-en

Appendix:Variations of "en" English Etymology 1 en past participle From en enm -n, enm -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare enm take(n), took, taken take, took, taken), from en ang -en and en non -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare non taka, tók, tekinn take, took, taken), ultimately from en gem-pro *-inaz, a variant of gem-pro *-anaz. In Middle English, the suffix was often weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern enm do(n), dud(e), ydo do, did, done), but not in others (compare enm cume(n), com, ycume come, came, come), from en gem-pro *-anaz, from en ine-pro *-nós. Alternative forms en -n Pronunciation en /ən/ [ən] [n̩] en LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav Southern England In many accents, -en routinely gives up its vowel syllable when given additional suffixes. For example, en fatten /ˈfæt.ən/ + en -ing /-ɪŋ/ can be /ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/ or /ˈfæt.nɪŋ/. Even in many accents where this habitual syllable deletion is less usual, the syllable loss may still predominate for certain formations that have become common words in their own right, such as en gardener /ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/. Syllable loss is sometimes prevented to avoid merging with more normalized derivatives, such as for keeping en lightening /ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/ from being pronounced identically to the established term en lightning /ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/ (notice the e is no longer written), even though they both derive from a combination of en lighten + en -ing. But syllable loss may resume with inflections that are not in danger of merging with an established word, such as en enlightening, which can be pronounced /ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/ or /ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/ because "enlightning" is not a used word. Suffix inflectional suffixes en no longer productive Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb. en take taken en forgive forgiven en prove proven en archaic Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb. en fork forken forked en pave paven paved en barefoot bare-footen bare-footed en enslave enslaven enslaved Usage notes Some linguistic writing on English, such as The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, uses -en as the name of an abstract morpheme which forms the past participle of all English verbs; ones which do not actually use the suffix -en are described as "en cook + en -en → en cooked". Derived terms en past participle en -n past participle Etymology 2 en plural noun From en enm -en noun plural, enm -n, the plural suffix of weak nouns (n-stems), from en ang -an n-stem, from en gmw-pro *-an m, gmw-pro *-ōn fn, from en gem-pro *-an- m, gmw-pro *-ōn- fn, from en ine-pro *-on-, o-grade form of the n-stem suffix. Reinforced by the early Middle English dative plural ending enm -en dative plural, from late ang -an dative plural, weakened form of earlier ang -um. Alternative forms en -n after vowels Suffix inflectional suffixes Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages. Examples in general modern use: en aurochs aurochsenThe Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language by David Crystal (1995, Cambridge University Press, 0521401798), page 200 en brother brethren religious sense en child children (cf. en childer) en ox oxen Archaic or dialectal examples: en bee been en cheese cheesen en ky cows kine en knee kneen en eyre#Middle English eggs eyren en eye eyen en feather feathern en fox foxen en horse horsen en hose hosen en house housen en pease peasen en shoe shoon en sister sistren en tree treen en 1890 John Drummond Robertson; lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester 200 Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes. en non-standard rare often dialectal or jocular Used to form the plural of nouns. en box boxen en w:VAX VAXen en 2007-10-01 Kelly James Patrick Kessel John Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology https://books.google.com/books?id=lb2uBNNRGn4C 978-1-892391-62-9 398 There was one other user logged in, “scaredy,” and he checked the process monitor and saw that scaredy had spawned all the hundreds of processes that were probing him and plenty of other boxen. en 2012-04-17 Jenny Lawson Let's Pretend This Never Happened https://books.google.com/books?id=99AxL7C2a4YC 978-1-4472-2345-0 Victor and I are having a huge argument about whether or not to feed the foxen. Victor says yes, because they're adorable and— according to the neighbors—are quite tame. I say no, because we have a fat little pug who likes to frolic outside occasionally and I don't want to see him eaten. I thought we were on the same page about the fox, but then Victor went and threw an apple at it. And I was all, “What the fuck? We don't feed the foxen,” and he said, “I was throwing the apple at it to chase it away,” but Victor is a tremendous liar, and he didn't go to pick up the apple, probably because he knows that foxen love apple cider. en 2015 David Greygoose Brunt Boggart https://books.google.com/books?id=qN1iDwAAQBAJ 2018-09-27 978-1-78269-210-2 For now the boys grew whiskers and hung fox pelts from their shoulders and the girlen all wore scarlet skirts and braided ribbons through their hair. Usage notes Not productive, outside of occasional humorous use, particularly in computer hacker subculture. Notable examples are en boxen, en Unixen, en VAXen, all of which are modelled on oxen. This ending is also found on some plurals that were borrowed intact from Dutch or German, like en klompen klompen, en lagerstätten lagerstätten, en lederhosen lederhosen. Derived terms en plural noun Related terms en -ren See also Category:English plurals in -n Etymology 3 en :inh enm:-enen//-nen<ety:inh<ang:-nian>> inchoative 1 From en enm -nen -(e)nen, from en ang -nian, from en gmw-pro *-inōn, from en gem-pro *-inōną. Cognate with stq -enje, fy -enje, da -ne, sv -na, is -na. Suffix + ~ing ~ed When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, "to give (noun) to", or "to become like (noun)". en white whiten a en quick quicken en strength strengthen noun en haste hasten en night nighten Usage notes Although -en is a very common verb ending, it is not currently very productive in forming new words, being mostly restricted to monosyllabic bases which end in an obstruent; new formations tend to be nonstandard or humorous. Derived terms en inchoative Translations to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective] Danish: da gøre -gøre, da -ne Esperanto: eo -igi French: fr -ir Hungarian: hu -ít Portuguese: pt -ecer, pt -escer Spanish: es -ecer Swedish: sv -na Etymology 4 en :inh enm:-en<id:adjectival> adjective 1 From en enm -en adjectival, from en ang -en adjectival, from en gmw-pro *-īn adjective, from en gem-pro *-īnaz adjectival; suffix meaning "made of, consisting of, having the qualities of" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to nl -en, de -en, is -inn, la -īnus. See en -ine. Alternative forms en -n postvocalically en -in rare Suffix en resembling Pertaining to, having the qualities of, resembling, or like. en wolf wolven en wolf wolfen en peach peachen en goat goaten en made of When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun). Current examples used in a literal and sometimes metaphorical sense: en wood wooden en gold golden en wheat wheaten en oat oaten en silk silken en earth earthen en flax flaxen en lead leaden en wool woollen en oak oaken Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic: en brass brazen ("shameless") Rare or archaic examples: en ash ashen ("made of ash-tree wood"; ashen "grey like ashes, appalled" is still current) en beech beechen ("made of wood from, or otherwise concerning, the beech tree") en box boxen ("made of boxwood") en bronze bronzen en silver silvern en cedar cedarn en leather leathern en copper coppern en paper papern en brick bricken en board boarden en tree treen en hemp hempen Orphan examples: en line linen flax Usage notes Sense 2 is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Fowler (1926) pointed out the tendency for the -en forms to be restricted to metaphorical and secondary senses. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the "e" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language. Derived terms en resembling en made of Etymology 5 en diminutive noun From en enm -en, from en ang -en, from the neuter form of en -en adjective adjective-forming suffix pertaining to. Suffix s Used to form the diminutives of certain nouns. en chick chicken en maid maiden en smitch, smidge smidgen Derived terms en diminutive noun See also en -ock en -ling Etymology 6 en feminine From en enm -ene feminine, enm -en, from en ang -en feminine, from en gmw-pro *-ini, from en gem-pro *-inī. Suffix s Denotes a female form of a few nouns. en fox vixen female fox en monk minchen nun obsolete Etymology 7 en verb ending From en enm -en, from en ang -an, from en gmw-pro *-an, from en gem-pro *-aną. Compare en -y infinitival intransitive infinitive ending. Suffix inflectional suffixes en infinitive en obsolete Used to form the infinitive of verbs. V v 204 2 39 The Sonne compell’d, beene Butcher to the Sire; The son was compelled to be a butcher to the sire; 1590 I I 23 9 As gentle Shepheard in weete euentide, / When ruddy Phebus gins to welke in wet, / High on an hill, his flocke to vewen wide As a gentle shepherd in sweet eventide, / When ruddy Phoebus begins to walk westward, / High on an hill, for his flock to view widely II From others' labours; for though he strive / To killen bad, keep good alive; Usage notes Having begun to fade by the 15th century, it was used in Early Modern English primarily to show archaic or rustic speech; there are no undoubted traces of it in the modern traditional dialects. The weakening and loss of the marker caused some verbs to blend with verbs marked by Etymology 3; for example, enm leren to teach blended with enm lernen to learn, which resulted in en learn having a (dialectal) double meaning. Derived terms en infinitive Etymology 8 en plural verb ending From en enm -en, from en ang -on and ang -en, the indicative and subjunctive past tense plural endings of verbs. Suffix inflectional suffixes en plural presenten obsolete Used to form the plural present tense of verbs. II prologue 21 C yes All perihen of man, of pelfe, / Ne ought ecapend but himelfe; All things perish, whether man or pelf, / Should not escape but from itself; en 13 May 1905 Mrs Gradwell's Piano Francis M. E. Country Life XVII 436 Country Life, Limited 678 https://www.google.co.nz/books/edition/Country_Life/4DlOAAAAYAAJ hoo'll never do no good at the music, they tellen her up at the school, wi'out hoo practises reg'lar, an' it's unpossible for her to do that wi'out we has a pianney i' the 'ouse. en plural past en obsolete Used to form the plural past tense of verbs. 1596.2 IIII II 32 Her name was Agape whoſe children werne / All three as one, the firſt hight Priamond, / The ſecond Dyamond, the youngeſt Triamond. en 1860 Sir James Phillips Kay-Shuttleworth Scarsdale, or, Life on the Yorkshire-Lancashire Border, Thirty Years Ago The Attack on the Eagle Mill—The Ride to the Rescue 61 1 Smith, Elder & Co. London Nau, if ony chap ax you wheere yone getten these, yo mun say, yo hadden um fro' t' boggart o' Deerpley Fell. Good-bye, meaustur; and nau, lads, let's to our wark. Now, if anybody asks you where those [people over there] get these [things], you must say you had 'em from the boggard of Deerpley Fell. Goodbye, master; and now, lads, let's [go back] to our work. en 1883 Charlotte Sophia Burne, Georgina Frederica Jackson Shropshire Folk-lore: A Sheaf of Gleanings 46 https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv_ZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA46 1 Trübner & Company London https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv_ZAAAAMAAJ ‘So then they all wenten to the ’ouse, an’ the Runnellses wun in a most despert way when they sidden the bŏŏgies comin’, but they tooken on ’em soft, an’ maden out as they wun right glad to see ’em agen, an axt ’em to come in an’ a some mate an’ drink. Usage notes Though it slightly outlived the homophonous infinitival ending in the standard language, verbal plural -en disappeared from it during the 15th century except as a conscious archaism, despite being maintained in the traditional dialects of England's northwestern Midlands (Cheshire, Derbyshire, southern Lancashire, Shropshire, and Staffordshire) and northeastern Wales, though it was lost there in the past tense over the course of the 19th century. Derived terms en plural present en plural past Etymology 9 en double bond From en fr -ène. Suffix Indicates the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond. Derived terms en bergapten citropten isobergapten vaccenic References Anagrams en en nê né Ne. ne -ne- NE ne. -ne Ahtna Alternative forms aht -nen Used after vowels Etymology From aht ath-pro *-(ŋʸ)ən. Cognate with taa -enh. Suffix aht suffix plural equivalent -ne A singular human noun suffix, often used to nominalize verbs. Usage notes This suffix sometimes triggers voicing of stem-final voiceless consonants; for example, aht ghaden another person, from the stem aht ghat. Derived terms aht -en aht -nen See also aht -ne References 66-67 Basque Etymology 1 eu Suffix eu suffix Used to form the superlative form of adjectives and adverbs. eu handi big handien biggest eu zahar old zaharren oldest Derived terms eu -en (superlative) Etymology 2 Suffix eu suffix inflectional suffixes Genitive indefinite suffix. eu -ren<pos:after a vowel> eu txakur dog txakurren of some dogs, some dogs' Genitive plural suffix. eu ahizpa sister ahizpen of the sisters, the sisters' Used to form fractions; -th eu bost five bosten fifth Declension Derived terms eu -en (genitive) Etymology 3 Pronoun eu pronoun clitics eu -n allomorphic that, which Further reading 38 adizkiaren forma-aldaketak, aditz laguntzailea + menderagailuak (-(e)n, -(e)la, -(e)lako…) elartzean Chuukese Etymology chk Suffix chk suffix of Synonyms chk -un Cornish Etymology From kw cel-bry-pro *-enn, from kw cel-pro *-inyā. Cognate with br -enn and cy -en. Suffix f n Forms singulatives of collective nouns kw gwenen bees gwenenen bee kw aval apple trees avalen apple tree Forms abstract derivatives of certain nouns and adjectives kw lyther letter (document) lytheren letter (symbol) Usage notes Unlike the distinction of cy -en//-yn, singulatives in Cornish are always feminine. Derived terms kw Czech Pronunciation cs ɛn 1 cs -en Suffix cs suffix form cs -ena gen p Danish Etymology Number 1 and 2 is derived From da non -an. Number 3 is from da fr -ène which ultimately comes from da grc -ηνός Suffix Forms the singular definite form of nouns of the common gender. Forms verbal nouns from verbs, these nouns being indeclinable and of the common gender. da organic chemistry Identifies an alkene, these being of either the common or the neuter gender; -ene. da obsolete Forms adverbs from adjectives, now displaced by da -t. da hjerteligen, da antageligen Usage notes If the noun from which the singular definite is formed already ends in an unstressed schwa, this is not doubled: kage, kagen (but if the -e is stressed, a schwa is appended normally: ske, skeen; allé, alléen). If it ends with a consonant and the last vowel is short, the last consonant is usually doubled in native and nativized words, if it is one of {k, l, m, n, p, s, t}: hat, hatten. This is however not a reliable rule. Derived terms da References Dena'ina Alternative forms tfn -nen Etymology From tfn ath-pro *-(ŋʸ)ən. Cognate with taa -enh. Pronunciation en Suffix tfn suffix A human singular suffix, used to nominalize verbs and as a singular human relative suffix. Derived terms tfn See also tfn -i tfn -na References 329 Dutch Alternative forms nl -e -'n Pronunciation nl /ə(n)/ In most regions the final -n is silent except optionally in enunciation and as a hiatus breaker before a (typically unstressed) vowel in the following word. In western Belgium and parts of the north-eastern Netherlands, however, the /n/ is commonly sounded and may become syllabic [m̩] [n̩] [ŋ̍] (as in German, see below). Etymology 1 nl denominative :inh dum:-en<ety:inh<odt:-on<ety:inh<gmw-pro:*-ōn<id:verbal>>>><odt:-en<ety:inh<gmw-pro:*-jan>>><odt:-an<ety:inh<gmw-pro:*-an<id:infinitival>>>>> Primarily from weak class 2, from nl dum -en, from nl odt -on, from nl gmw-pro *-ōn, from nl gem-pro *-ōną, from nl ine-pro *-eh₂yéti denominative and ine-pro *-h₂ti factitive. Also partially from weak class 1 (nl odt -en, from nl gmw-pro *-jan) and strong verbs (nl odt -an, from nl gmw-pro *-an), which, together with the weak class 2 suffix, all eventually merged into -en. Suffix nl suffix verb-forming suffixes Forms verbs from nouns and adjectives. The stem of the word itself does not change. Conjugation For verb stems ending in a voiced consonant: - - -d For verb stems ending in a voiceless consonant: - - -t t Derived terms nl denominative nl deadjectival Etymology 2 From nl dum -ijn, dum -in, dum -en, from nl odt *-īn, from nl gem-pro *-īnaz. Suffix nl suffix adjective-forming suffixes nl substanceForms adjectives that indicate the substance from which something is made. Declension - - - Derived terms nl substance Etymology 3 From nl dum -en, a merger of various nl odt - infinitive suffixes: The strong infinitive odt -an, from nl gem-pro *-aną. The weak class 1 infinitive odt -en, odt -ien, from nl gem-pro *-janą, gem-pro *-ijaną. The weak class 2 infinitive odt -on, from nl gem-pro *-ōną. Suffix nl suffix inflectional suffixes Ending of the infinitive form of verbs. Etymology 4 From nl dum -en, from nl odt -an, from nl gem-pro *-anaz, from nl ine-pro *-nós. Suffix nl suffix inflectional suffixes The ending of the past participle of strong verbs. This can also function as an adjective. Declension Etymology 5 From various case forms of the Germanic weak nominal inflection. Suffix nl suffix inflectional suffixes nl plural The ending of the plural form of many nouns. Taken by adjectives used as nouns, to form the plural form of such nouns. nl groot de groten the great ones nl archaic not productive The ending of a number of weak case endings of the adjective or the article. nl een ten enen male nl archaic not productive The ending of the genitive case of certain nouns. nl de hertog des hertogen, a genitive preserved in 's-Hertogenbosch Etymology 6 From various first- and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs. Suffix nl suffix inflectional suffixes The ending of the plural forms of verbs, in both present and past tense. Etymology 7 From nl odt -ana, from nl gmw-pro *-anā, from nl gem-pro *-anē. Suffix nl suffix adverb-forming suffixes A suffix present on certain adverbs. nl voor van voren from the front Emilian Pronunciation egl /en/ Pronoun egl pronoun adverbial egl enclitic, after a consonant egl in egl Mānjen un pōk! Eat some of it! imperative, singular Finnish Etymology 1 See fi -Vn illative (illative). Suffix inflectional fi -Vn one illative illative case ending Etymology 2 From fi urj-fin-pro *-dën, probably equivalent to urj-fin-pro *-t nominative plural marker plural + urj-fin-pro *-n genitive marker genitive. Suffix inflectional Suffix for the genitive plural. Usually preceded by the plural marker fi -i- or fi -j-, but may also have a consonant separator fi -d- after the plural marker if the words would otherwise have 3 consecutive vowels. Etymology 3 See fi -Vn possessive (possessive). Suffix inflectional fi possessive A variant for the third-person suffix fi -nsa. fi personal Forms the impersonal potential present forms of verbs. Appended to the impersonal potential stem, which consists of the first infinitive followed by the potential mood marker fi -ne-. Usage notes See the usage notes under fi -Vn possessive and fi -nsa. Etymology 4 The instructive singular of fi -e-. Suffix Forms the instructive case of the second infinitive of verbs. Anagrams fi en -ne -ne- ne fi case suffixes personal suffixes possessive suffix variants German Etymology 1 de verbal From de gmh -en, a merger of various terminations in de goh - reflecting different conjugational patterns, namely goh -an, goh -ōn, goh -en (goh -ien), and goh -nen, from de gem-pro *-aną, gem-pro *-ōną, gem-pro *-janą, gem-pro *-āną, and gem-pro *-naną. Alternative forms de -n after -er, -el; in de sein, de tun, and some dated/poetic/colloquial forms such as de gehn, de stehn de -'n alternatively in the dated/poetic/colloquial forms Pronunciation de /ən/ de [ən] possible in all contexts, but rare in most regions de [m̩] after labial stops and sometimes labial nasals and fricatives de [ŋ̍] after velar stops and sometimes velar nasals and fricatives de [l̩n] with -l- after a full vowel de [ɐn] with -r- after a full vowel de [n̩] otherwise Suffix de suffix verb-forming suffixes inflectional suffixes A suffix of verbs in their infinitive form. Accordingly, the suffix is also applied to verbs borrowed from other languages, and may be understood as the suffix for denominal verbs in general (actually de -∅ derivation or conversion plus an inflectional suffix that happens to be part of the citation form of a German verb). de Foul foulen to foul de managen to manage A suffix indicating the 1st and 3rd person plural forms (except the present indicative de sind of de sein). de wir kommen we arrive de sie kommen they arrive A suffix appended to strong verb stems to form the past participle, usually together with de ge-. de fallen + de ge- and -en → de gefallen Conjugation Etymology 2 de inflectional From de gmh -en, a merger of various terminations in de goh - reflecting different declensional patterns. Alternative forms de -n after -er, -el in nouns, but not usually in adjectives; in de Herrn Pronunciation de /ən/ variants as in etymology 1 Suffix de suffix inflectional suffixes de weak plural a suffix appended to some nouns in all of their plural forms; these nouns are so-called “weak” or “mixed” nouns; they are most often feminine, often masculine, rarely neuter de weak singular a suffix appended to weak masculine nouns in all oblique cases of the singular, and to some mixed nouns in the singular dative and accusative de dative plural a suffix appended to most other nouns, the so-called “strong” nouns, in their plural dative de adjective a suffix (in fact, the most common declensional ending) which is appended to determiners, adjectives, and participles, for multiple forms of all grammatical cases, both singular and plural See also plural suffix de -e, de -er, de -s Etymology 3 de adjectival :inh gmh:-en<ety:inh<goh:-īn>> From de gmh -en, from de goh -īn, from de gem-pro *-īnaz. Alternative forms de -n after -er, -el de -ern Pronunciation de /ən/ variants as in etymology 1 Suffix de suffix adjective-forming suffixes de substance A suffix forming adjectives denoting being made from a certain substance or having a particular property de Gold gold n golden gold, golden a Derived terms de substance Etymology 4 de alkene suffix From the de grc -ηνός feminine patronymic suffix. Pronunciation de /ˈeːn/ Suffix de suffix noun-forming suffixes de chemistry -ene (alkene suffix) Derived terms de Hungarian Pronunciation hu ɛn 1 Etymology 1 case_suffixhu case_suffix hu Suffix hu suffix superessive case suffix case suffixes hu superessive on hu szék chair széken on [a/the] chair hu Az asztal mellett ültem egy széken. I sat on a chair next to the table. hu A széken könyvek hevertek. There were books on the chair. Usage notes See also :Category:Hungarian terms taking -n/-on/-en/-ön :Category:Hungarian noun forms Etymology 2 adverb-forming_suffixhu adverb-forming_suffix hu Suffix hu suffix hu adverb hu deadjectival adverb-forming suffix -ly. Added to an adjective to create an adverb. hu szép beautiful szépen beautifully hu könnyű light, easy könnyen easily hu bő ample bőven amply hu hű faithful híven faithfully, aside from the regular hu hűen In Hungarian, this adverb form is used for certain complements that are adjectives in English. hu Nyersen eszi a répát. S/he eats carrots raw. hu number hu denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix Added to a numeral or a pronoun with this sense to create an adverb, expressing the number of people. hu kettő two ketten two people, two of us/you/them hu Ketten vannak a szobában. There are two people in the room. hu öt five öten five people, five of us/you/them hu hét seven heten seven people, seven of us/you/them hu Heten mentünk moziba. Seven of us went to the cinema. hu kevés few kevesen few people, few of us/you/them hu Sokan vannak a meghívottak, de kevesen a választottak. For many are called, but few are chosen. hu ezer thousand ezren a thousand people, a thousand of us/you/them hu elég enough elegen enough (of us/you/them), sufficient number of people Usage notes Derived terms hu adverb hu adverb -en (number) Etymology 3 verb-forming_suffixhu verb-forming_suffix hu Suffix hu suffix hu verb hu verb-forming suffix Added to a stem — often an onomatopoeia — to form a verb expressing an instantaneous action. hu reccsen to crackle, to make one cracking sound hu retten to be frightened, to recoil, to flinch, to shy away from Usage notes verb-forming suffix Variants: hu -on verb is added to some back-vowel words hu -an verb is added to back-vowel words hu -en verb is added to front-vowel words Derived terms hu verb Etymology 4 third-person_suffixhu third-person_suffix hu Suffix hu suffix hu personal hu personal suffix chiefly dialectal or archaic yhu dialectal terms suffixes with archaic senses Forms the indefinite third-person singular suffix (currently only in the imperative mood as part of hu -jen, formerly also occurring in the indicative). hu nincsen he/she/it isn't, there is none of it hu van van/lenni to be → hu legyen he/she/it should be, there should be hu kér to ask/request kérjen he/she/it should ask for some[thing] hu megy to go megyen he/she/it goes, is going in the standard language: hu megy hu vesz to take/grab veszen he/she/it takes/grabs in the standard language: hu vesz hu visz to take/carry viszen he/she/it takes/carries in the standard language: hu visz Usage notes personal suffix Variants: hu -n personal is added to certain irregular stems hu -on personal is added to back-vowel words hu -en personal is added to unrounded front-vowel words hu -ön personal is added to rounded front-vowel words See also Appendix:Hungarian suffixes Further reading Q13780671. A magyar nyelv 3. személyeket jelölő morfémái (“Third-person morphemes in Hungarian”). In: Nyelvtudományi Közlemények, vol. 116, Budapest, 2020, pp. 7–70. Q1028376. A nincs és a nincsen. In: Magyar Nemzet, January 16, 2003. suffix of the adverb of number , p. 189 (p. 204 in the PDF) hu terms with multiple lemma etymologies terms with multiple morpheme etymologies Iberian Etymology Unknown, might be related to xib -e destinative suffix. Pronunciation xib [en] Suffix xib suffix Genitive suffix. Further reading Eduardo Orduña [Aznar], Los numerales ibéricos y el protovasco Japanese Romanization えん Low German Pronunciation nds /ən/ Etymology 1 From nds gml -inge, from nds osx -unga, from nds gem-pro *-ingō, gem-pro *-ungō. Cognate with nl -ing, sv -ning, de -ung, en -ing. Alternative forms nds -eng -ing -ink -ung Suffix nds suffix f forms nouns from verbs (called gerunds) or other nouns, usually describing either an event in which an action is carried out, or the result of that action; the equivalent of en -ing 1 nds bedüden to mean de Bedüden the meaning nds Huus house de Hüsen the dwelling Derived terms nds Aflösen Afstimmen Anwiesen Bedüden Bereken Beropen Beschrieven Besinnen Besluten Bewegen Düngen Forschen Füern Gliekstellen Globaliseren Höpen Hüsen Levern Menen Nähren Opmuntern Överdüngen Regeren Reken Stärken Stiften Tehren Ümwanneln Ümweltbelasten Ünnerscheden Ünnerstütten Utdüden Uttehren Utwiesen Verafscheden Verfaten Verklappen Verköhlen Verornen Verplichten Versammeln Versöken Vertellen Verwanneln Verwohren Verwunnern Wickeln Etymology 2 From nds gml -en, a blending of Old Saxon infinitives osx -an, osx -ian and osx -on, from nds gem-pro *-aną. Suffix nds suffix Used to form the infinitive of verbs. Alternative forms nds -'n Luxembourgish Etymology lb Pronunciation lb /en/ [ən] Suffix lb suffix lb plural Used for some nouns to form plural forms. Used to show the infinitive form of verbs. A suffix which is used to create adjectives that refer to materials Usage notes The suffix -en, like any ending that involves either -n or -nn, is subject to the Eifeler Regel. For example, lb Versioune weisen. Derived terms lb Malay Etymology Brunei Malaysia Singapore From ms en -ent, from ms enm -ent, also enm -ant, enm -aunt, etc., from ms fro -ent and its source ms la -ēns (accusative singular la -entem), suffix of present participles of verbs in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th conjugations. Indonesia From ms nl -ent. Pronunciation Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore ms [-ən] Indonesia ms [-ɛn] ms -en Suffix ms suffix Bruneian, Malaysian and Singaporean Jawi spelling ـن Indonesian Jawi spelling ـين ms unproductive -ent. ms residen resident ms presiden president ms insiden incident Derived terms ms ms unproductive suffixes Middle Dutch Etymology 1 A merger of various infinitive suffixes: The strong infinitive dum odt -an, from dum gem-pro *-aną. The weak class 1 infinitive dum odt -en, odt -ien, from dum gem-pro *-janą, gem-pro *-ijaną. The weak class 2 infinitive dum odt -on, from dum gem-pro *-ōną. Suffix dum suffix inflectional suffixes The ending of the infinitive form of verbs, used as a suffix to form new verbs as well. Descendants nl -en Etymology 2 From the dum odt - strong past participle ending odt -an, from dum gem-pro *-anaz. Suffix dum suffix inflectional suffixes The ending of the past participle of strong verbs. Descendants nl -en Etymology 3 From various first- and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs. Suffix dum suffix inflectional suffixes The ending of the first- and third-person plural forms of verbs. Descendants nl -en Etymology 4 From dum odt *-īn, from dum gem-pro *-īnaz. Suffix dum suffix adjective-forming suffixes dum -in Middle English Etymology 1 enm participial :inh ang:-en From enm ang -en and enm non -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs, from enm gmq-pro -ᛁᚾᚨᛉ *-inaz, both from enm gem-pro *-inaz, gem-pro *-anaz past participle ending of strong verbs. Alternative forms enm -e enm -n after vowels and, especially later, /r/ Suffix enm suffix Denotes the past participle form when attached to a strong verb. Usage notes In many cases, enm y- and -en were added together as a circumfix, though y- is best preserved in those dialects which reduce this suffix to -e. The full -en was better-preserved in the Northern and Midland Middle English, whereas in Southern and Kentish Middle English, it was often weakened to -e. Derived terms enm -en (participial) Descendants en -en past participle gmw-msc -en -in sco -en References -en suf.(3) MED13518 24 April 2018 Etymology 2 enm infinitival :inh ang:-an<id:infinitival> From enm ang -an infinitival. Originally used with strong verbs, class 1 weak verbs, and preterite-present verbs in Old English. It later absorbed the class 2 weak verb suffix enm -ien (from ang -ian) when the latter widely merged into it via syncopation of the medial vowel; see that entry for more. Alternative forms enm -e enm -yn especially <<Norfolk>> enm -n after vowels Suffix enm suffix Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs. Usage notes Like with the participial suffix, -en was mostly reduced to -e or lost in Southern and Kentish Middle English. However, it is also almost entirely absent from Northern Middle English, even though it maintains -en in the participle; this is perhaps due to influence from Old Norse, which had an infinitive ending in non -a but a past participle ending in non -inn. Even in Midland Middle English, where it is best preserved, it tends to be sharply recessive in later Middle English, perhaps due to the combined influence of more northerly and southerly dialects. In poetry, there is a tendency to use -en before vowels or /h/ to break up hiatus, but -e otherwise; this may have been a feature of natural speech to a certain degree and can thus be compared to the alternation between e.g. enm a and enm an. This suffix tends to be better preserved in monosyllabic verbs such as enm don to do to do and enm gon go to go than in others. Conjugation - Derived terms enm -en (infinitival) Related terms enm -ene inflected infinitive inflected infinitive Descendants en -en infinitive obsolete gmw-msc -en -in literary, under Chaucerian influence 1 References -en suf.(3) MED13518 24 April 2018 6 107 221-247 2 77-101 Etymology 3 enm verb plural enm ang -on past indicative plural, ang -en present and past subjunctive plural, from a generalisation of the Proto-West Germanic third-person forms gmw-pro -ēn -(j)ēn present subjunctive, gmw-pro -un past indicative, and gmw-pro -īn past subjunctive, from enm gem-pro *-ain, gem-pro *-un and gem-pro *-īn, from enm ine-pro *-oyh₁n̥t, ine-pro *-n̥t (for earlier ine-pro *-ént) and ine-pro *-ih₁ént. Alternative forms enm -e Suffix enm suffix Denotes the past indicative plural form of verbs. Denotes the present and past subjunctive plural form of verbs. enm EM WM Denotes the present indicative plural form of verbs. Usage notes This suffix was increasingly reduced to enm -e over the course of the period, though it survived in the local speech of the north West Midlands beyond the Middle English period and even into the 20th century; see modern en -en plural verb ending. In East and West Midland Middle English, this suffix is found as a present indicative plural, replacing the earlier enm -eth (from ang -aþ) retained in Kentish, Southern, and South Midland Middle English. This is usually held to be due to the analogy of the subjunctive and past, but Bryan posits influence from the preterite-present verbs as formal confusion between them and other verbs existed already in Old English. Due to the analogy of the Northern Subject Rule, verbs sometimes take this suffix when a personal pronoun functioning as a subject immediately precedes or follows and enm -eth plural otherwise in the central East Midlands and northern East Anglia. Derived terms enm -en (verb plural) Descendants en -en plural verb ending north West Midlands, obsolete References -en suf.(7) MED13522 24 April 2018 January 1921 Bryan W. F. The Midland Present Plural Indicative Ending -e(n) w:Modern Philology 17 9 10.1086/387354 1545-6951 9970469183 w:University of Chicago Press w:Chicago 457-473 https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/387354. 235-244 Etymology 4 enm noun plural :inh ang:-an<id:n-stem> From enm ang -an n-stem, a plural and oblique case marker. Alternative forms enm -n after vowels Suffix enm suffix inflectional suffixes enm noun plural Denotes the plural form of weak nouns. enm Early ME Denotes the oblique cases and plural forms of weak adjectives. enm Early ME rare Denotes the genitive or dative singular of certain nouns. Usage notes This suffix as a marker of the plural is most heavily used in Early Middle English, and is generally most predominant in Kentish, Southern, and south West Midland Middle English, whereas more northerly dialects supplanted it with enm -es plural from an early stage except in a few relics. Nouns that take this suffix (see :Category:Middle English weak nouns) tend to be either Old English weak nouns/n-stems, which already took a plural in this suffix's etymon ang -an n-stem, or nouns which took vocalic plurals in ang -a/ang -e (ō-stems, u-stems) or ang -u (neuter a-stems). However, even in varieties where -en is frequent, some of these nouns take enm -es plural, though it is also appears in loans from Old French and Old Norse, enm schon shoes from the masculine a-stems, and the double plurals enm kyn kine kine and enm -ren. Derived terms enm -en (noun plural) Descendants en -en plural noun mostly unproductive gmw-msc -n -en -in unproductive, in e.g. gmw-msc ene and gmw-msc owsyn sco -n -en unproductive, in e.g. sco een and sco ousen References -en suf.(5) MED13520 24 April 2018 -en suf.(6) MED13521 24 April 2018 7 210 66 Etymology 5 enm dative plural From enm ang -an -um, later form of ang -um, from enm gmw-pro *-um, from a conflation of several enm gem-pro - suffixes. Alternative forms enm -e dative plural Suffix enm suffix inflectional suffixes enm Early ME uncommon Denotes the dative plural of nouns and adjectives. enm Early ME very <<rare>> Denotes the dative singular of strong adjectives. Usage notes For the function of the dative in Middle English, see the usage notes at the dative singular suffix enm -e dative. As well as in the common nouns enm adawe and enm hade, enm havede, this suffix remains fossilised in post-Early Middle English placenames and bynames/surnames such as enm Clottyheiȝen and enm Webbegrenen, though in many cases it was likely interpreted as the enm -en adjectival suffix adjectival (Etymology 6). References -en suf.(5) MED13520 24 April 2018 -en suf.(6) MED13521 24 April 2018 features 224 Etymology 6 enm :inh ang:-en<id:adjectival> adjectival From enm ang -en characteristic of; made of, from enm gmw-pro *-īn, from enm gem-pro *-īnaz. Alternative forms enm -ene -in -on -un -yn enm -n after vowels Suffix enm suffix Attached to a noun to form an adjective describing something as made of that material. enm uncommon Attached to a noun to form an adjective describing something as characteristic of, like, or pertaining to that noun. Usage notes The affixation of -en is occasionally accompanied by Germanic umlaut umlaut of the root vowel, especially in Early Middle English. Furthermore, it may cause the same alternations in the noun stem as the plural suffix enm -es plural, as in enm brasen brass, brazen. Derived terms enm -en (adjectival) Descendants en -en adjective gmw-msc -in sco -en References -en suf.(2) MED13517 24 April 2018 Etymology 7 From enm ang -en. Suffix enm suffix noun-forming suffixes enm diminutive Denotes a diminutive form of a noun. Derived terms enm -en (diminutive) Descendants en -en diminutive noun Etymology 8 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm genitive plural enm -ene genitive plural Etymology 9 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm feminine enm -ene feminine Etymology 10 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -enen Norwegian Bokmål Etymology 1 nb non -inn masculine definite singular ending, originally the enclitic form of non hinn the, that. Compare nn -en, da -en, sv -en, is -inn and fo -in definite singular ending. Pronunciation nb /ən/ nb ən 1 nb -en Suffix nb suffix An inflectional suffix forming the definite singular of masculine nouns, corresponding to English “the”. nb mann -en man definite singular suffix → nb mannen the man nb bil -en car definite singular suffix → nb bilen the car nb stol -en chair definite singular suffix → nb stolen the chair Forming the definite singular of feminine nouns when they are inflected according to the masculine or common-gender pattern. nb bok book → nb boken the book nb dør door → nb døren the door Usage notes Feminine nouns which permit both feminine and masculine inflection may have parallel definite forms in nb -a and nb -en: nb boka or nb boken, nb døra or nb døren. When a noun ends in unstressed ⟨e⟩, only nb -n is visibly added, rather than the full ending nb -en: nb kvinne woman → nb kvinnen the woman nb jente girl → nb jenten the girl The full ending follows stems ending in most consonants and may also follow a stressed vowel: nb sko shoe → nb skoen the shoe. When a definite noun is preceded by a demonstrative or an attributive adjective, Bokmål normally uses double definiteness: den mannen, den gamle mannen, den store bilen. This suffix is historically related to the independent definite determiner nb den the, that. It is distinct from the indefinite article and numeral nb en a, an; one. See also nb -n definite singular ending after unstressed e nb -a feminine definite singular ending nb -et neuter definite singular ending Etymology 2 nb gem-pro *-īnaz belonging to, characterized by, made of, an adjective-forming suffix. Compare nn -en, da -en, sv -en, de -en and en -en adjective-forming suffix. Pronunciation nb /ən/ nb ən 1 nb -en Suffix nb suffix Forming adjectives from nouns, indicating that something belongs to, resembles, is characterized by, is suited for, or is inclined towards what the noun denotes. nb ull -en wool characterized by, resembling → nb ullen woolly; vague nb mugg -en mould characterized by → nb muggen mouldy; sullen nb pyse -en coward, wimp characterized by → nb pysen cowardly, timid Forming adjectives from verbs or verbal roots, often denoting a characteristic state, behaviour or tendency. nb furte -en to sulk characterized by the action → nb furten sulky nb slurve -en to be careless, do sloppily characterized by the action → nb slurven sloppy, careless nb snike -en to sneak characterized by the action → nb sniken sneaky, underhanded Usage notes Adjectives formed with this suffix normally inflect with the endings: masculine and feminine indefinite singular: -en neuter indefinite singular: -ent definite singular and plural: -ne nb ullen — nb ullent — nb ullne nb muggen — nb muggent — nb mugne nb kresen — nb kresent — nb kresne The suffix is chiefly found in established and lexicalized adjectives. It is not freely attachable to any noun or verb. Meanings may have developed beyond the transparent meaning of the base. nb ullen, for example, can mean both “woolly” and figuratively “vague, unclear”. Some verb-derived forms continue or resemble older participles, and the boundary between this derivational suffix and the past-participle ending in Etymology 3 is not always synchronically clear. Not every adjective ending in ⟨en⟩ contains this suffix. Words such as nb åpen open and nb liten small have separate etymologies. Derived terms nb disen hazy nb drukken drunk nb furten sulky nb galen mad, crazy nb ilsken angry, irascible nb kresen picky, fastidious nb lunken lukewarm nb muggen mouldy; sullen nb pysen cowardly, timid nb slåpen limp, sluggish nb slurven sloppy, careless nb sniken sneaky, underhanded nb sveisen smart, dashing nb uggen unwell, uneasy nb ullen woolly; vague Etymology 3 nb non -inn strong past-participle ending, from nb gem-pro *-anaz strong past-participle ending. Compare nn -en, da -en, sv -en and en -en strong past-participle ending. Pronunciation nb /ən/ nb ən 1 nb -en Suffix nb suffix An inflectional ending forming the indefinite masculine and feminine singular of the past participles of many strong verbs, normally together with a change in the verbal stem. nb skrive to write → nb skreven written nb finne to find → nb funnen found nb drikke to drink → nb drukken drunk Usage notes These participles normally have separate neuter, definite and plural forms: nb skreven — nb skrevet — nb skrevne nb funnen — nb funnet — nb funne The neuter or uninflected form is also commonly permitted with masculine and feminine nouns: en skreven tekst or en skrevet tekst en funnen gjenstand or en funnet gjenstand The form in nb -en is a past participle, not a supine. After nb ha to have, Bokmål uses the supine: Hun har skrevet teksten, not *har skreven teksten De har funnet nøkkelen, not *har funnen nøkkelen The ending occurs only in the paradigms of certain strong and irregular verbs. Other strong verbs have participles ending in nb -et, nb -t or another form. Some participles have developed independent adjectival meanings, as with nb drukken drunk. See also nb -et supine, neuter and past-participle ending nb -t supine and past-participle ending nb -ne definite and plural participle ending Etymology 4 From international chemical terminology, ultimately from nb grc -ηνή -ēnḗ feminine suffix denoting origin, the feminine form of grc -ηνός -ēnós, from nb ine-pro *-nós adjective-forming suffix. Compare da -en and sv -en chemical suffix. Pronunciation nb /eːn/ nb nb--en.ogg Audio nb eːn 1 nb en nb -en Suffix nb suffix nb organic chemistry Forming the systematic names of alkenes, indicating the presence of a carbon–carbon double bond. nb etan ethane → nb eten ethene nb propan propane → nb propen propene nb butan butane → nb buten butene nb organic chemistry Occurring in certain established or traditional names of hydrocarbons and related compounds. nb acetylen acetylene nb benzen benzene nb etylen ethylene nb propylen propylene Usage notes In systematic alkene names, nb -en replaces nb -an in the name of the corresponding alkane: nb etan → nb eten, nb propan → nb propen. The position of the double bond may be indicated with a number, as in nb but-2-en but-2-ene. Compounds with two or more double bonds use expanded endings such as -dien and -trien: nb butadien butadiene, nb heksatrien hexatriene. The ending in traditional names does not always indicate an alkene. nb acetylen is an alkyne, while nb benzen is an aromatic hydrocarbon. Modern systematic names of alkynes use nb -yn, as in nb etyn ethyne and nb propyn propyne. Nouns containing the chemical suffix may be masculine or neuter and have differing plural paradigms; their inflection should be checked individually. Derived terms nb acetylen acetylene nb benzen benzene nb buten butene nb eten ethene nb etylen ethylene nb propen propene nb propylen propylene See also nb -an alkane-forming suffix nb -yn alkyne-forming suffix References mann bok “-en”, Det Norske Akademis ordbok. skrive finne “-en”, Det Norske Akademis ordbok. “alkener”, Store norske leksikon. Anagrams nb en ne Norwegian Nynorsk Etymology 1 nn non -inn masculine definite singular ending, originally the enclitic form of non hinn the, that. Compare nb -en, da -en, sv -en, is -inn and fo -in masculine definite singular ending. Suffix nn suffix An inflectional suffix forming the definite singular of masculine nouns, corresponding to English “the”. nn mann -en man definite singular suffix → nn mannen the man nn bil -en car definite singular suffix → nn bilen the car nn stol -en chair definite singular suffix → nn stolen the chair See also nn -a feminine definite singular ending nn -et neuter definite singular ending Etymology 2 nn gem-pro *-īnaz belonging to, characterized by, made of, an adjective-forming suffix. Compare nb -en, da -en, sv -en, de -en and en -en adjective-forming suffix. Suffix nn suffix neuter singular -e or -ent definite singular and plural -ne comparative -nare indefinite superlative -nast definite superlative -naste Forming adjectives from nouns, indicating that something belongs to, resembles, is characterized by, is suited for, or is inclined towards what the noun denotes. nn ull -en wool characterized by, resembling → nn ullen woolly; vague nn mugg -en mould characterized by → nn muggen mouldy; sullen nn pyse -en coward, wimp characterized by → nn pysen cowardly, timid Forming adjectives from verbs or verbal roots, often denoting a characteristic state, behaviour or tendency. nn furta -en to sulk characterized by the action → nn furten sulky nn slurva -en to be careless, do sloppily characterized by the action → nn slurven sloppy, careless nn snika -en to sneak characterized by the action → nn sniken sneaky, underhanded Usage notes Not every adjective ending in ⟨en⟩ contains this suffix. Additionally, a small handful of adjectives, in particular nn ingen and nn liten, have distinct feminine forms (e.g. nn inga and nn lita) and have separate etymologies. Etymology 3 nn non -inn strong past-participle ending, from nn gem-pro *-anaz strong past-participle ending. Compare nb -en, da -en, sv -en and en -en strong past-participle ending. Suffix nn suffix neuter singular -e definite singular and plural -ne comparative -nare indefinite superlative -nast definite superlative -naste An inflectional ending forming the indefinite masculine and feminine singular of the past participles of many strong verbs, normally together with a change in the verbal stem. nn draga to drag → nn dregen dragged nn finna to find → nn funnen found nn bresta to break apart → nn brosten broken Usage notes Unlike the adjective-forming suffix, the indefinite neuter singular for participles of strong verbs is always -e. See also nn -e supine, neuter and past-participle ending nn -t supine and past-participle ending nn -a simple past, supine and past-participle ending Etymology 4 From international chemical terminology, ultimately from nn grc -ηνή -ēnḗ feminine suffix denoting origin, the feminine form of grc -ηνός -ēnós, from nn ine-pro *-nós adjective-forming suffix. Compare nb -en, da -en and sv -en chemical suffix. Suffix nn suffix n definite singular -enet indefinite plural -en definite plural -ena nn organic chemistry Forming the systematic names of alkenes, indicating the presence of a carbon–carbon double bond. nn etan ethane → nn eten ethene nn propan propane → nn propen propene nn butan butane → nn buten butene nn organic chemistry Occurring in certain established or traditional names of hydrocarbons and related compounds. nn acetylen acetylene nn benzen benzene nn etylen ethylene nn propylen propylene See also nn -an n alkane-forming suffix nn -yn n alkyne-forming suffix References nn adjective-forming suffixes Old English Pronunciation -en Etymology 1 ang gmw-pro *-īn, from ang gem-pro *-īną. Suffix n forms diminutive neuter nouns with i-mutation ang mæġeþ<t:girl> mæġden<t:girl><ng:originally “little girl”> ang cocc<t:rooster> ċycen, ċicen<t:chick> ang broþ<t:broth, brewing> bryþen<t:brewing, drink> Declension Neuter -en -enu -en -enu -enes -ena -ene -enum Etymology 2 ang feminine ang gmw-pro *-ini, from ang gem-pro *-inī. Alternative forms ang -in Suffix f ang female forms female equivalent nouns; often with i-mutation ang god<t:(male) god> gyden<t:goddess> with i-mutation ang þēow<t:(male) servant> þēowen<t:female servant> without i-mutation Declension Feminine -enn -en Derived terms ang -en (feminine) Descendants enm -ene feminine not productive Etymology 3 ang :inh gmw-pro:*-īn<id:adjective> adjectival ang gmw-pro *-īn, from ang gem-pro *-īnaz. Suffix forms adjectives meaning “material made of, consisting of”, also sometimes “characteristic of”; with i-mutation ang gold<t:gold> gylden<t:golden> ang ātor<t:poison> ǣtren<t:venomous, poisonous> ang stān<t:stone> stǣnen<t:stonen> ang āc<t:oak> ǣcen<t:oaken> ang trēow<t:tree> triewen<t:wooden> ang līn<t:flax> līnen<t:linen> ang sǣ<t:sea> sǣn<t:marine> ang fæder<t:father> fæderen<t:paternal> Declension -en 1 Descendants enm -en adjectival 1 Etymology 4 ang gmw-pro *-an, from ang gem-pro *-anaz. Suffix forms adjectives meaning “characteristic of”; without i-mutation ang tungol<t:star> tunglen<t:of the stars, sidereal, starry> ang hund<t:dog, hound> hunden<t:canine> Etymology 5 ang gmw-pro *-an, from ang gem-pro *-anaz. Suffix part 1 forms the past participle of strong verbs ang ġecumen come ang ġecorfen carved ang ġeswōgen swooned Etymology 6 ang gem-pro *-īni, from ang gem-pro *-īniz. Sometimes with geminate -nn-, probably due to confusion with the feminine suffix from gem-pro *-inī. Suffix f {{ng|forms nouns from class 1 weak verbs, with i-mutation} ang byrġan<t:to bury> byrġen<t:burying, grave> ang sellan<t:to give, grant> selen<t:giving, gift> ang þiċġan<t:to take, accept> þiġen<t:taking> inflected as strong and weak Declension -enn -en Polish Pronunciation Etymology 1 pl -ene :der grc:-ηνός<id:adjectival> 1 1 Suffix pl suffix m-in pl organic chemistry -ene alkene pl acetyl acetylen Declension s Etymology 2 pl 1 Suffix pl suffix pl -ny short form Derived terms pl Potawatomi Pronunciation Etymology 1 pot Suffix pot suffix an pot intransitive 1 pot imperative imperative of pot majige majigen<id:imperative> pot yawe yawen<id:imperative> pot zhishigwé<id:to rattle> zhishigwen<id:to rattle> Derived terms pot majigen pot yawen pot zhishigwen See also pot -êk Etymology 2 pot alg-pro *-anki. Cognate to oj -an. Suffix pot suffix in pot intransitive 1 pot to be to be pot -et<id:to be> -mget -ya pot wab-<id:bright> waben Derived terms pot waben See also pot -eze Etymology 3 pot alg-pro *-ali. Cognate to oj -n,-an,-iin, mez -an,-on, sac -ani, sjw -ali, and mia -a. Suffix pot suffix an pot obviative obviative of pot -on<id:obviative> -yen<id:obviative> pot gizes gizeson pot -ip -ipen pot mko mkon pot nmébne nmébnen Derived terms pot -en (obviative) Suffix pot suffix in pot plural plural of pot -on<id:plural> -yen<id:plural> pot ke -en<id:plural> kin<arrow:1> kiwen<fulljoiner:, > pot nwe nwin pot wabgon wabgonin pot zhadi zhadin Derived terms pot -en (plural) See also pot -êk Etymology 4 pot alg-pro *-ani. Cognate to oj -an. Suffix pot suffix in pot nominalizer nominalizer (see usage notes) pot -gën pot zhishigwé<id:to rattle> zhishigwen<id:gourd> Usage notes Can be used with a verb to mean thing used to accomplish Derived terms pot zhishigwen See also pot -wen References 45 Romani Alternative forms rom -ěn International Standard Etymology rom sa -आन्. Suffix rom suffix Forms the accusative plural of oikoclitic animate nouns rom rrom Romani man rromen rom daj mother dajen Derived terms rom -en- rom inflectional suffixes Scots Etymology From sco enm -en, from sco ang -en characteristic of; made of. Suffix sco suffix Attached to a noun to form an adjective describing something as characteristic of, like, or pertaining to that noun. sco made of Attached to a noun that denotes a material to form an adjective describing something as made of that material. Derived terms sco aiken Slovene Etymology sl :inh sla-pro:*-ьnъ 1 1 Pronunciation -ən Suffix sl suffix -ən Suffix appended to words to create an adjective. Derived terms sl Spanish Etymology From es la -ent and la -unt. Suffix es suffix form -ar -er -ir See also es -an Swedish Pronunciation sv /-ɛn/ Etymology 1 sv article From forms of sv non hinn (demonstrative pronoun), suffixed to the end of the noun stem. From sv non -inn, non -in, from sv gem-pro *jainaz, from sv ine-pro *i-. Suffix sv suffix inflectional suffixes Suffix for definite form singular of common gender nouns which end in a consonant, e.g. sv fisk fish fisken the fish; see also sv -n. Definite plural suffix for certain nouns; see also sv -na. sv neuter nouns ending in a consonant sv träd tree träden the trees sv common-gender nouns in the fifth declension (with a suffixless plural) except for those ending in -are sv gäss geese gässen the geese sv the irregular neuter plurals sv ögon ("eyes") and sv öron ("ears") Etymology 2 sv participle From sv non -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs. Suffix sv suffix inflectional suffixes Suffix for the past participle of verbs belonging to the fourth (strong) declension, e.g. sv sjunga sing sjungen sung, sv skjuta shoot skjuten shot. Etymology 3 sv plural sv Suffix sv suffix inflectional suffixes Suffix for indefinite form plural of only the neuter noun sv huvud head, e.g. sv huvud head huvuden heads. Etymology 4 sv adverb sv Suffix sv suffix adverb-forming suffixes Suffix which converts adjectives ending with -lig into adverbs, e.g. sv möjlig possible möjligen possibly. Derived terms sv adverb Anagrams sv en -ne Turkish Pronunciation /en/ [æn] tr æn 1 Etymology 1 tr :inh ota:ـن<tr:-en><ety:inh<trk-oat:ـن<tr:-en><ety:inh<trk-pro:*-gen>>>> 1 ++ Suffix an en y tr suffix form -an pc e tr Ben gerekeni yaptım I did what's necessary tr Bana yardım eden babandı It was your father who helped me Etymology 2 tr :inh ota:ـاً<tr:-en><ety:uder<ar:ـًا>> 2 1 Suffix tr suffix Forms adverbs from words of Arabic origin. tr tamam tamamen Derived terms tr adverb tr heteronyms Welsh Pronunciation cy /ɛn/ cy-N,standard,colloquial cy /an/ cy-N,colloquial cy /ɛn/ cy-S Etymology 1 From cy wlm -en, from cy owl -en, from cy cel-bry-pro *-enn. Cognate with kw -en, br -enn. Suffix cy suffix f masculine -yn Used to form the singulative of certain words. cy llygod mice llygoden mouse cy sêr stars seren star cy coed trees, wood coeden tree Used to form certain singular words. cy llysywen eel cy matsien match cy taten potato diminutive suffix cy pêl ball pelen little ball, pellet cy lloer moon lloeren satellite cy gwraig woman, wife gwreigen little woman, little wife female or feminine person or creature cy coch red cochen (female) redhead cy clebr gossip, chatter clebren (female) gossip cy gwlith dew gwlithen slug suffix indicating an object, item, thing cy cwyr wax cwyren cake or tablet of wax cy calch lime, chalk calchen limestone cy awyr sky awyren aeroplane cy crwm curved cromen dome Etymology 2 Pronunciation cy /ɛn/ cy-N,standard,colloquial cy /ai̯n/ cy-N,colloquial cy /ɛn/ cy-S Suffix cy suffix Used to form plural nouns. cy -aid -aint -au -ed -edd -i -iadau -iaid -iau -ion -od -oedd -on -ydd -yr -ys cy ych ox ychen oxen Etymology 3 Alternative forms cy -sen Suffix cy suffix cy colloquial verb suffix for the first-person plural conditional cy colloquial verb suffix for the third-person plural conditional Derived terms cy References Yucatec Maya Suffix yua suffix Suffix indicating the first-person singular present copular; added to nouns and adjectives yua Koolnáalen. I am a farmer. yua Teen, na'en. I am a mother. yua Uk'ajen. I am thirsty. Suffix yua suffix Suffix indicating the second-person singular imperative for certain intransitive verbs yua Ooken! Enter! Related terms yua -nen Zazaki Suffix zza suffix (Southern Zazaki) zza -eneWerner, Brigitte (2012) “A Morphological Sketch of Southern Zazaki” (c) SIL International References