-s

-ś -'s Appendix:Variations of "s" English Pronunciation en /s/ after a voiceless consonant sound /p, t, k, f, θ/ en /z/ after a vowel sound or a voiced consonant sound /m, n, ŋ, b, d, ɡ, v, ð, l, ɹ/ en /ɪz/ after a sibilant consonant sound /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/—usually written en -es en /əz/ weak vowel en -'s 's Etymology 1 en plural :inh enm:-es<id:plural> en enm -es plural, enm -s, from en ang -as, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from en gmw-pro *-ōs, from en gem-pro *-ōs, gem-pro *-ōz *‑ōz, from en ine-pro *-es, ine-pro *-oes plural endings. The spread of this ending in later Middle English was once argued to have been the result of xno - influence; however, -as was already the most common Old English plural marker (used in approximately 40% of Old English nouns), and was initially more common in the North of England where French influence was weakest, only later gradually becoming dominant in the south, supplanting the plural ending en -en plural. Cognate with sco -s plural ending, stq -s plural ending, fy -s plural ending, nl -s plural ending, nds -s plural ending, da -er plural ending, sv -r, sv -ar, sv -or plural ending, is -ar plural ending, got -𐍉𐍃 nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns. Not directly related to de -er plural ending which has a different origin. Suffix inflectional suffixes en regular plural Used to form regular plurals of nouns. en one computer → five computers; Kennedy → Kennedys; hanger-on → hangers-on; lapful → lapfuls; cul-de-sac → cul-de-sacs; standby → standbys; push-up → push-ups; gin and tonic → gin and tonics; pair → pairs; beef → beefs en pluralia tantum Used to form many pluralia tantum (nouns that are almost or entirely without singular forms). en shorts en sunglasses Forms names of sciences and fields of studies from adjectives (See Usage notes) en numerical range When appended to a number ending in at least one 0, expresses a range of numbers which share the digits before some or (usually) all of the 0s; frequently used for decades, centuries and temperatures. en We often look back on the 1960s [the years from 1960 to 1969] with rose-tinted glasses. en The Industrial Revolution went into full-swing during the 1800s [the years from 1800 to 1899 – but see usage notes]. en The temperature today will be in the low 30s. en He placed in the 200s in the end. en Sandee LaMotte Dangerous chemicals found in food wrappers at major fast-food restaurants and grocery chains, report says w:CNN https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/25/health/pfas-chemicals-fast-food-groceries-wellness 2022-03-25 High indicators of PFAS (in the 500s) were also found in a Chick-fil-A sandwich wrapper and in fiber bowls at Cava, a Mediterranean restaurant chain.Indicator levels in the 300s and 400s were found in a bag of cookies at Arby’s, bamboo paper plates at Stop & Shop, and in a bag for both cookies and French toast sticks at Burger King.Levels of PFAS indicators in the 200s were found in a Sweetgreen paper bag for focaccia, additional items at Cava, and in bags for french fries, cookies and Chicken McNuggets at McDonald’s. Usage notes regular plurals In semi-formal or formal contexts, where the plurality of a noun depends on some unknown aspect of the sentence, the s may be parenthesised: "The winner(s) will be invited to a prize ceremony." pluralia tantum In this sense we can find some notable topics: branches of knowledge (en biolistics, (astro/aero/bio/electro/micro)en ballistics, en chromatics, en cynegetics, en ecdotics, en eidetics, en exoterics, en irenics, en poliorcetics), related to the suffixes en -ics and en -istics especially those dealing with language (en graphematics, en graphemics, en graphetics, en phonematics, en phonetics) garments and clothes, including symmetric accessories (en dungarees, en knickerbockers, en pedal pushers, en Ray-Bans, en tartans) games and sports (en conkers, en Deaflympics, en Olympics, en Paralympics, en pigeonholes, en tiddlywinks) medical conditions (en cataracts, en flaps) geograhical groups (en Sundas, en Urals) concepts in Law (en mends, en torts) number Decades formed with -s are usually pronounced as if they were written as two separate numbers. For example, 1970s is read as nineteen-seventies, as if it were written as 19 70s, not as *nineteen-hundred seventies or *one thousand nine hundred and seventies. number When the number before the -s ends in more than one zero, there is ambiguity about the range of numbers that is meant. For example, 1800s could mean "the years from 1800 to 1899; the entire 19th century" or "the years from 1800 to 1809; the first decade of the 19th century". The intended meaning can usually be derived from context. Derived terms en regular plural en pluralia tantum Descendants yue - 1 zh -s ja ズ -zu 1 ml -സ് 1 pcm -s 1 sv -s 1 tl -s 1 cy -s 1 Translations regular plurals of nouns Amharic: am -ዎች Arabic: ar ـَانِ d dual, ar ـَيْنِ d dual, ar ـُونَ, ar ـِينَ, ar ـَات Azerbaijani: az -lar, az -lər Basque: eu -ak, eu -ok Burmese: my -တို့ plural marker for nouns or pronouns, my -များ, my -တွေ literary, non-mandatory Catalan: ca -s, ca -es Chinese: Mandarin: cmn 們 men plural marker for humans, non-mandatory Cornish: kw -ow, kw -yow Danish: da -er, da -e Dutch: nl -en, nl -s Esperanto: eo -j Estonian: et -d Finnish: fi -t French: fr -s, fr -x Galician: gl -s, gl -es, gl -is Georgian: ka -ები German: de -e, de -en, de -er, de -s Greek: el -αίοι m-p, el -ήδες m-p, el -άδες m-p f-p, el -ες m-p f-p, el -ές m-p f-p, el -οι m-p f-p, el -οί m-p f-p, el -ούδες m-p f-p, el -ηδες m-p n-p, el -α n-p, el -ατα n-p, el -ά n-p, el -έδες n-p, el -η n-p, el -ή n-p, el -ια n-p Guarani: Paraguayan Guarani: gug -kuéra, gug -nguéra Hanunoo: hnn mga Hebrew: he ־ִים m-p -im, he ־ֵי m-p -ey construct state, he ־וֹת f-p -ot, he ־ִין m-p -in Hungarian: hu -k, hu -ak, hu -ok, hu -ek, hu -ök Icelandic: is -a, is -ar Ido: io -i Irish: ga -anna, ga -acha, ga -a, ga -e, ga -í, ga -te, ga -taí, ga -tí, ga -aigh, ga -ta Italian: it -i, it -e Japanese: ja 達 たち, tachi, ja 等 ら, ​ra, ja 供 ども, ​domo plural markers for humans, non-mandatory Kannada: kn -ಗಳು ( for everything except for humans ), kn -ರು ( for humans ) Kazakh: kk -лар, kk -лер, kk -тар, kk -тер, kk -дар, kk -дер Khakas: kjh -лар, kjh -лер, kjh -нар, kjh -нер, kjh -тар, kjh -тер Korean: ko -들 non-mandatory, ko -네 plural markers for humans Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: kmr -an Latin: la -ī m-p, la -ae f-p, la -a n-p Latvian: lv -s Lithuanian: lt -s Malayalam: ml -കൾ Manx: gv -yn, gv -aghyn, gv -jyn Nahuatl: Classical Nahuatl: nci -h, nci -tin, nci -meh Nigerian Pidgin: pcm -s Norwegian: Bokmål: nb -er Nynorsk: nn -er Nupe: nup -zhì Old Tupi: tpw -etá Persian: fa ـها, fa ـهایی, fa ـهان Polish: pl -i m-in f palatalized, pl -y m-in f depalatalized, pl -a n, pl -owie m-in m-pr strictly only for animate or inanimate masculine nouns Portuguese: pt -s, pt -es, pt -ns, pt -is, pt -ãos, pt -ões, pt -ães Romanian: ro -i, ro -e, ro -uri, ro -le Russian: the plural form depends on the declension type Spanish: es -s, es -es Sundanese: su -ar-, su -al-, su ar-, su -arar- non-mandatory, unproductive Swahili: sw wa-, sw mi-, sw ma-, sw vi- Swedish: sv -ar sv -er sv -or sv -r sv -n Tagalog: tl mga Thai: th พวก, th เหล่า, th ทั้งหลาย non-mandatory, unproductive Tibetan: bo ཚོ, bo རྣམས literary, bo དག literary Turkish: tr -ler, tr -lar Tuvan: tyv -лар, tyv -лер, tyv -нар, tyv -нер, tyv -тар, tyv -тер, tyv -дар, tyv -дер Vietnamese: vi những, vi các, vi mấy Welsh: cy -aid, cy -aint, cy -au, cy -ed, cy -edd, cy -en, cy -i, cy -iaid, cy -iau, cy -ion, cy -od, cy -oedd, cy -on, cy -s, cy -ydd, cy -yr, cy -ys Yakut: sah -лар, sah -лэр, sah -лор, sah -лөр, sah -дар, sah -дэр, sah -дор, sah -дөр, sah -тар, sah -тэр, sah -тор, sah -төр, sah -нар, sah -нэр, sah -нор, sah -нөр See also en other plural-forming suffixes -en -es -i -a -z<ll:nonstandard> Etymology 2 en :inh enm:-es<alt:-(e)s><id:verbal> verbal From en enm -es -(e)s third-person singular ending verbal, from Northumbrian en ang -es, -as third-person singular endings. Gradually replaced the older en -eth, from ang -eþ -(e)þ, ang -aþ, during the Middle English and Early Modern English periods. It is predominantly believed that enm -es -(e)s is identical to the Old English second-person singular ending ang -es, ang -est (cf. archaic Modern English en -est, as in en thou singest). The use for the third-person singular would have been caused by speakers of en non - who switched to speaking English and confounded the endings due to analogy with their native tongue. In Old Norse, the second and third person singular indicative forms were identical (e.g. non þú masar, hann masar; non þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.). An alternative theory sees the shift from /θ/ in enm -eth to /s/ (later /z/) in enm -(e)s as a mere phonetic simplification due to the frequency of the ending, but the objection to this is that no such development can be observed anywhere else in English. Nevertheless the relative similarity in sound between both forms may have facilitated the spread of enm -es. Suffix inflectional suffixes en third-person singular Used to form the third-person singular indicative present tense of verbs. to eat → he eats en nonstandard dialectal Used in various other indicative present tenses. I likes what I likes Usage notes As in modern nonstandard varieties, the -s suffix can be used to mark the third-person plural in Early Modern English. However, it is less common than the modern standard Null morpheme zero ending, and is frequently only found in restricted contexts; for instance, Shakespeare only uses it where a plural subject has "singular" semantics.The third person present plural in Shakespeare’s First Folio: A case of interaction of morphology and syntax? Herbert Schendl Words: Structure, meaning, function. A festschrift for Dieter Kastovsky Berlin Mouton de Gruyte 2000 263-276 See also en other verb endings -ed -en -ing -t References Etymology 3 en adverbial :inh enm:-es<id:adverbial> 1 From en enm -es, from en ang -es, the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of strong nouns. More at en -'s. Suffix adverb-forming suffixes en adverbial en unproductive suffix Used in the formation of certain English adverbs. en forward forwards en downward downwards en alway always en sometime sometimes en betime betimes en while whiles en betide betides en toward towards en beside besides en evening evenings en unaware unawares en Sunday Sundays en night nights Derived terms en -st en adverbial Etymology 4 en patronymic :inh enm:-es<id:possessive> A variant spelling of en -'s from en enm -es<id:possessive>,-s<id:possessive>, partly an archaism, partly by dropping the apostrophe. Alternative forms en -'s on pronouns; now nonstandard en -es obsolete Suffix en possessive pronoun en on pronouns Possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the word bearing the marker. en hers hers; en its its; en ones ones now en one's one’s; en theirs theirs neopronouns: en eirs eirs; en hirs hirs; en pers pers; en thons thons; en xyrs xyrs; en zirs zirs en possessive en on nouns now nonstandard en -'s. en devils doorbell devils doorbell; en dogs-bane dogs-bane; en St. Marys St. Marys; obsolete en kings kings Usage notes In most cases where en -s is found nowadays as a possessive case marker, it is a simple misspelling of en -'s. However, possessive determiners derived from personal pronouns use -s (e.g., en its, not en it's). The same is true of pronouns derived from possessive determiners (e.g., en theirs, not en their's). The possessive form of en who takes -se (en whose, not en who's). Bare -s is used in some business names that derive from possessive family names, e.g., Barclays and Harrods, but compare Sainsbury’s; compare Wikipedia's article on possessives in business names. In speech, /z/ (or /s/) is sometimes added to business names which have neither -s nor -'s in writing, resulting in s-forms. Sometimes used in place names; e.g., Harpers Ferry (formerly spelled “Harper’s Ferry”), en Queens County (note that the former name of County Laois was officially “Queen’s County”, however, the apostrophe-less spelling is well-attested). Derived terms en possessive pronoun en possessive en patronymic Etymology 5 en hypocoristic :clip -sy Modern sense in slang circa 1936. According to Oxford English Dictionary OED, a colloquial clipping of the hypocoristic diminutive suffix en -sy. As American Heritage Dictionary AHD writes, -sy itself usually being informal, ironic and/or jocular, and possibly a combination of en -s regular plural plural marker and conflation of en -y as adjectival with its sense as a diminutive suffix (e.g., en puppy, en kitty), the latter notion probably from en sco -. Suffix en hypocoristic en informal colloquial sometimes _ humorous productive suffix Hypocoristic suffix. en Babs Babs; en moms moms; en pops pops; en homes homes; en toots toots Derived terms en hypocoristic Related terms en -sies Etymology 6 en is Derived from en 's. Verb en verb form clitic clitics en clitic is en Internet slang informal en 's. en whats he talking about Derived terms Unsorted: en Afrikaans Etymology 1 af nl -st. Suffix af suffix noun-forming suffixes plural -ste appended to the stem of a verb, this suffix yields a verbal noun af dien diens Etymology 2 af nl -s (a suffix for forming plurals). Suffix af suffix inflectional suffixes Used to form regular plurals of nouns that end in certain suffixes or syllables, such as -el, -er, -en, -em, -eur, -aar, -aard, diminutive af -ie, etc. af redakteur redakteurs Used to form irregular plurals of many other nouns, chiefly of foreign origin. af ateljee ateljees Etymology 3 af nl -s, from the genitive case of Dutch masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives, af dum -s, dum -es, from af odt -es, odt -is, from af gem-pro *-as, gem-pro *-is. Suffix af suffix inflectional suffixes Used to form the partitive form of the adjective af nuut → iets nuuts af groot → niks groots nie Etymology 4 af nl -s, from earlier nl -sch, from af dum -sch, from af odt -isc, from af gmw-pro *-isk, from af gem-pro *-iskaz, from af ine-pro *-iskos. Suffix af suffix adjective-forming suffixes af adjective Used to form adjectives of characteristic from nouns. af winter winter winters wintery af spel game speels playful Used to form adjectives or language names from place names. af Engeland England Engels English af Finland Finland Fins Finnish Albanian Etymology Possibly akin to xcl -իչ, both reconstructible to a tentative sq ine-pro *-ikʷyo-s, from sq ine-pro kʷey- to gather,16713 228 whence also grc ποιέω to do, sa चिनोति cinóti to arrange, pile up. Suffix sq suffix sq agent Forms agent nouns. sq -ar Usage notes Becomes sq -ës after consonants. When attached to sq o- or sq ua-stem verbs the stem and the suffix merge into sq -ues in the modern standard, following Gheg practice, while traditionally made sq -onjës following Tosk practice. Similarly, when attached to sq e- or sq ye-stem verbs they give rise to sq -yes in Gheg and the modern standard, while sq -enjës in Tosk and the old standard. Derived terms sq agent References Further reading 164 3.4.1 A Blin Pronunciation byn /s/ after vowel byn /si/ after consonant Suffix byn suffix Accusative marker. Derived terms byn References 291 Catalan Etymology ca roa-oca -s, from ca la -os, -es accusative plural. Pronunciation s Suffix ca suffix Used to form the regular plurals of most masculine nouns and adjectives. ca -es ca cap caps ca fred freds Chinese Etymology yue en -s plural suffix. Pronunciation zh Suffix zh suffixyue lemmas suffixes zh Hong Kong Cantonese neologism humorous or sarcastic rare written only Used to emphasise that there are multiple instances of the noun 有 車 @s{} 有 樓{lau4-2} @s{} to own cars and flats C jau5 ce1 jau5 lau4-2 Usage notes May be repeated to further emphasise the number of instances of the noun. 有 樓{lau4-2} @s{} @s{} @s{} to own many flatsss C jau5 lau4-2 References Victor Chan Haw Fung 1999 Hong Kong English and the Internet Unpublished MA dissertation Some of these words have plural forms like leng luis in (example 13). 40 zh terms written in foreign scripts Czech Pronunciation Etymology 1 cs :der sla-pro:*sь<t:this> + 1 Particle cs particle cs -si Etymology 2 See cs jsi. Compare pl -ś suffix. Particle cs particle contraction of auxiliary jsi cs Cos to provedla? What did you do? Danish Etymology da non -s, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns. Cognate with sv -s. Particle da particle Used to form genitive/possessive phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase. da Danmarks dronning the Queen of Denmark da Københavns snefald snowfall in Copenhagen Dutch Etymology 1 nl plural nl. Not present in odt -, which used odt -a from gem-pro *-ōz as the plural ending. Possibly spread from nl gml -s, gml -es, from nl osx -os, osx -as, from nl gem-pro *-ōs. Further etymology is unknown, but cognate with ang -as (en -s). Suffix nl suffix inflectional suffixes p Used to form regular plurals of nouns that end in certain suffixes or syllables, such as -el, -er, -en, -em, -eur, -aar, -aard, diminutive nl -je, etc. nl bodem bodems Used to form irregular plurals of many other nouns, chiefly of foreign origin. nl telefoon telefoons Usage notes Nouns ending in unstressed -e generally have a plural in -s and one in de -n (nl ziekte > nl ziektes, nl ziekten). Individual words, however, allow just one of the two ways. Most words of Latin origin ending in nl -um are pluralized with the suffix -s (nl museum > nl museums) or by replacing -um with nl -a (> nl musea). The latter tends to be preferred in formal style. Etymology 2 nl genitive :inh dum:-s<alt:-s, -es><ety:inh<odt:-es<alt:-es, -is><ety:inh<gem-pro:*-as<alt:*-as, *-is>>>>> + From the genitive case of masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives, nl dum -s, dum -es, from nl odt -es, odt -is, from nl gem-pro *-as, gem-pro *-is. Suffix nl suffix inflectional suffixes nl archaic except in fixed expressions Used to form the genitive case of (strong) masculine and neuter nouns. nl tijd → de tand des tijds Used to form the genitive case of proper nouns and some pronouns. nl Pieter → Pieters jas nl iemand → iemands jas Used to form the partitive form of the adjective nl lief → iets liefs Derived terms nl Etymology 3 nl adjective -sch + From earlier nl -sch, from nl dum -sch, from nl odt -isc, from nl gmw-pro *-isk, from nl gem-pro *-iskaz (from which also nl -isch via German), from nl ine-pro *-iskos. Suffix nl suffix adjective-forming suffixes Used to form adjectives of characteristic from nouns or verbs. nl winter winter winters wintery nl spelen to play speels playful Used to form adjectives or language names from names of nations or countries. nl Engeland England Engels English nl Finland Finland Fins Finnish Etymology 4 nl adverb -s<id:genitive> + Developed from the use of genitive suffix nl -s genitive to form adverbial phrases of time or modality. Suffix nl suffix adverb-forming suffixes Used to form some adverbs nl ander other anders otherwise nl zelf self zelfs even nl maandag Monday 's maandags on Monday nl willend wanting willens intentionally Usage notes The adverbial/adjectival -s combines with other suffixes like: nl -lijk → nl -lijks nl -je → nl -jes nl -ling → nl -lings nl -waarts Derived terms nl adverb Etymology 5 nl patronymic -sz<alt:-sz, -se, -sen><ety:der<-szoon<ety:af<-s-><zoon>>>> + From earlier forms such as nl -sz, nl -se, nl -sen; all ultimately from the patronymic use of nl zoon with a connecting genitival interfix nl -s-. Bare -s as a patronymic may also represent an underlying patronymic use of nl dochter, as in the name Neeltje Jansdochter, which could reduce to Neeltje Jans by simple elision of -dochter. nl Suffix nl suffix noun-forming suffixes Used to form patronymic surnames. Alternative forms nl -sz -se -sse -sen -ssen Derived terms More at the pages of the various alternative forms listed above, such as nl -sen. nl patronymic Estonian Etymology 1 et adjectival et urj-fin-pro *-isa. Related to fi -isa, izh -isa, vot -sa. Suffix 1 -sa -sat creates adjectives from nouns et au honour aus honest et ilu beauty ilus beautiful et lõbu pleasure lõbus fun Inflection -s a Derived terms et adjectival Etymology 2 et ordinal From et urj-fin-pro *-nci ordinal. Suffix suffix -nda -ndat forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers et kolm three kolmas third et kuus six kuues sixth Inflection - nda s Derived terms et ordinal Finnish Etymology 1 fi clitic Contracted from the second-person singular pronoun fi sa, fi sä (fi sinä in modern standard language), but no longer tied to being used in second-person. Particle fi particle clitics fi enclitic particle informal or familiar Makes commands or requests more persuasive. Appended to a second-person imperative to give a command or request a slightly rude or impatient tone—the tone may vary depending on the verb and other particles used. fi Kuules nyt! Now do listen! addressing one person. quite an established expression of frustration, speaker very impatient fi Kuulkaas nyt! Now do listen! addressing many people, same tone as above fi Tees nämä tehtävät. Go do these tasks. addressing one person, tone less impatient Appended to a second-person imperative with the particle fi -pa -pa/-pä to give a command or request a slightly more persuasive or inspiring tone. fi Laitapas lautaset pöytään. Hey, go put the plates on the table. Appended to the impersonal indicative present form to soften the command or request or to make it more persuasive. fi Tehdääs tämä huomenna. Let's go do this tomorrow. Softens questions. Softens questions, such as when the speaker expects the person addressed to know the answer. fi Mikäs se Suomen pääkaupunki olikaan? What was Finland's capital again? fi Kukas heistä olikaan sinun lapsesi? Which of them was your child again? fi Eikös Saara opiskele oikeustieteitä? Saara studies law, doesn't she? Appended to an interrogative suffix fi -ko -ko/-kö in order to bring the conversation partner or a person outside the conversation, talked about, emotionally closer to the #speaker, or to create familiarity into the conversation; also to express that closeness or familiarity—translation in English tends to vary; in some cases corresponds to tag questions. fi Jaksatkos sinä? You sure you can make it? Usage notes When directly attached to forms ending in fi -n (e.g. impersonal/passive forms), the fi -n is usually dropped (e.g. fi miten → fi mites). When attached to imperative forms, the gemination is often ignored, unless another enclitic is also used before fi -s, like with fi -pas. Thus fi laitas /lɑi̯tɑs/, but fi laitapas /lɑi̯tɑpːɑs/. It may resurface before a vowel, however: fi laitas auto /lɑi̯tɑs(ː) ɑuto/ Derived terms fi clitic See also fi -han<id:clitic> -kaan -kin -ko -pa<id:clitic> Further reading Etymology 2 fi nominal From fi urj-fin-pro *-s nominal, -kse-, from fi urj-fpr-pro *-kse (compare myv - and mdf -кс nominalizing suffix). Suffix noun Forms some nouns. fi jalka foot jalas runner, skid fi liha meat lihas muscle Forms fractional numbers from ordinal numbers. fi kolmas kolmannes Usage notes fraction Usually used when the numerator is one (one third, one fourth, etc.) See the usage notes under fi osa for more. Declension - a - ä Derived terms fi nominal fi -ska<id:diminutive> Further reading Etymology 3 fi ordinal From fi urj-fin-pro *-nci ordinal, from fi urj-pro *-mte. Suffix adjective Forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers, or ordinal pronouns. fi moni mones Usage notes Added to the genitive singular (weak grade) stem. Declension - a - ä Derived terms fi ordinal Further reading Etymology 4 fi adverbial From fi urj-fin-pro *-s adverbial, either reduced from urj-pro *-kse (translative ending): *-kse > *-ks > *-s, or alternatively from fi urj-pro *-s (compare myv -с in myv эйс into). Suffix adverb Forms lative adverbs. fi ala- below, down, lower alas down Derived terms fi adverbial Further reading Etymology 5 From apocope of the final vowel of fi -ssa, fi -ssä. Suffix inflectional fi case suffix colloquial or dialectal fi -ssa inessive French Etymology 1 fr frm -s, from fr fro -s, from fr la -os, -es accusative plural. Pronunciation Silent, except in liaison environments, when it may be pronounced /z‿/. This liaison is usual in adjectives, but fairly rare in nouns. Irregularly pronounced /s/ in fr tous all when used as a pronoun. fr LL-Q150 (fra)-Lyokoï--s.wav liaison Suffix Used to form the regular plurals of most nouns and adjectives. fr homme hommes fr bon bons Used to form the irregular plurals of a few nouns and adjectives in fr -au, fr -eu (which regularly add fr -x) and in fr -al (which regularly make fr -aux). fr landau landaus fr bleu bleus fr carnaval carnavals Usage notes In modern French, usage of fr -s for plurals of most nouns and adjectives whose singulars end in fr -al, fr -au, fr -eu is proscribed in favor of fr -x, despite fr -s being an option in old French. Etymology 2 fr frm -s, from fr fro -s, from fr la -es, -is second-person singular. The spread of this suffix to the first-person singular started out from Old French verbs whose stems happened to end in a sibilant, most notably the regular conjugation in fro -ir, e.g., fro je fenis, tu fenis (from la-vul fin-isc-o, fin-isc-is). In later Old French, final /s/ was only pronounced in liaison and in pausa. This weakened the distinction in those verbs which had originally had -s in the second-person only, but by analogy now began to take it in the first-person as well. The grammarians later on standardised the usage, prescribing -s in some cases and rejecting it in others. Pronunciation Silent, except in liaison environments, when it may be pronounced /z‿/. This liaison is optional after full vowels (as in fr tu dois). After silent -e- (as in fr tu aimes) it is rare and often discouraged. Suffix Used to form the second-person singular of most verb conjugations. Used to form the first-person singular of some verb conjugations. See also fr -x German Pronunciation de /s/ de De--s.ogg <<Germany>> (<<Berlin>>) Etymology 1 de gmh -es, from de goh. Alternative forms de -es de -ens proper nouns ending with a sibilant consonant; dated de -' proper nouns ending with a sibilant consonant de -'s common nouns; now proscribed de -'s proper nouns; correct in certain cases, but often seen as a misspelling Suffix de inflectional suffixes used to form the genitive singular of most masculine nouns, neuter nouns, and proper nouns of all genders Usage notes The formation of the strong genitive singular (in -s, -es, or no ending) may be of some difficulty both for learners and native speakers. Only one form is possible in some nouns: Nouns in unstressed -as, -es,- is, -os, -us remain unchanged (except those in de -nis, which make -nisses). Other nouns in -s, -ß, -x, -z take -es. Nouns ending in a vowel or in unstressed -el, -em, -en, -er, -or, -um take -s. (Only those in a diphthong or in -h allow -es, alternatively.) Nouns forming their plural in -s take the same ending also in the genitive singular. (Apparent exceptions will generally have an alternative plural in -e.) Otherwise, both forms are usually correct, but certain tendencies can be observed: The es-form is strongly preferred in a number of frequently used monosyllables, to the degree that the s-form may even sound odd. No hard rule can be given to identify these nouns; they include e.g. de Land, de Mann, de Weg, etc. The es-form is also preferred, for euphonic reasons, in words ending in certain clusters like -pf, -sch, -st. Most other monosyllables have no clear preference. The s-form is usually preferred in polysyllables, regardless of their being simple or compound and regardless also of stress patterns. Note, finally, that there is a fairly strong tendency for proper nouns (used with the article) and for newer or less common loanwords to remain unchanged in the genitive singular. Etymology 2 Probably derived from the genitive -s (etymology 1), but developed into a noun-forming suffix in de nds-de - and Central German dialects. Suffix de suffix m used to form instance nouns from verb stems de klacken Klacks Klacks de schnappen Schnaps Schnaps de regional used to form paragogic byforms of nouns describing a mass de Zeug Zeugs de Pampe Pamps Usage notes Most common for imitative or other sound-representing verbs, though it can be ambiguous whether the -s is the noun suffix or the result of a deverbal from de -sen. Etymology 3 de gml. Reinforced by the fact that de fr - and de en - also use -s as a plural suffix. Alternative forms de -'s now proscribed de -ens family names ending with a sibilant consonant Suffix de inflectional suffixes Used to form the plurals of some nouns. Used to form the plurals of personal names, particularly family names. Usage notes The plural ending -s is most typical of loanwords (as in de Schals, de Parfüms, de Videos), though there is a tendency for naturalised loanwords to switch to de -e or de -en (compare de Generäle, de Lifte, de Pizzen with older de Generals, de Lifts, de Pizzas). Conversely, -s is also used in a certain number of native words (as in de Fräuleins, de Mädels, de Uhus). Moreover, it is the most productive plural marker in contemporary German, typically used to pluralise initialisms (de LKWs), neologisms (de Honks), and words that do not otherwise have a common plural form (de Streits). Etymology 4 de adverb Derived from the genitive -s (etymology 1), originally as an adverbial genitive (compare e.g. de eines Tages). Suffix de suffix adverb-forming suffixes Used to form adverbs from nouns: de der Tag the day tags in the daytime de die Nacht the night nachts by night de der Anfang the beginning anfangs initially Sometimes used to form adverbs from adjectives: de bereit ready bereits already de link left links on the left Derived terms de adverb See also de -s- Hungarian Etymology hu :inh<unc> urj-pro:*-ć Presumably can be traced back to a hu urj-pro *-ć suffix. Pronunciation hu Hu-s.ogg Suffix hu suffix hu adjective-forming suffix Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as ornative. hu só salt sós salty hu noun-forming suffix Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun. hu hajó ship hajós sailor hu number-forming suffix Added to a cardinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template. hu nulla zero nullás the digit or figure 0 hu frequentative suffix obsolete Forms verbs with repetitive meaning. In today's Hungarian language, it is completely obsolete, and its old derivatives are also obscured, e.g. hu olvas to read, hu keres to seek, hu futos to run around. Usage notes Derived terms hu -us hu adjective hu noun See also Appendix:Hungarian suffixes References Icelandic Etymology is genitive Inherited from is non -s, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns and adjectives. Suffix is suffix inflectional suffixes is strong masculine noun genitive singular ending of most strong masculine nouns is -ar is fiskur m fish fisks is jökull m glacier jökuls is svefn m sleep svefns is strong neuter noun genitive singular ending of a few strong feminine nouns is hús n house húss is vitni n witness vitnis is adjective is -ur gen s m//n strong a most adjectives is góður good góðs is latur lazy lats Ingrian Etymology 1 izh urj-fin-pro *-ssa. Cognates include fi -ssa and et -s. Pronunciation -ssa -ssä Suffix Used to form the inessive case; in, inside Usage notes May trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel. Inflection -ssaan -ssaas -ssaa -ssamme -ssanne -ssasse Etymology 2 From izh urj-fin-pro *-nci ordinal, from izh urj-pro *-mte. Cognates include fi -s and et -s. Pronunciation Suffix Used to form ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers; -th Declension Derived terms izh kaheksas kolmas kuuvves kymmenäs neljäs seitsemäs viijes yheksäs Etymology 3 izh urj-fin-pro *-ci, from izh urj-pro *-ti. Cognates include fi -si. Pronunciation Suffix izh obsolete Used to mark the possession of the second person singular; thy, your Niin mamallees i saoki. Just say so to your mother. 7 Usage notes May trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel. Inflection -n -s -V -mme -nne -sse Etymology 4 izh urj-fin-pro *-s. Cognates include fi -s. Pronunciation Suffix izh unproductive suffix Used to form nouns from other nouns izh ohja rein ohjas rein Declension back-vocalic asfront-vocalic Derived terms izh References 43 Kankanaey Pronunciation s Pronoun pronoun -s 1 kne si Synonyms kne References 128 kne enclitics Karelian Etymology krl urj-fin-pro *-ci, from krl urj-pro *-ti. Cognates include fi -si. Pronunciation krl /s/ Suffix krl suffix Used to mark the possession of the second person; thy, your krl jalka leg → krl jalkas your leg(s) Derived terms krl References 47 Kashubian Etymology csb some- :der sla-pro:*sь<id:this> 1 + Pronunciation - - Suffix csb suffix attached to pronouns with an indefinite meaning; some- csb chto who chtos someone Derived terms csb Latin Etymology la nominative :inh ine-pro:*-s<id:amphikinetic> la ine-pro *-s amphikinetic. Cognate with grc -ς. Suffix la suffix suffix marking the nominative singular form of non-neuter nouns and adjectives in declensions other than the first. Usage notes The suffix appears most obviously in the third declension, as in la urbs. Stem-final consonants are often modified or deleted before the suffix: for example, la law -s lēx law lēg- nominative singular and la tooth -s dēns tooth dent- nominative singular. Etymologically, the Latin third declension includes both original consonant-stem nouns and i-stem nouns, but these two classes are not consistently distinguished in the nominative singular. Many nominative forms that originally ended in *-is were shortened by syncope or analogy (e.g. ine-pro *ǵénh₁tis > la gēns), while some nominative forms of original consonant-stem nouns had -is added by analogy (e.g. ine-pro *ḱwṓ and ine-pro *h₂yéwHō were replaced in Latin with la canis and la iuvenis, respectively). The ending -s usually does not appear in the nominative singular of n-stem, r-stem, or l-stem nouns. Most non-neuter n-stems instead drop the -n- and take the ending -ō̆ in the nominative singular (such as la homo homō̆, hominis or la carō carō̆, carnis); a smaller set end in -n in the nominative singular (as in la tībīcen tībīcen, tībīcinis); -s appears only in a handful of exceptional nouns such as la canis, la iuvenis, la sanguī̆s. R-stem and l-stem nouns (such as la āctor, la cōnsul) normally have nominative singular forms ending in -r or -l respectively. Latin nominative singular forms that end in -ns, -rs or -ls are derived by consonant cluster simplification from stems ending in -t(i)- or -d(i)- (e.g. la mōns mōns, montis; la pars pars, partis; la puls puls, pultis). Second declension non-neuter nominative singular forms originally ended in the suffix -s preceded by the Indo-European thematic vowel *-o-. Because of vowel reduction, Proto-Italic itc-pro *-os developed regularly to Classical Latin la -us, which is often interpreted as a nominative suffix of its own (an example of rebracketing) rather than a sequence of stem-final vowel + la -s. Likewise, in the fourth declension and fifth declension, -s is always preceded by the characteristic vowels of these declensions (-u- and -ē- respectively), with the result that la -us and la -ēs are frequently regarded as nominative singular suffixes for these declensions. The suffix -s generally appears only on non-neuter nominative/vocative forms, but it is found in the neuter nominative/vocative/accusative singular of third declension adjectives "of one termination". From an etymological perspective, third-declension neuter nouns such as la genus genus, generis that end in -s in the nominative singular alternating with -r- in oblique forms do not end in this suffix: rather, they are derived from stems that originally ended in the consonant *s (which was changed to -r- by rhotacism when followed by a suffix starting with a vowel). Derived terms la Low German Etymology nds gml -es, from nds osx -es, the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of strong nouns. Suffix nds suffix nds archaic Used to form the genitive case of (strong) masculine and neuter nouns. nds rare Used to form the genitive case of proper nouns. Used to form the partitive form of the adjective nds groot → wat groots Used to form adverbs Nacht → nds nachts Lushootseed Suffix lut suffix his, hers, theirs Manx Alternative forms gv -ish -sh Etymology From gv sga -sa first person singular and sga -su second person singular. Suffix e -self emphatic Usage notes Added to prepositional pronouns (ending in a broad consonant) to add emphasis: Used in first-person singular: (e.g., gv lhiams). Used in second-person singular: (e.g., gv orts). See also gv -yn gv -syn Middle English Etymology 1 enm plural Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -es plural plural suffix Etymology 2 enm possessive Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -es possessive genitive suffix Etymology 3 enm adverbial Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -es adverbial adverbial suffix Middle Welsh Etymology From oblique forms of wlm cel-pro *es, cel-pro *sindos, cel-pro *sondos. Cognate with sga -us and sga s- third-person feminine singular and all genders plural affixed pronoun. Suffix wlm suf personal pronouns him, her, it, them Usage notes Suffixed to particles and conjunctions. Derived terms wlm Further reading 55 58 278 160 ii (2) Mohawk Suffix moh suffix habitual verb suffix in verbal nouns: -er in adjectival verbs, indicates that the subject is not singular References 439 Nigerian Pidgin Etymology pcm :inh en:-s<id:plural> 1 pcm en -s<id:plural>. Suffix pcm suffix Used to form plurals of nouns; en -s. Northern Sami Pronunciation se Etymology 1 se smi-pro *-s. Suffix se suffix noun-forming suffixes se materialForms nouns indicating a material. se collectiveForms collective numbers from ordinal numbers, indicating a group. se golbma three golmmas trio; group of three Usage notes ws Inflection -s Derived terms se material se collective Etymology 2 se Suffix se suffix adverb-forming suffixes Forms adverbs of manner from adjectives. se buorre good būres well Usage notes w Derived terms se manner adverb Etymology 3 se smi-pro *-ksë. Cognate with the Finnish translative ending fi -ksi. Suffix se suffix adverb-forming suffixes Forms adverbs indicating direction or a span of time. se davvi north davás northwards se dálvi winter dálvvás for the winter Usage notes w Derived terms se direction adverb Etymology 4 From a merger of two older case endings: Inessive, se smi-pro *-snē. Cognate with fi -ssa. Elative, se smi-pro *-stē. Cognate with fi -sta. Suffix se suffix inflectional suffixes The ending of the locative singular case. Usage notes w When possessive suffixes are attached, the suffix reverts to its earlier form se -st- (for even-syllable stems) or se -stti- (for odd-syllable stems). Norwegian Bokmål Pronunciation nb /s/ Etymology 1 nb da -s verb ending, from nb non -sk mediopassive ending, formed through encliticization and contraction of non sik oneself, ultimately from nb gem-pro *sek oneself. Compare sv -s passive and deponent verb ending, and is -st and fo -st middle-voice verb ending. Suffix nb suffix An inflectional suffix forming the synthetic passive infinitive and present tense of a verb. nb bære -s to carry passive suffix → nb bæres to be carried; is or are carried nb Dørene lukkes klokka ni. The doors are closed at nine o'clock. A suffix forming verbs with non-passive meanings. Forming reciprocal verbs, indicating that two or more participants act upon one another. nb møte -s to meet reciprocal suffix → nb møtes to meet each other nb Vi møtes i morgen. We will meet tomorrow. Forming reflexive or middle verbs, indicating that the subject experiences, undergoes, or is affected by the action or change. nb undre -s to cause to wonder, surprise reflexive or middle suffix → nb undres to wonder nb Hun undres over svaret. She wonders about the answer. Occurring in deponent and other lexicalized s-verbs with active-like meanings, including existence, opinion, repeated movement, success, or well-being. nb finnes to exist, nb ferdes to travel, move about, nb lykkes to succeed, nb synes to think; seem, nb trives to thrive Usage notes For ordinary passive verbs, the passive infinitive is formed by adding nb -s to the active infinitive: nb bære to carry → nb bæres to be carried. The present passive is normally formed by replacing the active present ending -r with nb -s: nb bærer carries → nb bæres is or are carried. The ordinary synthetic passive is used chiefly in the infinitive and present tense. It may follow a finite auxiliary in another tense because the passive verb itself remains infinitive: Huset skal bygges (“The house will be built”), Huset måtte bygges (“The house had to be built”). Simple-past passive forms such as nb bygdes was built, nb kaltes was called and nb søktes was sought occur chiefly in older or markedly formal language. Current Bokmål normally uses a form of nb bli to become followed by a past participle instead. Non-passive s-verbs can have complete paradigms of their own, for example nb møtes to meet each other — nb møttes met each other — har møttes (“have met each other”), and nb finnes to exist — nb fantes existed — har funnes (“has existed”). Several non-passive s-verbs have both long and shortened present-tense forms: nb finnes/nb fins, nb minnes/nb mins, nb skjemmes/nb skjems, nb synes/nb syns, nb trenges/nb trengs and nb trives/nb trivs. Only the full forms are used as infinitives. The present forms nb spørs and nb spørres have distinct meanings: det spørs means “it is doubtful” or “it depends”, whereas det spørres is passive and means “it is being asked”. Derived terms nb ferdes to travel, move about nb finnes to exist nb flokkes to gather, flock nb føles to feel, seem nb kjennes to feel, seem nb lykkes to succeed nb minnes to remember nb mislykkes to fail nb møtes to meet each other nb omgås to associate, socialize nb samles to gather, assemble nb sees to see each other nb skilles to part, separate nb skjemmes to be ashamed nb slåss to fight nb synes to think; seem nb treffes to meet each other nb trenges to be needed nb trives to thrive nb undres to wonder Etymology 2 nb da -s genitive marker, continuing the Old Norse genitive singular ending -s, originally used with masculine and neuter a-stem nouns. Compare sv -s genitive marker and is -s genitive singular ending. Particle nb particle A clitic attached to the end of a noun phrase to form a genitive phrase, expressing possession, association, origin, authorship, measure, time, or another relation. nb barnas klær the children's clothes nb Norges hovedstad Norway's capital nb tre timers arbeid three hours' work nb Boka er Marias. The book is Maria's. Usage notes The marker behaves as a phrase-final clitic rather than ordinary noun inflection: it is attached to the final word of the entire noun phrase, which need not itself denote the possessor. In mannen i gatas mening (“the man in the street's opinion”), the possessor is the complete phrase mannen i gata, but nb -s is attached to its final word, nb gata the street. No apostrophe is normally placed before nb -s: Astrids bil, EUs direktiv, FNs generalsekretær. When the preceding word ends in written ⟨s⟩, ⟨x⟩ or ⟨z⟩, the genitive is instead marked by nb -' genitive marker after s, x or z: Vesaas’ forfatterskap, Bordeaux’ byvåpen, Grete Waitz’ innsats. An apostrophe is nevertheless placed before the s after lower-case initialisms read letter by letter, individual letters, certain less common abbreviations, and words mentioned as words: Ap’s politikk, en pc’s prosessor, å’s plass i alfabetet, Larsen & Co’s firmabil, sitte’s partisippform. When nb -s follows the definite neuter ending nb -et, its normally silent ⟨t⟩ is pronounced: nb huset the house /ˈhʉː.sə/ → nb husets the house's /ˈhʉː.səts/. The historical genitive ending also survives in fixed expressions after nb til to, for, including til lands og til vanns (“by land and by water”), til bords (“to or at the table”), til sjøs (“to or at sea”), til låns (“on loan”) and til salgs (“for sale”). These are fossilized case forms rather than new applications of the productive phrase-final clitic. The linking nb -s- interfix found inside compounds is treated separately and is not necessarily a synchronically possessive use of this particle. See also nb -' genitive marker after written s, x or z nb -s- linking interfix References s-verb s-verb mediopassiv “S-verb”, Språkrådet. genitiv-s genitivs-s til “Apostrof”, Språkrådet. Nuxalk Pronunciation blc /s/ Suffix blc suffix intransitive indicative 3rd person singular suffix 3rd person singular subject suffix Derived terms blc -s References 423, 425 Ojibwe Etymology oj alg-pro *-ehs-. Cognate to crk -is. Pronunciation oj /s/ Suffix oj suffix Diminutive suffix for small animals Affective suffix for kinship terms Derived terms oj References The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/s-final Old English Etymology From ang gmw-pro *-issju, gmw-pro *-ussju, from ang gem-pro *-isjō, gem-pro *-usjō. Pronunciation -s Suffix f forms feminine abstract nouns from adjectives and verbs; often causes assimilation of preceding consonants; may or may not cause i-mutation ang milde<t:gentle, mild> -s milds<arrow:1> milts<t:mercy><arrow:1> ang līþe<t:gentle; gracious> -s līþs<arrow:1> liss<t:grace><arrow:1> ang cweþan<t:to say> -s cwiþs<arrow:1> cwiss<t:a saying><arrow:1> Declension -s Old French fro :inh la:-os la:-es<id:t-stem> Alternative forms fro -z for most words that do not end in -e Suffix fro suffix indicates a nominative singular of a masculine noun or adjective indicates an oblique plural of a masculine noun or adjective indicates a (nominative or oblique) plural of a feminine noun or adjective Descendants frm -s fr -s Pipil Suffix ppl suffix ppl no longer productive suffix forms nouns from verbs, indicating the activity of the verb Synonyms ppl -lis -wis -was Further reading Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p.49 Portuguese Pronunciation pt /ʃ/ Portugal,Northeast Brazil,Rio de Janeiro pt /s/ Central-South Brazil Etymology 1 Alternative forms pt -es after certain consonants and nasal vowels Suffix noun adjective used to form the regular plural of nouns and adjectives, especially those that end in vowels pt-BR 7 308 Você notou os cabelos dela, são negros e brilhantes e macios... Did you notice her hair, it's dark and bright and soft... Usage notes -s vs. pt -es vs. non-use: After l ([ɫ] [l], [w]), -s is used and the l is replaced with i ([j]): pt pastel → pt pastéis, pt capital → pt capitais, A scattering of exceptions have or allow -es after l, the most common being pt mal → pt males After stressed il, -s is used and the l is dropped: pt hostil → pt hostis, pt canil → pt canis After unstressed il, the ending becomes -eis: pt réptil → pt répteis, pt projétil → pt projéteis In sporadic and strongly proscribed Brazilian usage, the same rules are applied to words that end in a vowel + u or o ([w]): pt degrau → * pt degrais, pt troféu → * pt troféis After s: -es if the word is stressed in the last syllable: pt convés → pt conveses, pt anis → pt anises not used otherwise: pt status → pt status, pt íris → pt íris after m, -s is used and the m becomes n; this is an orthographic process, since in both cases the final consonant marks vowel nasalisation: pt dom → pt dons after n, either, but -es is more common in dialects where it is produced as /n/ rather than vowel nasalisation: pt hífen → pt hifens or pt hífenes after r and z, -es is used after vowels and semivowels, -s is used the plural of words ending in -ão can be -ões (by far the most common), -ãos (usually masculines with a feminine in -ã) or -ães (only a handful of words) loanwords usually follow the same rules: pt mouse → pt mouses, pt ópera → pt óperas in recent English loanwords ending in r, and occasionally in loans from other languages, -s is used: pt player → pt players unadapted loanwords ending in unusual consonants usually take -s or no morpheme: pt ankh → pt ankhs, pt flood → pt floods, pt spam → pt spam or pt spams rarely, and often alongside a regular form, the plural from the original language is used: pt campus → pt campi (also pt campus), pt mafioso → pt mafiosi (more commonly pt mafiosos), pt gol → pt gols (very rarely pt goles or pt gois) after x, Hellenisms and Latinisms are usually unchanged (following the rule for words ending in s), but sometimes have -es and the x becomes c (/s/), especially in Brazilian Portuguese: pt tórax → pt tórax, pt clímax → pt clímax or pt clímaces more often than not, surnames do not take an extra morpheme in the plural; when they do, they are usually Portuguese surnames with recognisable Portuguese morphemes: pt o Ferreira → pt os Ferreira or pt os Ferreiras names of peoples that do not contain Portuguese endings usually do not take the plural morpheme: pt polaco → pt polacos; pt ashanti → pt ashanti or pt ashantis (less common) In informal varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, a noun phrase may take a single plural marker, usually in the article. For example, “the big houses” may be pt as casa grande where standard Portuguese requires pt as casas grandes. This usage is very widespread, however, it is proscribed and generally regarded as unacceptable in formal contexts and in serious writing. In some words that end in O and have a stressed /o/ in the penult, the stressed vowel becomes /ɔ/ in the plural. See :Category:Portuguese nouns with metaphony. Colloquial Brazilian Portuguese allows /j/ to be added before /s/ in words stressed in their final syllables. This is blocked by morpheme boundaries, such that pt nós we may be pronounced /nɔjs/, but pt nós knots can only be pronounced as /nɔs/. pt vocês and colloquial forms pt cês and pt ocês are an exception to this rule, and can be pronounced /voˈsejs/. Note that this process is usually avoided in formal speech. Etymology 2 Suffix pt suffix pt Brazil slang used to form slangier forms of certain words pt foi mal sorry foi mals soz pt grande coisa big deal grandes coisa biggie pt valeu thank you valeus thanks Quechua Alternative forms qu -si after consonants qu -sh Suffix qu suffix Evidential suffix, second-hand information. Indicates that the speaker has not directly experienced the information at hand; hearsay qu Qusqumantas kanki. (They say that) you are from Cusco. qu Inisqa qayna ñañantas watukusqan. Inez visited her sister yesterday (so I heard). See also qu -m/-mi Spanish Alternative forms es -es used after certain consonants Etymology es :der la:-ās<id:accusative plural> la:-ōs la:-ēs<id:abstract noun> Derived from the Latin accusative plural endings (la -ās, la -ōs, la -ēs). Suffix es suffix form Used to form the regular plural of nouns and adjectives which end in vowels. es amigo friend amigos friends es cocina kitchen cocinas kitchens Etymology 2 From Latin la -s, used for second-person singular verbs. Suffix es suffix form Used to form second-person singular verbs. es Tú cantas y cantarás. You sing and will sing. Usage notes It does not apply to the simple past tense nor the affirmative imperative. In colloquial speech, it is commonly added to the simple past tense, though formally incorrect. It does not apply to the formal es usted form either, though very common in Equatorial Guinea colloquial Spanish and also formally incorrect. es ¡Mira lo que hiciste! Look what you did! Swedish Pronunciation sv /s/ Etymology 1 sv genitive sv gmq-osw -s, from sv non -s, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns. Cognate with da -s. The frequent use of the suffix in written and modern colloquial Swedish is possibly the result of foreign influence, either Latin or Middle Low German. Suffix sv suffix clitics sv clitic Used to form genitive phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase. Related terms sv -s- Etymology 2 sv passive sv non -sk, a grammaticalisation of sv gem-pro *sek reflexive pronoun. Suffix sv suffix inflectional suffixes sv productive suffix Used to form the passive voice of verbs. sv Bilen kör. The car drives. sv Bilen körs. The car is (being) driven. sv Bilen körde. The car drove. sv Bilen kördes. The car was (being) driven. sv Bilen har kört. The car has driven. (For illustration. Would sound a bit odd in most contexts, like in English.) sv Bilen har körts. The car has been driven. sv Grisen äter. The pig eats. sv Grisen äts. The pig is (being) eaten. sv 1995 w:sv:Peter Grönvall; w:Maria Rådsten; w:Nanne Grönvall w:Cecilia Vennersten w:Det vackraste The Most Beautiful Thing ["thing" from being nominalized] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SH8W2jBb_4 Det är en rikedom att få älska och att älskas. It is a great wealth to get to love and to be loved. sv mostly unproductive suffix Used to form the middle (reflexive and reciprocal) voice of verbs. sv Jag mötte honom. I met him. sv Vi möttes. We met up. We met each other. sv Han slog mig. He hit me. sv Vi slogs. We fought. We hit each other. sv by extension Used with certain transitive verbs, but without an object, to indicate a habitual or natural action. sv Var försiktig! Hästen sparkas. Be careful! The horse kicks [has a disposition to kick]. sv Hunden bits. The dog bites [habitually]. sv Han knuffas mycket. He pushes people a lot. Usage notes Until the middle of the 20th century, the variant suffix sv -es was used to mark the present passive of all sv -er verbs of the second and fourth conjugations. This usage is mostly considered archaic today, but sv -es is still used for sv -er verbs whose stems end in s. See also sv vara be, which forms a passive voice for states or completed actions. Verbs with the suffix sv -s that are not passive (including those in 2 and 3 above) are called deponent verbs. In such cases, the passive reading is often also possible. For example, sv vi slogs might also mean “we were hit” and sv hunden bits might mean “the dog is bitten”. However, such readings would be unintuitive unless suggested by the context. Etymology 3 sv plural Mostly from sv en -s. Suffix sv suffix inflectional suffixes sv chiefly colloquial often proscribed Used to form the plural form of some words, mostly loanwords sv partner partners partners sv fan fans fans sv taco tacos tacos See also sv -sar Etymology 4 sv adverb Originally from sv gmq-osw -s, a genitive suffix. Many of the examples are later analogically derived from each other. Suffix sv suffix adverb-forming suffixes Used to derive some adverbs from nouns or adjectives sv söndag i söndags Sunday last Sunday sv colloquial Used to form an adverbial participle from a present participle in sv -ande, sv -ende sv skrattande skrattandes laughing sv Hon gick bort skrattandes. She went away laughing. Alternative forms sv -as -se -es Derived terms sv -s ens i aftons i fredags i jåns i lördags i måndags i onsdags i söndags i tisdags i torsdags inomlands inrikes långs nyss tids nog tvärs utomlands utrikes sv -as i höstas i julas i påskas i somras i vintras i våras sv -se i afse i morse sv -es alldeles framledes -ledes References svetym 0054.html -s Tagalog Etymology tl :bor en:-s<id:hypocoristic> 1 ++ Pronunciation Suffix suffix + tl slang generally _ humorous hypocoristic suffix added in slang, especially in place of reduplication tl pwede pweds Derived terms tl Further reading Welsh Etymology 1 cy en -s. Pronunciation cy /s/ cy-N cy /s/ /z/ cy-S Suffix cy suffix Used to form plural nouns. cy -aid -aint -au -ed -edd -en -i -iaid -iau -ion -od -oedd -on -ydd -yr -ys cy bàth bath baths baths cy tomato tomato tomatos tomatoes cy gwdihŵ owl gwdihŵs owls Derived terms cy Etymology 2 Ultimately from cy ine-pro *só that. Pronunciation cy /s/ Pronoun cy pronoun personal pronouns cy literary otherwise obsolete him, her, it, them cy Nis gwelais erioed. I never saw him/her/it/them. cy Dyna ymadrodd nas clywir yn aml. That is a phrase which is not often heard. There is a phrase which one does not hear [it] often. cy Nid yw iaith yn fyw onis defnyddir. The language is not alive unless it is used. …unless one uses it. 1588, Y Beibl cyssegr-lan, 1 Corinthians 2:7,8: cy Eithr yr ydym ni yn llefaru doethineb Duw mewn dirgelwch, sef y ddoethineb guddiedig, yr hon a ragordeiniodd Duw cyn yr oesoedd i’n gogoniant ni: yr hon nid adnabu neb o dywysogion y byd hwn: oherwydd pes adwaenasent, ni chroeshoeliasent Arglwydd y gogoniant. But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory: which none of the princes of this world knew: for had they known it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory. Usage notes Found only in formal language after certain vowel-final preverbal particles, such as cy ni, cy na, cy oni and cy pe. After other vowel-final preverbal particles, such as cy fe, cy a and cy y, singular cy 'i and plural cy 'u are used instead. Derived terms cy os if References