-었는

Korean Etymology From ko okm - 엇〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 -é-snón, equivalent to the present adnominal form of the stative continuous mood, e.g. 먹엇〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 mèké-snón eaten; which is in an eaten state. Now grammatically equivalent to ko -었- past-tense marker -는 adnominal suffix y. Pronunciation Suffix -았는 ko nonstandard ko -은 past adnominal suffix for verbal stems; realis adnominal suffix for adjectival stems ko 아팠는 줄 몰랐어. I didn't know you were hurt. ko 짚-었는 물 water which is/was deep; deep water Gyeongsang dialect Usage notes This suffix is considered nonstandard. In colloquial Seoul Korean and in Jeolla dialect Jeolla Korean, this suffix usually appears before certain expressions conveying doubt or speculation, such as ko 줄 몰랐다 I didn't know..., ko 것 같다 I feel like..., and ko 듯 as if. In such expressions, ko -었는 has a nuance of emphasizing that one currently has a solid justification for such doubt or speculation. For adjectives, ko -었는 can have a nuance of emphasizing both that the state occurred in the past and that it has a continuing impact on the present. Compare simple ko -은, which can be either past or present and is hence ambiguous (and out of context usually tends to refer to the present), and ko -었--던, which can have a nuance that the state no longer pertains to the present. In Gyeongsang Korean, this suffix is essentially in free variation with ko -은. There is apparently no semantic difference between the two. Further reading ko:경상방언 관형형 '-었는'의 기원과 실현 양상 연구 ko:권미영 Hanminjok eomunhak 1—19 2017 76 Study of the origin and realization of the Gyeongsang dialect adnominal -essnun ko:'-었는'의 발달에 대한 관견 ko:김태우 Gugeohak 92 2019 163—201 10.15811/jkl.2019..92.006 A remark on the development of -essnun