-bry-pro *-öd, from kw cel-pro *-o-tūts. Cognate with cy -yd. Suffix m 1 Forms masculine abstract nouns kw sygh<t:dry> syghes<t:dryness> kw yagh<t:healthy> yeghes<t:health> Derived terms kw abstract Etymology 2 kw plural :der<unc> en:-es Possibly from kw en -es. Suffix kw suf Plural ending kw myrgh<t:girl> myrghes<t:girls> kw mil<t:animal> miles<t:animals> kw nader<t:adder> nadres<t:adders> Derived terms kw plural Etymology 3 kw verbal :inh cel-bry-pro:*-ɨd<ety:inh<cel-pro:*-eti>> kw cel-bry-pro *-ɨd, from kw cel-pro *-eti. Suffix Forms verbs kw gwel<t:sight> gweles<t:to see> Etymology 4 kw feminine :inh cel-bry-pro:*-es<ety:bor<la:-issa>> kw cel-bry-pro *-es, from kw LL. -issa. Cognate with br -ez and cy -es. Suffix f r Forms feminine nouns kw duw<t:god> duwes<t:goddess> kw abas<t:abbot> abases<t:abbess> kw gwarier<t:actor> gwariores<t:actress> Derived terms kw feminine References 192 kw plural suffixes Dutch Etymology From nl dum -esse, borrowed from Northern nl fro -esse, from nl la-lat -issa (as in la abbātissa abbess).A. van Loey, "Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands", Zutphen, 8. druk, 1970, 90-03-21170-1; § 180 Pronunciation nl /-ɛs/ Suffix f -en +<qq:sometimes> creates the female form of persons or occupations, as English en -ess nl zanger singer, songster → nl zangeres female singer; songstress, singeress Derived terms nl Related terms nl -in References Esperanto Pronunciation LL-Q143 (epo)-Lepticed7--es.wav Suffix eo suffix belonging to. (Ending for genitive correlatives.) Derived terms eo kies<t:belonging to whom, whose> ties<t:belonging to that one, that one's> ĉies<t:belonging to everyone, everyone's> ies<t:belonging to someone, someone's> nenies<t:belonging to nobody, nobody's> alies<alt:(nonce) alies><t:belonging to someone else, someone else's> French Etymology fr :inh la:-ās From fr la -ās. Suffix forms the second-person singular present indicative form of a verb forms the second-person singular present subjunctive form of a verb Fwe Suffix fwe suffix fwe -is German Etymology 1 Pronunciation de /-əs/ Suffix de inflectional suffixes de -s genitive ending See also de -es- Etymology 2 de 1 Pronunciation de /-ɛs/ Suffix de suffix invariable de music flat, mul ♭ de -is<t:sharp> de A As A flat de B Bes B double flat de C Ces C flat de D Des D flat de E Es E flat de F Fes F flat de G Ges G flat Usage notes The de -e- is omitted from the suffix when it is attached to a vowel letter (e.g. de A + de -es → de As, not de *Aes). Derived terms de -eses double flat Descendants is -es Hungarian Pronunciation hu ɛʃ 1 Suffix hu suffix adjective-forming suffixes noun-forming suffixes hu adjective hu adjective-forming suffix Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as ornative. hu kert garden kertes something with a garden, having a garden hu noun hu noun-forming suffix Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun. hu perec pretzel pereces someone who sells pretzels hu meggy morello, sour cherry meggyes cherry orchard hu numeral hu number-forming suffix Added to a cardinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template. hu egy one egyes the digit or figure 1 Usage notes Derived terms hu adjective hu noun See also Appendix:Hungarian suffixes Latin Pronunciation -ēs Etymology 1 la -ēs abstract noun :inh itc-pro:*-ēi(s)<ety:inh<ine-pro:*-ḗy>> From la itc-pro *-ēi(s), from la ine-pro *-ḗy, a hysterokinetic *-ey-stem suffix only otherwise found in words like hit 𒌓𒉈𒂊 utnē. Suffix -ēs<3.F> la abstract nounused to form a third-declension feminine abstract noun designating the result of an action from a verb root or conceived root form la caedō to kill or cut → la caedēs slaughter la sedeō to sit → la sēdēs seat Declension -ēs<3.I> Further forms are nom.sg. -is (e.g. caedis, sedis) and gen.pl. -um (e.g. caedum, sedum). Synonyms la -or, la -us Derived terms la abstract noun Etymology 2 la -es t-stem :inh itc-pro:*-its<ety:inh<ine-pro:<alt:*-h₁its><ety:af<*h₁ey-><*-ts>>>> 1 From ine-pro *-h₁i-t-s, from la ine-pro *h₁ey-, the root of la eō eō, īre to go. Because the nominative singular would regularly have developed to la *-is, the attested ending la *-es has to be explained as an analogical replacement based on the alternation between -ĕ- in the closed final syllable of the nominative singular and -ĭ- in the open medial syllable of oblique forms that developed regularly in other nouns as a result of the sound change of vowel reduction.comes 129 Suffix -es/-it<3.M> la t-stemused to form third-declension nouns, most of which have senses along the lines of 'one who goes (by)' la equus horse → la eques cavalryman; equestrian; knight Declension -es/-it<3> Derived terms la t-stem Etymology 3 la 1 Suffix la suffix form -ēs la -ō 2 s pres actv subj first conjugation Etymology 4 la 1 Suffix la suffix form -es la -s nom//acc//voc mf p References Middle English Etymology 1 enm plural :inh ang:-as<id:plural> From enm ang -as a-stem nominative/accusative plural suffix, of disputed origin. Alternative forms enm -as -æs early; enm -s especially <<late>> enm -is -ys Northern ME Early Scots; enm -us West Midland ME Suffix enm suffix inflectional suffixes Used to form the (nominative/accusative) plural form of regular nouns. Usage notes Especially after the Early Middle English period, this suffix often (but not always) takes the form enm -s plural after polysyllabic nouns, though in nouns ending in the sequences /əl/ /əm/ /ən/ /ər/, the /ə/ of the root may be dropped instead, as in enm thondres thunders. However, due to the influence of the Old French plural suffix fro -s, even monosyllabic nouns borrowed from Old French often take enm -s plural; if they end in /t/, this is often lost before the suffix: enm servauns servants, following the parallel simplifications of Middle English /ts/ and Old French /t͡s/ to /s/. Due to Old English and early Middle English sound changes, the noun stem may undergo modification when this suffix is attached, most notably: Replacement of the voiceless fricatives /f/ /s/ /θ/ with voiced /v/ /z/ /ð/, as enm lyf:enm lyves. Lengthening of vowels, as in enm blad (/blad/):enm blades (/ˈblaːdəs/), though this tends to be levelled out. Descendants en -s -es gmw-msc -is -s sco -s -es References -(e)s suf.(2) MED14417 language 216 77 10 46-47 Etymology 2 enm possessive :inh ang:-es From enm ang -es, from enm gmw-pro *-as, form enm gem-pro *-as. The use of this suffix as a genitive plural is due to the combined influence of its use as a genitive singular and the plural suffix enm -es plural. Alternative forms enm -s mostly <<late>> enm -is -ys Northern ME Early Scots; enm -us West Midland ME Suffix enm suffix inflectional suffixes enm genitive singular Used to form the genitive singular of nouns. enm genitive plural Used to form the genitive plural of nouns. enm -ene -e both less common genitive plural genitive plural enm adjectival genitive enm early rare Forms the strong genitive singular of adjectives. Usage notes Certain nouns may take no genitive ending, especially z-stems, and in Southern Middle English, nouns derived from Old English feminines; see those nouns' entries for details. Especially in Northern Middle English, there is also a tendency to omit the genitive in nouns denoting people, especially proper names. In some situations it is difficult to determine whether these nouns should be considered an endingless genitive or an nominative/accusative being used attributively.-(e)s suf.(2) MED144175 56 49Case 71-72, 78 Beginning in the last quarter of the 14th century, this suffix comes to follow a noun phrase rather than a single noun in the so-called "group genitive" construction.4 4.4 152 Nouns ending with (nominative/accusative) plural suffixes other than enm -es noun plural tend to avoid taking this ending for the genitive plural: instead, following a Middle English tendency to eliminate case distinctions in the plural, consonant stems undergo umlaut, weak nouns/n-stems take enm -ene genitive plural, and z-stems take enm -re or enm -rene.167 Though traces of the modern English pattern where en -'s is added after irregular plural forms are visible in late Middle English forms such as enm childrenes children's for earlier enm childrene, the nonattestation of forms such as enm *fetes feet's and en oxenes oxen's demonstrates that the reinterpretation of the genitive ending as a clitic is still incomplete by the end of the period. Like the plural suffix enm -es plural, this suffix may induce alternations in the noun stem or be simplified to enm -s before polysyllabic nouns and nouns borrowed from French, though these tendencies are relatively circumscribed: certain alternations do not occur with this suffix and it retains its full form more often than the plural suffix. In adjectives, this suffix is abandoned from an early stage due to the analogy of the weak declension and other cases, furthermore, the presence of the nominal genitive ending enm -es genitive rendered it both superfluous and vulnerable to of long-distance haplology. Descendants en -'s gmw-msc -is -s sco -'s References Etymology 3 enm adverbial :inh ang:-es From the Old English adverbial suffix ang -es, taken from the genitive singular suffix ang -es due to the analogy of genitive singular forms bearing the suffix used adverbially, although applied indiscriminately to adverbs, prepositions, and nouns which formed the genitive singular differently; see enm -es genitive Etymology 2. Alternative forms enm -s Suffix enm suffix derivational suffixes Forms adverbs from nouns, prepositions, or other adverbs, denoting means, place, or time. Usage notes As adverbs often receive reduced sentence stress, this suffix often takes the form enm -s even when added to monosyllabic roots; however, these forms tended to alternate with unreduced forms in -es rather than being used exclusively. Derived terms enm -es (adverbial) Descendants en -s adverbial -st adverbial -ce as in once, since gmw-msc -is -s sco -s adverbial -st adverbial -ce as in ance/yince References -(e)s suf.(1) MED14416 Etymology 4 enm verbal :inh ang-ang:-as<pos:class 2 weak second-person singular><ety:inh<gmw-pro:*-ōs<ety:inh<gem-pro:*-ōsi<ety:inh<ine-pro:*-eh₂yési>>>>>> enm ang-ang -as 1 second-person singular class 2 weak second-person singular,-(e)s suf.(4) MED14419 from enm gmw-pro *-ōs, from enm gem-pro *-ōsi, from enm ine-pro *-eh₂yési. Compare the competing second-person singular suffix enm -est second-person singular. In Northumbrian Old English, ang -as was extended to the third-person singular as a enm non -ar 1, non -ir, non -r, which formed both the second- and third-person singular present indicative.II 698 924 The model provided by the resultant variation in third-person singular forms soon led to ang -aþ being supplemented by ang -as in the plural as well, with the innovative forms in /s/ eventually mostly displacing those in /θ/ in Northern Middle English. It is occasionally instead supposed that the third-person singular and plural are unrelated to the second-person singular, with the former deriving from ang -aþ (the failure of /θ/ to become /s/ elsewhere is explained by this being a special assimilatory or dissimilatory form that was subsequently generalised)VI 3.5 17 and the latter deriving from the Old English nominative/accusative noun plural ang -as plural. Yet another hypothesis posits that third-person singular ending was generalised from the final consonant of enm is.3 5 193 Alternative forms enm -is -us -ys enm -s especially late Pronunciation enm /-(ə)s/ Suffix enm suffix inflectional suffixes enm especially N or NM Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs. Used to form the third-person singular present indicative of verbs. Used to form the plural present indicative of verbs. enm late Used to form the first-person singular present indicative of verbs. Usage notes In the plural and first-person singular present indicative, the use of this suffix is often regulated by the Northern Subject Rule: verbs do not take it when they are directly adjacent to the plural personal pronouns enm we, enm yow, and enm þei and first-person singular personal pronoun enm I/enm ik respectively. In the East and West Ridings of Yorkshire and North Midland Middle English, this suffix competes with enm -en verb plural in the plural present indicative: it is more common in the East and West Ridings, Lancashire, and Lincolnshire, but less common in Cheshire, Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire. In the third-person singular present indicative, this suffix gradually penetrates southwards over the course of the Middle English period (replacing enm -eth third-person singular), although it does not become usual in the standard language until after the Middle English period. The syncopation of this suffix's vowel is especially frequent in Later Middle English and after vowel-final verb stems; only syncopated forms are found in the Early Modern standard.II 313 883 883-884 Preterite-present verbs usually do not take this suffix, but instead remain endingless in the second-person indicative singular in Northern Middle English; compare enm-nor þou enm may with enm-emi þou enm mayst. Descendants en -s third-person singular en -es third-person singular after sibilants gmw-msc -is sco -s sco -es after sibilants References Etymology 5 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -esse -ess -ess Etymology 6 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -isch enm adverb-forming suffixes Middle Welsh Etymology From wlm cel-bry-pro *-es, from wlm la -issa, whence also en -ess. Cognate with kw -es. Pronunciation wlm /-es/ Suffix wlm suf f plural -esseu female suffix, -ess Derived terms wlm Mohawk Suffix moh suffix long with moh tsi moh ni-: during Old English Pronunciation -es Etymology 1 ang :inh gmw-pro:*-as possessive The a-stem genitive singular ending is derived from ang gmw-pro *-as, from ang gem-pro *-as. Based on the voiceless *s, Ringe 2006 argues that this ending was analogically taken from the genitive singular determiner gem-pro *sa *þas, from ine-pro *só *tósyo.201 Alternative forms ang -æs early Suffix nounf adjf 1 marks the genitive case of a-stem nouns ang hund<t:dog> hundes<t:dog's> ang sċip<t:ship> sċipes<t:ship's> marks the strong masculine/neuter genitive singular of adjectives Suffix forms adverbs, originally from the genitive of masculine and neuter nouns, but later added also to feminine nouns by analogy ang dæġes by day ang nihtes by night Derived terms ang Descendants enm -es possessive enm -es adverbial 1 References Etymology 2 ang second person singular Suffix verbf 1 ang Anglian ang -est; marks the second person singular of class I weak verbs ang worða<t:to become> worðes<t:you become> Old Galician-Portuguese Etymology 1 roa-opt :inh la:-ēnsis + Suffix roa-opt suffix feminine -esa -ese forms demonyms roa-opt -ão -ano roa-opt França<t:France> frances<t:French> -ese; -er forms nouns and adjectives indicating relation to a particular place roa-opt -ão roa-opt burgo<t:borough> burges<t:burgher, citizen of a borough> roa-opt corte<t:royal court> cortes<t:courtly> Derived terms roa-opt Descendants gl -és pt -ês Etymology 2 Suffix roa-opt suffix roa-opt -ez References roa-opt DAVAGAME 2.1.15. Sufixo <-es/esa> 160–162 Old Saxon Etymology From osx gem-pro *-as, gem-pro *-is, from osx ine-pro *-es, ine-pro *-oes plural ending. Pronunciation osx /-ɛs/ Suffix osx suffix possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the noun used in formation of adverbs osx dages days adverb osx nahtes nights adverb Descendants gml -es -s nds -s adverbial suffix Portuguese Etymology 1 pt conj From pt la -ēs 2nd conj., la -is 3rd conj., la -īs 4th conj.. Suffix verb forms the 2nd-person singular present indicative of 2nd and 3rd conjugation verbs forms the 2nd-person singular present subjunctive of 1st conjugation verbs forms the 2nd-person singular negative imperative of 1st conjugation verbs Etymology 2 pt plural From pt la -ēs accusative plural of masculine and feminine 3rd-declension nouns Suffix noun adjective mf-p forms the plural of nouns and adjectives ending in -r, -z, stressed -s and of some ending in -n Etymology 3 pt patronym :inh roa-opt:-ez From pt roa-opt -ez, further origins unknown. The preferred options are that it was either an internal innovation (from a reanalysis of the genitive in names ending with -ricus, i.e. -rici, as naming suffix) or a borrowing from pre-Roman languages (given the various forms the suffix took in the Middle Ages). Compare es -ez. Suffix mfbysense pt no longer productive -son a suffix added to a given name to form a patronymic surname pt -s pt Fernando Fernandes son of pt Fernando pt Henrique Henriques son of pt Henrique pt Martim Martins son of pt Martim pt Rodrigo Rodrigues son of pt Rodrigo Derived terms pt References PIEL J. M. Sobre os apelidos portugueses do tipo patronímico em-ici/-es Boletim de Filologia 1963 5963 BOULLÓN AGRELO Ana Isabel Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo Cronoloxía e variación das fórmulas patronímicas na Galica altomedieval Verba 22 1995 449475 BOBONE Carlos Os Apelidos Portugueses-Um Panorama Histórico Grupo Leya Leya 2017 LAPESA Rafael Historia de la lengua española 1968 Potawatomi Etymology pot alg-pro *-es. Cognate to oj -iz. Pronunciation Suffix pot suffix in pot intransitive 1 to heat pot gesh- -apêk -es -'an gzhabkezan Derived terms pot gzhabkezan Romani Etymology Inherited from rom sa -अस्य. Suffix rom suffix desinence used to form the singular accusative case of oikoclitic (pre-European) masculine animate nouns Derived terms rom -es- References ja Yūsuke Sumi ニューエクスプレスプラス　ロマ（ジプシー）語 New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy) -es Tokyo Hakusuisha 2018 2021 48 978-4-560-08916-3 1267332830 Yaron Matras Historical and linguistic origins Romani: A Linguistic Introduction https://www.google.co.jp/books/edition/Romani/_ggLGcnloNoC Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2002 39 0-511-03580-2 rom inflectional suffixes Spanish Etymology 1 es :inh la:-ēs<id:abstract noun> + From es la -ēs, the accusative plural ending of most third declension nouns. Suffix es suffix form suffix indicating the plural of nouns and adjectives ending in certain consonants (most often -l, -r, -n, -d, -z, -j, -s, -x, -ch, with some exceptions). Related terms es -s Etymology 2 From es la -ēs, es la -is, and es la -īs, the second-person singular present active indicative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively. Suffix es suffix form suffix indicating the second-person singular present indicative of es -er and es -ir verbs. Etymology 3 From es la -ēs, the second-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs. Suffix es suffix form suffix indicating the second-person singular present subjunctive of es -ar verbs See also es -s es -as Further reading plural Swedish Etymology 1 Variant of sv -s (etymology 2) with a reduction of the preceding sv -a. Pronunciation sv /-ˌɛs/ Suffix sv suffix Marks the present tense passive of verbs of the second and fourth conjugations (weak and strong sv -er verbs respectively) that have stems ending in s. Usage notes Verms whose stems do not end in -s normally take the sv -s suffix for the passive voice. Until the middle decades of the 20th century (approximately), the norm in writing was to use sv -es with all sv -er verbs, but this use is considered archaic today. Etymology 2 Ultimately from sv la -ensis. Pronunciation sv /-ˈeːs/ Suffix sv suffix sv nationality -ese; forms a nationality from the name of a country. sv Kina kines sv Siam siames Derived terms sv Anagrams sv es se Welsh Pronunciation cy /-ɛs/ cy-N,standard,colloquial cy /-as/ cy-N,colloquial cy /-ɛs/ cy-S Etymology 1 cy feminine From cy wlm -es, from cy cel-bry-pro *-es, from cy la -issa, whence also en -ess. Cognate with kw -es. Suffix cy suffix f plural -esau noun-forming suffixes female suffix cy -wraig cy athro male teacher athrawes female teacher cy gweinydd waiter gweinyddes waitress cy Norwy Norway Norwyes Norwegian woman cy cadno fox cadnawes vixen Derived terms cy feminine Etymology 2 cy collective Suffix cy suffix f noun-forming suffixes collective noun cy brân crow branes flight of crows cy llong ship llynges navy, fleet Derived terms cy collective References Etymology 3 Alternative forms cy -ais Pronunciation cy /-ɛs/ /-ɛʃ/ /-ɪʃ/ cy-N cy /-ɛs/ cy-S Suffix cy suffix inflectional suffixes cy colloquial verb suffix for the first-person singular preterite West Frisian Pronunciation fy /-əs/ Suffix fy suffix Used to form possessive pronouns from possessive determiners fy myn mines fy jo jowes Yola Suffix yol suffix yol -ès