-um

Appendix:Variations of "um" English Pronunciation en /əm/ UK en LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame--um.wav US en LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame--um.wav US Etymology 1 From the homographic case endings of the nominative, accusative, and vocative forms of numerous neuter en la - second declension nouns. Suffix en suffix plural -ums or -a Denotes singular grammatical number. en chemistry Forms the ends of the names of certain elements (such as molybdenum and platinum). Derived terms en Terms which feature the -um suffix criterium datum decennium delirium desideratum erratum forum gymnasium honorarium imperium interbellum<qq:between war(s)> labarum mandatum maximum medium minimum millennium modicum mortuarium museum opium optimum pessarium podium postbellum<qq:after war> referendum sanatorium solarium stadium talcum<qq:any shiny mineral> tedium ultimatum unicum vacuum Valium Translations Latinate singular grammatical number suffix Dutch: nl -um French: fr -um German: de -um Greek: el -ο, el -ον Italian: it -o, it -a Japanese: ja ウム -umu Polish: pl -um n Portuguese: pt -o Spanish: es -o Swedish: sv -um See also en See also -a -ium -on -os -us Etymology 2 Possibly from en 'em. Suffix Denotes transitive verbs in the trade pidgins used between English-speakers and indigenous populations; used derogatorily by extension in English by addition to any verb, transitive or not. en 1871 Mrs. Edward Millett An Australian parsonage; or, The settler and the savage in Western Australia 129 Having finished her return of deaths, she went on to say "Black fellow sick—white lady fowl sendum—white lady kangaroo sendum—master all self eatum—" but here she paused and made an exception in favour of the matron, expressed by the words " Missis not eatum—missis good fellow." en 1896 F J Stimsom King Noanett: A Story of Old Virginia and the Massachusetts Bay 254 "Givum dinner; smokum pipe," was all that we could get out of Quatchett. Derived terms en Terms featuring the -um suffix, in the 'em sense smokum smellum water skookum any sense en Anagrams en mu -mu- MU Mu mu Bislama Alternative forms bi -u colloquial before an object Etymology Suffix bi suffix inflectional suffixes 1 bi -em ; see usage notes below Usage notes References 23 77–81 Catalan Etymology ca :inh la:-ūmen<ety:from<-men>> From ca la -ūmen action noun suffix, an extended form of la -men. Pronunciation um Suffix ca suffix m used to form nouns, usually with a collective and pejorative connotation ca greix grease greixum grime, grunge ca pixar to piss pixum piss, urine Derived terms ca Further reading Dutch Suffix nl suffix inflectional suffixes plural -a or -ums denotes singular grammatical number of words of Latin origins Usage notes Both the plural forms of -a and -ums are used in everyday language, but the latter is sometimes proscribed against. See also nl -s German Pronunciation de /ʊm/ Etymology 1 From de la -um. Suffix de suffix noun-forming suffixes n plural -en or -a generally unproductive suffix found in neuter nouns of Latin origin Etymology 2 As a variant of de -heim through reduction to [əm] and subsequent backing. Compare de -em. This is the only origin in most areas, but along the North Sea coast, where the suffix is most frequent, it sometimes goes back to de ofs -em -em, -um dative plural ending, equivalent to de -en as in de -hausen. Distinguishing both origins is often impossible, however. Suffix de suffix de unproductive a placename suffix, often an de -heim Derived terms de Accum Ackerum Adlum Ahlum Alkersum Alsum Ammersum Amrum Ankum Archsum Arnum Atzum Austum Baccum Bachum Bakum Balkum Baltrum Bargum Barum Bassum Beckum Beinum Bekum Belum Berum Berkum Bettrum Bingum Blersum Bochum Boldixum Bolzum Bondelum Bordelum Borgsum Borkum Bornum Breinum Breklum Borsum Börßum Brinkum Brockum Bültum Büsum Canum Carum Cirkwehrum Critzum Dahlum Dalum Damsum Dersum Dettum Ditzum Dornum Dorum Dötzum Dratum Dunsum Dunum Eckum Eickum Eilum Eilsum Einum Eitzum Esklum Extum Filsum Freepsum Flechum Fulkum Garbolzum Grimersum Gyhum Hamswehrum Harsum Harum Hassum Hatzum Haxtum Heersum Heinum Heissum Herbrum Herßum Heyersum Hilmarsum Holsthum Holtum Holum Hönnersum Hommersum Hörnum Horum Hötzum Hüddessum Husum Imsum Itzum Jarssum Jemgum Kalkum Karlum Kehrum Keitum Kirchborgum Klintum Kökelsum Kölsum Krukum Kuckum Landersum Latum Leversum Loccum Logabirum Loikum Loppersum Lucklum Luttrum Luttum Lutum Machtsum Mahlum Matrum Mehrum Mesum Midlum Morsum Muckum Mulsum Mundersum Mussum Nieblum Oberhelsum Ochtersum Ochtum Oedelum Oevenum Ohlum Ohrum Oldsum Oppum Östrum Pelkum Petkum Pewsum Pogum Polsum Querum Rantum Reckelsum Reckum Reeßum Risum Roklum Rorichum Röttum Rötzum Rysum Siegelsum Sillium Sorsum Sottrum Stadum Stedum Stockum Struckum Styrum Süderlügum Sussum Sustrum Sutrum Sydikum Tetekum Thunum Tinnum Toftum Twixlum Utersum Uthwerdum Uttum Vahnum Vanikum Vernum Vinnum Vöhrum Vossum Wachtum Waggum Walchum Walsum Wankum Watzum Wätzum Wehrum Werdum Wessum Westrum Westum Winkum Wirdum Witsum Wrixum Wybelsum Hungarian Etymology From hu la -um 2nd declension neuter nominative singular termination. Pronunciation Suffix hu suffix A distinguishable foreign word-ending in nouns of Latin origin. It is not considered an independent Hungarian suffix. hu abszurdum absurdity See also Appendix:Hungarian suffixes References Attila Mártonfi: The System of the Hungarian Suffixes, Theses of PhD Dissertation, Budapest, 2006 Icelandic Etymology 1 From is non -um dative plural suffix. Suffix is suffix inflectional suffixes triggers u-mutation of a preceding a used to form the dative plural of most nouns, all strong adjectives and most pronouns is hestur<t:horse> hestum<t:(for) horses> is ríkur<t:rich> ríkum<t:(for) (the) rich> used to form some adverbs from nouns or adjectives — it is actually a frozen dative is stund<t:time, hour> stundum<t:sometimes> is langur<t:long> löngum<t:oftentimes> Etymology 2 From is non -um first person plural suffix. Suffix is suffix inflectional suffixes triggers u-mutation of a preceding a is -a 1 p pres ind//subj v all verbs is brjóta<t:to break> brjótum<t:(we) break><pos:present indicative/subjunctive> is -a 1 p past ind//subj v strong verbs is -ðum -dum -tum -uðum is brjóta<t:to break> brutum<t:(we) broke><pos:past indicative> is brjóta<t:to break> brytum<t:(we) would break><pos:past subjunctive; with i-mutation> Latin Pronunciation um Etymology 1 la :inh itc-ala:-om<id:accusative singular> accusative singular la itc-ala -om accusative singular, from la itc-pro *-om, from la ine-pro *-om thematic masculine singular accusative and neuter singular nominative and accusative ending. Cognate with the grc Ancient Greek - neuter ending grc -ον (from grk-pro *-on) and sa -अम्, both in names and adjectives. Alternative forms la -ũ scribal <<abbreviation>> la -om conditioned variant used after la -v-, la -qu-, la -gu-, la -u- up through the middle of the first century AD Suffix la suffix form la -us acc m s ; nom//acc//voc n s Etymology 2 la :inh itc-ala:-om<id:genitive plural> genitive plural From la itc-ala -om genitive plural, from la itc-pro *-om, from la ine-pro *-oHom genitive plural ending. Alternative forms la -om (conditioned variant used after -v-, -qu-, -gu-, -u- up through the middle of the first century AD) la -ûm, la -ôm; la -ūm, la -ōm (variant spellings previously used in specific contexts in New Latin and modern editions of Old/Classical/Late Latin works. See usage notes.) Suffix la suffix -um inflectional suffixes genitive plural ending found in la -ōrum found in la -ārum regular ending for 3rd-, 4th- and 5th-conjugation terms Sometimes found instead of la -ōrum, la -ārum or la -ium la Varro On the Latin Language 9 85 Sic videtur mihi, quoniam finitum et infinitum habeat dissimilitudinem, non debere utrumque item dici, eo magis quod in ipsis vocabulis ubi additur certus numerus miliar⟨i⟩is aliter atque in reliquis dicitur: nam sic loquontur, hoc mille denarium, non hoc mille denari⟨orum⟩, et haec duo milia denarium, non duo milia denari⟨orum⟩. Si esset denarii in recto casu atque infinitam multitudinem significaret, tunc in patrico denariorum dici oportebat; et non solum in denariis, victoriatis, drachmis, nummis, sed etiam in viris idem servari oportere, cum dicimus iudicium fuisse triumvirum, decem⟨virum, centum⟩-virum, non ⟨triumvirorum, decemvirorum⟩, centum-virorum. Thus it seems to me that since the definite and the indefinite have an inherent difference, the two ought not to be spoken in the same fashion, the more so because in the words themselves, when they are attached to a definite number in the thousands, a form is used which is not the same as that used in other expressions. For they speak thus: mille denarium 'thousand of denarii,' not denariorum, and two milia denarium 'thousands of denarii,' not denariorum. If it were denarii in the nominative and it denoted an indefinite quantity, then it ought to be denariorum in the genitive; and the same distinction must be preserved, it seems to me, not only in denarii, victoriati, drachmae, and nummi, but also in viri, when we say that there has been a decision of the triumvirs, the decemvirs, the centumvirs, all of which have the genitive virum and not virorum. Roland G. Kent 1938 la Cicero Orator 155 Atque etiam a quibusdam sero iam emendatur antiquitas, qui haec reprehendunt. Nam pro 'deum atque hominum fidem', 'deorum' aiunt. Ita credo hoc illi nesciebant: an dabat hanc licentiam consuetudo? Itaque idem poeta qui inusitatius contraxerat: "Patris mei meum factum pudet" pro 'meorum factorum' et "Texitur, exitium examen rapit" pro 'exitiorum', non dicit 'liberum', ut plerique loquimur, cum 'cupidos liberum' aut 'in liberum loco' dicimus, sed ut isti volunt: "Neque tuom unquam in gremium extollas liberorum ex te genus" et idem: "Namque Aesculapi liberorum." At ille alter in Chryse non solum: "Cives, antiqui amici maiorum meum" quod erat usitatum, sed durius etiam: "Consilium socii, augurium atque extum interpretes", idemque pergit: "Postquam prodigium horriferum, portentum pavos"; quae non sane sunt in omnibus neutris usitata. Nec enim dixerim tam lubenter 'armum iudicium',—etsi est apud eundem: "Nihilne ad te de iudicio armum accidit?"—quam 'centuriam', ut censoriae tabulae locuntur, 'fabrum et procum' audeo dicere, non 'fabrorum' et 'procorum'; planeque 'duorumvirorum iudicium' aut 'triumvirorum capitalium' aut 'decemvirorum stlitibus iudicandis' dico nunquam. Atqui dixit Accius: "Video sepulcra dua duorum corporum" idemque "Mulier una duom virum". Quid verum sit intellego; sed alias ita loquor ut concessum est, ut hoc vel 'pro deum' dico vel 'pro deorum', alias ut necesse est, cum triumvirum, non virorum, et sestertium, nummum, non sestertiorum, nummorum, quod in his consuetudo varia non est. And even the ancients are corrected now, late in the day, by certain people who find fault with these things. So for 'deum atque hominum fidem', they say 'deorum'. I suppose those of the past did not know the latter usage; or did custom grant this license? Thus the same poet who had used the more unusual contractions "Patris mei meum factum pudet" for 'meorum factorum' and "Texitur, exitium examen rapit" for 'exitiorum', did not say 'liberum', as very many of us do, when we say 'cupidos liberum' or 'in liberum loco', but said 'liberorum' as those people want: "Neque tuom unquam in gremium extollas liberorum ex te genus" and again "Namque Aesculapi liberorum." On the other hand, that other poet in Chryses not only says "Cives, antiqui amici maiorum meum", which was customary then, but also more harshly "Consilium socii, augurium atque extum interpretes", and then proceeds to say "Postquam prodigium horriferum, portentum pavos", which certainly are not customary in all neuter nouns. And truly I would not so freely say 'armum iudicium'—although it is found in the same author: "Nihilne ad te de iudicio armum accidit?"—as I would say 'centuriam fabrum et procum', as the census records say, not 'fabrorum' and 'procorum'; and by all means I never say 'duorumvirorum iudicium' or 'triumvirorum capitalium' or 'decemvirorum stlitibus iudicandis'. And yet Accius said "Video sepulcra dua duorum corporum" and also "Mulier una duom virum". I know what is correct, but sometimes I speak in such a manner as is allowed, such as in this case I say either 'pro deum' or 'pro deorum [fidem]', sometimes as is required, when I say triumvirum, not virorum, and sestertium, nummum, not sestertiorum, nummorum, because in these cases usage is not variable. Usage notes Latin genitive plural forms take the ending -um either by itself, or with additional preceding material (generally determined by the word's declension class). First and second declension nouns and adjectives usually have genitive plural forms ending in -ārum and -ōrum, but some words can take the short ending -um (without preceding -ār-/-ōr-) instead: this is common with words denoting weights, measures and monetary value and with distributive numerals.Roby, Henry John. A Grammar of the Latin Language from Plautus to Suetonius, Volume 1, (1872), page 124Zumpt, Karl Gottlob. A Grammar of the Latin Language, Fourth Edition, translated by John Kenrick (1836), page 10 In the second declension, the short genitive plural in -um can be found: in distributive numerals: e.g. la bīnus in names of weights and measures: la dēnārius, la medimnum, la nummus, la sēstertius, la stadium, la talentum in la deus and la dīvus (the latter having the archaic genitive plural form divom, spelled with O due to the preceding V) in various other words, especially in poetry In the first declension, the short genitive plural in -um can be found: in the Greek-derived measure words la amphora and la drachma (less frequently than drachmārum) in dactylic verse, in compounds of -cola and -gena in dactylic verse, in some masculine Greek proper nouns, such as patronymics The spelling -ûm (or -ôm after V/U), introduced in the Renaissance, is used in some New Latin texts for forms such as amphorûm and deûm. These forms were misinterpreted as contractions of amphorārum and deōrum and were therefore incorrectly assumed to end in -ūm (with a vowel long by nature) in contrast to -ŭm (with a vowel short by nature, as in accusative singular deum). Compare the use of the circumflex in New Latin to distinguish the ablative ending -â (with long ā) from the nominative/vocative ending -a (with short ă) in first declension singular nouns, or to mark third-person plural perfect forms ending in -ēre, which was assumed to be a "contracted" form of the alternative ending -ērunt (e.g. fuêre, taken to be a contraction of fuerent1860 Varronianus: A Critical and Historical Introduction to the Ethnography of Ancient Italy and to the Philological Study of the Latin Language John William Donaldson 3rd 303 https://books.google.com/books?id=7whCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA303). However, the assumed distinction in vowel length between genitive plural deûm with long ū and accusative singular deum with short ŭ is outdated: according to modern etymological understanding, all Latin words ending in -um, regardless of their case, number or declension, were pronounced in Classical Latin with a short vowel in the final syllable.Charles E. Bennett The Latin Language – a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax Hidden Quantity Boston Allyn and Bacon 1907 46-48 https://archive.org/details/latinlanguagehis00bennuoft/page/46 Charles E. Bennett (scholar)Piet Steenbakkers, Spinoza's Ethica from Manuscript to Print: Studies on text, form and related topics, 1994, page 78 Rather than being contractions, second-declension genitive plural forms in -um such as deum are archaisms showing the original Proto-Indo-European inflection pattern for nouns of this declension. Third declension words that have genitive plurals ending in -um as an alternative to -ium have also been spelled with -ûm, again with the justification that the shorter ending is interpreted as being a contraction of the longer variant.A Clue for Young Latinists, and Non-Latinists, to trace the original forms and signification of nouns and verbs, from their terminations, alphabetically arranged, with explanatory references to the grammar Carey John 1821 London https://books.google.com/books?id=02ZiAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA63 63 Examples are coelestûm and caedûm used as spellings of the short genitive plurals of la coelestis and la caedes (compared to the long forms la coelestium and la caedium).Walker, William. Some improvements to the art of teaching, especially in the first grounding of a young scholar in grammar learning. Shewing a short, sure, and easie way to bring a scholar to variety and elegancy in writing Latine. Written for the help and ease of all ushers of schools, and country school-masters, and for the use and profit of all younger scholars. 2nd ed. with many additions. 1676. Aside from the contraction hypothesis, the use of the circumflexed spelling -ûm may additionally have been influenced by the use of the circumflex in the spelling of Greek genitive plural forms ending in -ῶν.lt 2007 Mindaugas Strockis Klasikinių kalbų kirčio žymėjimo įtaka lietuvių kirčio žymėjimui PhD dissertation Vilnius References Old English Alternative forms ang -an -um late, confused ang -ū scribal abbreviation Etymology From ang gmw-pro *-um, possibly from ang gem-pro *-amaz with reduction and analogical zero-grade, ultimately from ang ine-pro *-mos, the dative-ablative plural ending. Cognate to modern de -en and pl -om. Suffix nounf adjf 1 forms the dative plural of essentially all nouns ang hund<t:dog> hundum<t:dogs> ang sċip<t:ship> sċipum<t:ships> forms the strong and weak dative and instrumental plural of adjectives forms the strong dative singular of masculine and neuter adjectives Usage notes The abbreviated form -ū is used inconsistently in writing, even within the same text; for example, line 5 of Beowulf includes the text ang monegum monegū ang mægþum, which contains both the abbreviated and unabbreviated forms Descendants enm -en dative plural early, through the variant ang -an -um 1 Old Irish Etymology sga Pronunciation sga /um/ Suffix sga suffix personal pronouns suffixed pronoun me Derived terms sga See also Old Norse Etymology non Suffix non suffix inflectional suffixes used to form the dative plural of essentially all nouns and adjectives, as well as most pronouns armr → ǫrmum used to denote the 1st person plural forms in the active indicative and imperative forms of most verbs Palula Etymology phl Pronunciation phl /-um/ Suffix phl suffix First person singular suffix Alternative forms phl -úum With a- and e-ending verb stems phl -áam With a- and e-ending verb stems in Biori References Pijin Etymology Suffix pis suffix inflectional suffixes 1 pis -em ; see usage notes below Usage notes References 106–7, 113–8 -em 42 Polish Etymology pl nominal :lbor la:-us<alt:-um><id:second declension> + 1 Pronunciation um Suffix pl suffix n suffix used in singular forms of Latin neuter borrowings Declension Derived terms pl Scots Alternative forms sco -im, sco -om, sco -am, sco -em Etymology 1 From sco enm -um, from sco ang -um, dative plural ending used to form adverbials. Suffix sco suffix sco rare Used to form adverbs. sco legim astride Etymology 2 Probably of jocular formation, based partly on Latin la -um and partly an altered form of sco -ings -in(g)s, a verbal noun ending. Suffix sco suffix Added to nouns or verbs to form nouns with diminutive or hypocoristic force Swedish Suffix sv suffix n ending used for some words of Latin origin Usage notes The plural is usually either -um or rarely, sv -a, e.g. sv centrum or sv centra. In some words it may also be sv -er, i.e. sv centrer, cf. sv -ium which regularly has a plural on sv -ier, although sometimes also sv -ium in colloquial language. The Latin plural ending sv -a is nowadays proscribed. Derived terms sv See also sv -ium Anagrams sv mu mu Turkish Etymology 1 m Suffix tr suffix form -im u First-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant. tr okul okulum school my school tr kuş kuşum bird my bird tr grup grubum group my group tr burç burcum tower my tower tr periyot periyodum bird my bird tr çocuk çocuğum child my child tr burun burnum nose my nose Etymology 2 ım im um üm y Suffix tr suffix form -im u Conjugation of the verb "to be" for first person singular, simple present tense. tr masum masumum innocent I am innocent tr mutlu mutluyum happy I am happy tr Umut Umut'um Umut I am Umut Personal suffix for "ben" "I" - first person singular tr olmak ol- become + tr -r -(u)r present tense marker + tr -um personal suffix → tr olurum I become Etymology 3 ım im um üm y Suffix tr suffix form -im u Derived terms tr Volapük Suffix vo suffix Used to form the comparative form of adjectives.