-t

Appendix:Variations of "t" English Etymology 1 en past ending From en enm -te past ending past tense ending, enm -t past ending past participle ending, from en ang -te, ang -de first and third person past tense ending, ang -t, ang -ed, ang -od past participle ending, from en gem-pro *-id- past tense stem ending of class 1 weak verbs and gem-pro *-idaz past participle ending of class 1 weak verbs. In some verbs, like en lose/en lost, the ‐t‐/‐t arose during the Middle English period from the devoicing of the earlier ‐d‐/‐d. This devoicing typically occurred after the suffix was syncopated from ‐ede and ‐ed, forcing the voiced alveolar stop directly against the stem’s final consonant. See en -ed (en -ed past tense etymologies 1 and en -ed past participle 2). Furthermore, in forms such as en spelt and en burnt, the participial -t is a later development during the Early Modern English period. Suffix inflectional suffixes Used to form the past tense and/or past participle of some verbs. en leap leapt en keep kept en dream dreamt en sleep slept Usage notes Some verbs have both an en -ed and a en -t form. The en -t form has become obsolete for many verbs, e.g. en toucht, or is now limited to dialects, e.g. en kilt. Usually found on verbs with en -eep or en -end at the end (e.g. en kept for en keep, en slept for en sleep, en wept for en weep, en bent for en bend, en sent for en send, en went for en wend); more rarely for nasals and en -l (e.g. en burnt for en burn, en dreamt for en dream, en dealt for en deal, en spelt for en spell). There is a marked transatlantic split regarding the productivity of this suffix. While standard American English strongly tends to level these verbs into the regular en -ed paradigm (e.g., burned, dreamed, spelled), standard British English and English in the Commonwealth of Nations other Commonwealth varieties frequently preserve the irregular en -t suffix (e.g., burnt, dreamt, spelt), especially where its attachment historically triggered pre‐cluster vowel shortening. However, American English often retains the -t forms when they function attributively as participial adjectives (e.g., burnt toast, spilt milk). Derived terms en 4 more terms en abasht en abolisht en absorpt en accomplisht en accurst en admonisht en addrest en advanc’t en ambusht en anguisht en annext en approacht en askt en astonisht en attacht en attackt en avoucht en banisht en bent en begat en begot en belcht en bereft en beset en besought en besprent en bethought en bit en bleacht en blemisht en blent en blest en blockt en blusht en bornt en bought en brandisht en brought en brusht en built en burnisht en burnt en bynempt en caught en ceast en checkt en cherisht en clasht en cleft en chirpt en clapt en clept en clipt en comprest en condenst en confest en contradistinguisht en crasht en crept en cropt en crusht en curst en danc’t en daunc’t en dealt en deckt en deduc’t en demolisht en denounc’t en deprest en developt en deduc’t en demolisht en denounc’t en deprest en developt en digrest en diminisht en dipt en disestablisht en dislik’t en dismist en dispenst en dispossest en disrelisht en distinguisht en dreamt en drest en drencht en dript en dropt en dwelt en eclipst en embellisht en embost en empoverisht en encampt en encreast en encroacht en enforc’t en enravisht en equipt en escapt en escap’t en experienc’t en exprest en extinguisht en felt en finisht en fixt en flapt en flasht en flipt en flourisht en flusht en frusht en forc’t en forwent en furbisht en furnisht en gallopt en garnisht en gaspt en gilt en glanc’t en gnasht en grac’t en gript en gusht en hackt en hatcht en heapt en heft en helpt en hitcht en hoist en husht en immesht en imprest en impresst en increast en infixt en inforc’t en intermixt en intrencht en invok’t en jilt joint en kept en kickt en kilt en kist en knockt en languisht en lasht en lavisht en leant en learnt en left en lent en leapt en lickt en lik’t en lost en markt en maskt en matcht en meant en misspelt en misst en minisht en mixt en mockt en nourisht en opprest en outstretcht en parcht en pent en perisht en perplext en pierc’t en pisst en pitcht en plac’t en pluckt en polisht en possest en preacht en prefixt en prest en produc’t en progrest en provok’t en publisht en pult en puncht en punisht en pusht en quencht en rankt en rapt en raught en reacht en rebuilt en reduc’t en reestablisht en refresht en reft en regrest en releast en relisht en rent en replenisht en represt en repulst en revok’t en ript en rusht en scorcht en searcht en seduc’t en sent en skirmisht en slapt en slasht en slept en slipt en slit en smasht en smelt en snapt en snatcht en soakt en sought en spelt en spent en spilt en splasht en spoilt en stablisht en stept en stopt en stoopt en strest en stretcht en suckt en supprest en swept en talkt en tapt en tarnisht en taught en thought en tipt en toucht en transfixt en transgrest en turnt en unblest en unbuilt en unburnt en uncropt en uncurst en undevelopt en undipt en undreamt en undrest en unexprest en unimprest en unlearnt en unmaskt en unmixt en unopprest en unpunisht en unreprest en unspilt en unspoilt en unstopt en unstrest en unsupprest en unvanquisht en unworshipt en unwrapt en vanisht en vanquisht en varnisht en vext en voucht en walkt en washt en watcht en weft en went en wept en wisht en wist en wistest en worshipt en wrapt en wrought en yclept en yelpt Etymology 2 From en enm -t (e.g. enm aȝenst vs. enm aȝens against), likely resulting from en -s + en the, or various other words beginning with th-, t-. Suffix en excrescent An excrescent ending appended to words suffixed with en -s. en against, en amidst, en amongst, en betwixt, en whilst, en twicet Usage notes As with en -st, in many cases when there is a shorter synonymous word (as in en among/en amongst), the form with -t is considered more formal, old-fashioned, affected, and British. Derived terms en -st Etymology 3 From en enm -t, from en ang -t, variant of ang -þ -th following spirant/fricative sounds, from en gem-pro *-þiz. More at en -th abstract nominal. Suffix en th Used to form nouns from verbs of action; equivalent to en -th abstract nominal. en arise arist en bow bout en drive drift en see sight en thieve theft en thrive thrift Derived terms en th Etymology 4 Suffix from en enm -ten, from en ang -ettan, from en gmw-pro *-attjan, from en gem-pro *-atjaną. Alternative forms en -et Suffix en frequentative en no longer productive Used to form verbs from nouns or adjectives (compare en -ate, en -ize), frequently having a causative verb causative force, or modified from an existing verb into a frequentative verb. en yeet (adress with ye), en grunt, en fidget, en haunt (via French), en elt (via Old Norse), en belt belt to sing loudly (perhaps via West Frisian), en jolt jolt Etymology 5 Suffix en intensifier en AAVE slang Added to the end of words ending in ⟨d⟩, representing an AAVE pronunciation as /t/ rather than /d/, now generally with intensifying force. en period periodt en good goodt en Lord Lordt en 29 May 2018 chave1y 1001331091909828608 https://archive.ph/XjX0y 19 January 2024 I'm at a very weird stage in my life where i feel worthless and like I'm ruining out of time but I'm also really young bUT I'm not doing anything I love or that makes me happy so I'm SADT en 24 November 2021 NalediMOfficial 1463409874902167558 https://archive.ph/PhoZm 19 January 2024 Day two of Lemon flavoured coffee 🥲💔 oh my godt en 23 April 2023 mingiiki 1650206623913181184 https://web.archive.org/web/20240119233714/https://twitter.com/mingiiki/status/1650206623913181184 19 January 2024 They ate this SO BADT Derived terms en intensifier Afar Pronunciation aa /-t/ Suffix aa suffix Marks the instrumental case: using; by means of Marks the malefactive case: for ...'s nuisance Marks the inessive case: in Marks the temporal case: in; within Marks the stative case: while being (in the state of) References 364 Ahtna Etymology Related to aht -de specific place/time suffix Noun aht noun ∅-gender nouns A suffix marking a specific place or time; suffixed to directionals and some postpositions. Derived terms aht References 151 Albanian Etymology See sq të (of) the. Suffix sq suffix adverbial suffix. -ly, -y sq afërsi -sh -t sq vazhdim -i -sh -t nominative/definite/plural suffix. sq mal -e -t mountain -s the Accusative/definite/plural suffix. sq mal -e -t mountain -s the genitive/definite/singular suffix. sq mal -i -t mountain of/-s the genitive/definite/plural suffix. sq mal -e -ve -t mountain -s of/-s the dative/definite/singular suffix. sq mal -i -t mountain of/-s the dative/definite/plural suffix. sq mal -e -ve -t mountain -s of/-s the ablative/definite/singular suffix. sq mal -i -t mountain out of the ablative/definite/plural suffix. sq mal -e -ve -t mountain -s out of the Declension - - - -t - - - -t - - -t -t - - -t -t - - -t -t See also sq -të, sq të the sq -a the, sq e (of)the sq -i the, sq -u id, sq i (of) the sq -isht -ly sq -sht -ly Azerbaijani Suffix az suffix Causative suffix. Derived terms az Chickasaw Suffix cic suffix Participle-forming dependent verb suffix. cic pisat aya to go see cic impat ishtaya to begin eating cic malit kaniya to run away (lit. to go away running) Derived terms cic Danish Suffix Used to form adverbs from adjectives; -ly. Used to make neuter forms of adjectives. Used to form past participles of some verbs, like da -et does. da spis, spise, spiser, spiste, spist eat!, eat, eats, ate, eaten Dena'ina Etymology Compare aht -t and taa -t, both locative suffixes. Pronunciation -t Suffix tfn suffix at, where; marks a specific place References 104 Dutch Etymology 1 From nl dum -t, dum -et from nl odt -it, odt -et, odt -ot a merger of the following historical inflectional suffixes: second person singular (originaly second person plural) present tense: nl gmw-pro *-id, gmw-pro *-iþ, gmw-pro *-ōþ gmw-pro *-ēþ, from nl gem-pro *-id, gem-pro *-iþ, gem-pro *-ōþ, gem-pro *-aiþ second person singular (originaly second person plural) past tense forms of gij: nl gmw-pro *-ud, from nl gem-pro *-ud third person singular present tense: nl gmw-pro *-idi, gmw-pro *-iþi, gmw-pro *-ōþ gmw-pro *-ēþ, from nl gem-pro *-idi, gem-pro *-iþi, gem-pro *-ōþi, gem-pro *-aiþi the plural form of the imperative: nl gmw-pro *-id, gmw-pro *-iþ, gmw-pro *-ōþ gmw-pro *-ēþ, from nl gem-pro *-id, gem-pro *-iþ, gem-pro *-ōþ, gem-pro *-aiþ Suffix nl suffix inflectional suffixes forms certain verb forms of the second person singular, second person plural, and third person singular: in the third-person singular and with nl u: in the present tense nl nemen — hij neemt, u neemt; neemt hij, neemt u; but: hij nam, u nam - with nl jij, je: in the present tense unless inverted nl nemen — jij neemt, je neemt, but: neem jij, neem je; jij nam, je nam - with nl gij, ge: in the present and past tenses nl nemen — gij neemt, ge neemt; neemt gij, neemt ge; gij naamt, ge naamt - nl archaic in the plural imperative nl nemen — neemt! - Usage notes After verb stems that already end in nl -t, the suffix is dropped. After those in nl -d it is spelt, but not pronounced. The suffix is also missing in the irregular verb forms nl is, kan, mag, wil, zal. Note that the dropping of nl -t with nl jij, je in inversion is not bound to the pronoun following the verb immediately but remains active even when an adverb intervenes: nl neem ook jij do you too take. With nl gij, ge a special inverted form also exists, namely with nl -de (after voiceless stems, nl -te): nl neemde gij. However, this is colloquial Flemish and Brabantian. To the degree that these pronouns still occur in the standard language, the normal form in nl -t is used (as above). Etymology 2 Suffix nl suffix inflectional suffixes forms the past participle of weak verbs, when the root of which ends in a voiceless consonant bedanken - bedankt Etymology 3 From nl dum -t a merger of a variety of verbal noun forming suffixes: nl odt -t, odt -thi, from nl gmw-pro *-þi, from nl gem-pro *-þiz nl odt -t, odt -thu, nl gmw-pro *-þu, from nl gem-pro *-þuz nl odt ot, nl gmw-pro *-ōþu, from nl gem-pro *-ōþuz Suffix nl suffix noun-forming suffixes forms certain verbal nouns, mostly of strong verbs nl geven - nl gift Derived terms nl verbal noun Egyptian Etymology 1 egy feminine :inh afa-pro:*-t From egy afa-pro *-t *-t, *-Vt feminine suffix. See also ar ة ـَة. Pronunciation -et at<q:consonantal and a-stem nouns>,it<q:i-stem nouns>,ut<q:u-stem nouns>,wVːt<q:debatably also, u-stem nouns when a suffix pronoun is attached, where Vː represents an unknown long vowel57–58> aʔ<q:consonantal and a-stem nouns>,iʔ<q:i-stem nouns>,uʔ<q:u-stem nouns>,wVːt<q:debatably also, u-stem nouns when a suffix pronoun is attached, where Vː represents an unknown long vowel> a<q:unstressed>,aʔ<q:stressed, in consonantal and a-stem nouns>,eʔ<q:stressed, in i-stem nouns>,uʔ<q:stressed, in u-stem nouns>,wVːt<q:debatably also, u-stem nouns when a suffix pronoun is attached, where Vː represents an unknown long vowel> ə<q:unstressed>,aʔ<q:stressed, in consonantal and a-stem nouns>,eʔ<q:stressed, in i-stem nouns>,øʔ<q:stressed, in u-stem nouns>,wVːt<q:debatably also, u-stem nouns when a suffix pronoun is attached, where Vː represents an unknown long vowel> Suffix t Used to form feminine singular forms of nouns. egy Old Egyptian Middle Egyptian Used to form feminine singular forms of adjectives. egy Late Egyptian An unpronounced graphical suffix occasionally added to adjectives without regard for gender. Derived terms egy -wt -tj Etymology 2 egy nisba :inh afa-pro:*-i afa-pro:*-t From egy afa-pro *-i genitive-possessive case ending + the ancestor of the above suffix egy -t feminine ending. Pronunciation -et iːt iʔ a<q:unstressed>,eʔ<q:stressed> ə<q:unstressed>,eʔ<q:stressed> Suffix t Converts nouns and prepositions into feminine adjectives: the feminine nisba adjective ending. Etymology 3 egy adverb Suffix t Forms adverbs from certain adjectives; -ly Etymology 4 egy infinitive Suffix t egy Old Egyptian Middle Egyptian Forms the infinitive of anomalous verbs, weak verbs (except for fourth weak verbs with a geminated stem), and causative biliteral verbs. egy Late Egyptian Forms the pronominal state of the infinitive of transitive third-weak verbs, and occasionally also biliteral and triliteral verbs, used when a suffix pronoun is attached to the infinitive. Alternative forms t*W -tw Late Egyptian ti-i -tj Late Egyptian Descendants egy -j infinitival ending Etymology 5 egy complementary infinitive Suffix t egy Old Egyptian Middle Egyptian Forms the complementary infinitive of all verbs. Usage notes Weak verbs can alternatively take the endings egy -wt or egy -yt to form the complementary infinitive. Etymology 6 egy subjunctive Suffix t Forms the subjunctive of the irregular verb egy jnj and the anomalous verb egy jwj. Alternative forms t*W -tw Etymology 7 egy terminative Suffix t egy Old Egyptian Middle Egyptian Forms the terminative of all verbs. Usage notes Third-weak verbs can alternatively take the ending egy -yt to form the terminative, more frequently when passive than when active. When this ending is attached to a verb ending in egy d or egy t, it is occasionally left unwritten. Alternative forms t-W -tw Derived terms egy split egy References 314–315, etc. 65, 81 Emilian Pronunciation egl /t/ Pronoun egl pronoun personal egl enclitic, after a vowel egl et egl enclitic, after a vowel egl te Related terms Finnish Etymology 1 fi plural From fi urj-fin-pro *-t plural, from fi urj-pro *-t plural suffix. Suffix case case suffix Marks the nominative and accusative cases in the plural. fi kissa kissat cat kissat cats Usage notes Suffixed to the genitive singular stem. The accusative plural is identical with the nominative plural and is used for certain direct objects. See also fi -n accusative Further reading Etymology 2 fi accusative By analogy with the nominative plural forms (note that the accusative plural is identical to the nominative plural for most nominals) of plural pronouns, from which applied to the other personal pronouns as well, first in the eastern dialects. The regular accusative forms like fi minun (identical to the genitive forms) are used in dialects and in older language. Suffix case case suffix Marks the accusative case in specific pronouns (the personal pronouns and the interrogative fi kuka kuka ~ ken). fi minut me fi kenet? who(m)? Usage notes Suffixed to the genitive singular stem. The personal pronouns and fi kuka ken have this ending in the accusative; they are the only words that have different genitive and accusative singular forms. See the appendix on Finnish nominal cases for more information on how the accusative case is used. nominative accusative fi minä fi minut fi sinä fi sinut fi hän fi hänet fi me fi meidät fi te fi teidät fi he fi heidät fi kuka fi kenet See also fi -n accusative Etymology 3 fi verb ending From fi urj-fin-pro *-t verb ending, from fi urj-pro *-t verb ending, probably related to second-person pronouns urj-pro *tinä, urj-pro *te. Suffix personal fi personal The second-person singular verb ending. Usage notes Suffixed to the same stem as the first person singular suffix both in the present and the past tense. Further reading Wikipedia article on Finnish grammar See also fi -n fi -mme fi -tte fi -vat / fi -vät Fula Alternative forms ff -it (varies depending on sound laws) Affix ff affix ff Pulaar indicates that the verb is repeated ff joorde joortaade to pour to pour again indicates that the action of the verb is reversed or undone ff jókkude jókkitde to sew together, fasten to break References German Etymology de :inh gmh:-et + From de gmh -et, from a merger of several de goh - conjugational endings, from de gem-pro -, from de ine-pro -. Pronunciation de /t/ Suffix de suffix inflectional suffixes Verb suffix for the third-person singular of the present tense. de lachen to laugh er lacht he laughs de spielen to play sie spielt she plays Usage notes The suffix becomes de -et after d, t: de er wartet. However, in strong verbs with a vowel change it is deleted instead: de er rät. (Note de er lädt with a silent -t.) It is also not used in the seven preterite-presents: de er darf, kann, mag, muss, soll, weiß, will. Most dialects delete the suffix generally after d, t and this sometimes transpires into colloquial Standard German. Fairly common are de es kost it costs and de es schad it does harm. Such usage is also tolerated in poetic style (often spelt with an apostrophe, e.g. de er wart’t). Suffix de suffix inflectional suffixes Verb suffix for the second-person plural of the present and past tenses. de lachen to laugh ihr lacht you [all] laugh de spielen to play ihr spielt you [all] play Usage notes The suffix becomes de -et after d, t: de ihr wartet. There are no exceptions. The form de ihr seid is exceptionally spelt with a -d (by analogy with de sind and in order to distinguish from de seit). Suffix de suffix inflectional suffixes Verb suffix for the past participle of weak verbs, together with the prefix de ge- if the first syllable of the verb stem is stressed. See de ge- -t for more. de lachen to laugh gelacht laughed de passieren to happen passiert happened de verurteilen to convict verurteilt convicted Usage notes The suffix becomes de -et after d, t: de gewartet. However, de gesandt and de gewandt show a vowel change and silent -t. Derived terms de Hungarian Pronunciation Etymology 1 end of 12th century. Of debated origin. According to the most accepted theory, it is from a possessive suffix that originated either from a hu *t-initial demonstrative pronoun or from the hu urj-pro *tᴕ̈ you personal pronoun. Suffix hu suffix accusative case suffix case suffixes hu accusative Forms the accusative case for nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals. hu külföldi foreigner → hu Sok külföldit láttam a városban. I saw many foreigners in the city. hu óra clock, watch, hour → hu Vettem egy órát. I bought a watch. hu ember human → hu Sok embert láttunk. We saw many people. hu kettő two → hu Hány könyvet vettél? ― Kettőt. How many books did you buy? ― Two. Usage notes See also Etymology 2 Past-participle suffix: From hu urj-pro *-tt. 1055. Past-tense suffix: From the past-participle suffix. end of 12th century. Suffix hu suffix hu past past-tense and past-participle suffix (homonymous form in the vast majority of verbs): hu past-tense suffix -ed, -t forms the past tense of a verb hu él to live → hu Kínában élt 10 évig. He lived in China for 10 years. hu participle hu past-participle suffix -ed, -t forms the past participle of a verb hu zár to close to close → hu Zárt ajtók mögött tanácskoztak. They held a discussion behind closed doors. Usage notes Etymology 3 1055. From hu urj-pro *-tt. Suffix hu suffix noun-forming suffixes hu noun-forming hu noun-forming suffix Added to a verb to form a noun. hu lesz to become something lét existence, life hu tesz to make, do, place tét bet Derived terms hu noun hu Other terms csordultig göcsört lépten-nyomon sebtében színültig váltig hu -at/-et noun-forming suffix preceded by a linking vowel hu -ta/-te noun-forming suffix, supplemented with a fixed possessive suffix hu -tó/-tő adjective-forming suffix; only in certain fixed forms: hu álltó, ültő, dialectally also hu fektő Etymology 4 hu Suffix hu suffix hu locative hu locative suffix archaic yhu suffixes with archaic senses in added to a noun or an adjective to form the locative case hu Kaposvár Kaposvár, Hungarian town Kaposvárt in Kaposvár hu köz gap közt between, among Usage notes See also Category:Hungarian adverbs suffixed with -t Etymology 5 hu verb-forming end of 12th century. From hu urj-pro *-tt. Suffix hu suffix hu verb-forming hu verb-forming suffix now _ improductive obsolete yhu suffixes with archaic senses A causative (e.g. hu kelt, hu teremt) or instantaneous (e.g. hu ért, hu tilt) suffix for verbs. hu causative sense -at/-et -tat/-tet -aszt/-eszt/-öszt -jt/-ajt/-ejt -ít -dít hu terem to come into existence teremt to create Derived terms hu verb See also Appendix:Hungarian suffixes References hu terms with multiple lemma etymologies terms with multiple morpheme etymologies Ilocano Etymology ilo ti or nonstandard variant of ilo 't. Suffix suffix ilo 't Ingrian Etymology From izh urj-fin-pro *-t, from izh urj-pro *-t. Cognates include fi -t and et -d. Pronunciation Suffix Used to form the nominative/accusative plural; -s Inupiaq Suffix ik suffix plural suffix in the absolutive case. Numbers vary between singular ik -q and plural -t depending on whether they modify a noun or are being used for counting Irish Suffix n f suffix forming a verbal noun, typically from verbs ending in ga -(a)il, ga -(a)in(g) or ga -(a)ir Derived terms ga Jamaican Creole Etymology jam :inh en:-th 1 jam en -th. Suffix jam suffix Used to form ordinal numbers, -th Derived terms jam Lower Tanana Pronunciation taa /tʰ/ Etymology 1 Suffix taa suffix A suffix marking the transitional aspect (marking change of state) that appears in a few verbs, mostly paired with the prefix taa dh-. References 342 Etymology 2 Suffix taa suffix taa -de specific place/time Derived terms taa References 119 Etymology 3 From taa ath-pro *-tʼ. Alternative forms taa -d -da Suffix taa suffix within, under Derived terms taa -bet stomach taa -boda sleeve taa -dhet liver References 375 Lushootseed Affix lut affix- variation of transitive suffix "-d" when used before other suffixes. Luxembourgish Pronunciation lb /t/ Etymology 1 From lb gmh -ede, from lb goh -ida, from lb gem-pro *-iþō. Cognate with rare de -de, nl -te, en -th. Suffix lb suffix f plural -ten forms nouns from adjectives: -th, -ness lb déif deep Déift depth lb stëll still, quiet Stëllt stillness, quietness Etymology 2 Alternative forms lb -tt in some irregular verbs lb -dd in the form lb sidd of lb sinn Suffix lb suffix used to form the second-person plural present and imperative of all verbs (except those with a stem in -d or -t, see usage note) lb laachen to laugh dir laacht you [lot] laugh used to form the third-person singular present of all regular and some irregular verbs lb laachen to laugh hie laacht he laughs used to form the past participle of all regular and some irregular verbs (often with the prefix lb ge-, see there) lb laachen to laugh gelaacht laughed used to form the first-person singular, third-person singular, and second-person plural past tense and past subjunctive of some irregular verbs lb mussen must, to have to ech musst I had to lb mussen must, to have to ech misst I would have to Usage notes With verb stems in -d, this letter becomes -t unless followed by a vowel and the ending is thus omitted, as it is with stems that end in -t to begin with. Manx Suffix gv suffix gv -it Mayo Etymology From mfy azc-pro *-ci. Suffix mfy suffix plural -chim Diminutive suffix Derived terms mfy Middle English Etymology 1 Suffix enm suffix enm following fricatives enm -th abstract nominal suffix Etymology 2 Suffix enm suffix enm following fricatives enm -the abstract nominal abstract nominal suffix Etymology 3 Suffix enm suffix enm following fricatives enm -the ordinal ordinal suffix Etymology 4 enm past ending From enm ang -t, the past participle ending of certain class 1 weak verbs (typically those with stems ending in a voiceless consonant). It also frequently arises from the devoicing of the past participle ending enm -d (syncopated from enm -ed). Additionally, it functions as a past tense ending via the apocope of enm -te (which itself often developed from the devoicing of enm -de, syncopated from enm -ede). Suffix enm suffix Forms the past tense and past participle of certain weak verbs. Descendants en -t ending sco -t Mohawk Suffix moh interfix causative verb suffix References 417 Northern Sami Pronunciation se Etymology 1 From se smi-pro *-ktē. Suffix se suffix adverb-forming suffixes with odd-syllable stems -it se manner adverbForms adverbs of manner from adjectives. Usage notes w When affixed to stems ending in -i and -u, there are two possible alternative forms. In the first, the suffix added with no change, while in the second, the final vowel lowered to e and o respectively and diphthong simplification is performed on the preceding syllable. Derived terms se manner adverb Etymology 2 From se smi-pro *-tē partitive/ablative. Suffix se suffix adverb-forming suffixes se time adverbForms adverbs of time. Usage notes s Derived terms se time adverb Etymology 3 From se smi-pro *-mpē. Suffix se suffix adjective-forming suffixes with odd-syllable stems -it or -eabbo Forms the comparative of adjectives. Usage notes w Inflection se adjective Derived terms See :Category:Northern Sami adjective comparative forms Etymology 4 From se smi-pro *-ntë. Cognate with fi -s. Suffix se suffix adjective-forming suffixes Forms ordinal numbers from cardinals. Usage notes w Inflection -d - Derived terms See :Category:Northern Sami ordinal numbers Etymology 5 From se smi-pro *-k, from se urj-pro *-t. Cognate with fi -t. Suffix se suffix inflectional suffixes The ending of the nominative plural. Usage notes w Etymology 6 From se smi-pro *-tēk. Cognate with fi -a, fi -da. Suffix se suffix inflectional suffixes The ending of the infinitive. Usage notes s Norwegian Bokmål Pronunciation nb /t/ Etymology 1 nb non -t neuter adjective and adverbial ending. The adverbial use developed from the use of a neuter singular adjective form without an expressed noun. The Norwegian supine is likewise formally identical to the neuter singular of the past participle. Compare nn -t, da -t, sv -t, is -t and fo -t neuter adjective and adverbial ending. Suffix nb suffix An inflectional suffix forming the indefinite neuter singular of many adjectives. nb stor -t large, big neuter singular ending → nb stort large, big; neuter singular nb god -t good neuter singular ending → nb godt good; neuter singular nb lang -t long neuter singular ending → nb langt long; neuter singular nb et stort hus a large house Forming neuter singular forms of certain determiners, possessives, pronouns and numerals. nb hver each, every → nb hvert each, every; neuter singular nb min my → nb mitt my; neuter singular nb annen other, another → nb annet other, another; neuter singular nb en one → nb ett one; neuter singular Forming adverbs from adjectives, especially adverbs of manner, degree or viewpoint. nb rask -t quick, fast adverb-forming suffix → nb raskt quickly nb rolig -t calm, quiet adverb-forming suffix → nb rolig calmly, quietly nb grundig -t thorough adverb-forming suffix → nb grundig thoroughly nb Hun arbeidet raskt. She worked quickly. Forming the supine of certain strong and irregular verbs, generally together with a change in the verbal stem. nb gå to go, walk → nb gått gone, walked nb se to see → nb sett seen nb ta to take → nb tatt taken nb bite to bite → nb bitt bitten nb Hun har gått hjem. She has gone home. Forming the corresponding basic or neuter form of the past participle. nb Boka ble tatt fra bordet. The book was taken from the table. nb Et gitt tidspunkt. A given point in time. Usage notes The neuter ending is common but is not added mechanically to every adjective. Many adjectives have an unchanged neuter form, including adjectives ending in -ig or -lig, such as nb hyggelig pleasant and nb vanlig usual, as well as adjectives already ending in ⟨t⟩, such as nb absolutt absolute. The individual paradigm should be checked in a dictionary. The addition of nb -t may cause spelling or stem changes: nb sann true → nb sant true; neuter singular nb trygg safe → nb trygt safe; neuter singular nb fri free → nb fritt free; neuter singular nb gammel old → nb gammelt old; neuter singular Forms such as nb mitt, nb ett and nb annet contain historical or analogical stem changes in addition to the neuter ending. nb -t cannot be freely attached to every determiner or pronoun. The adverbial form is normally identical to the neuter singular adjective form, but its grammatical function is different: Huset er stort. — “The house is large.” adjective De satset stort. — “They made a big investment.” adverb Some adjectives remain unchanged when used adverbially: Hun smilte hyggelig (“She smiled pleasantly”). Consequently, the absence of a visible nb -t does not mean that a word is not being used as an adverb. The adverb-forming use is not fully productive in every possible meaning. Some forms have lexicalized meanings which cannot always be predicted directly from the adjective. In Norwegian, the supine follows a form of nb ha to have and is always formally identical to the neuter singular of the past participle: Hun har sett filmen. — “She has seen the film.” supine Bildet ble sett av mange. — “The picture was seen by many.” past participle Not all strong verbs form their supine in nb -t. Many instead have forms ending in nb -et, such as nb skrevet written, nb funnet found and nb drukket drunk. Etymology 2 nb non -t weak-verb past-participle ending, historically an allomorph of non -ð weak-verb dental ending after certain consonants. Both belong to the Germanic dental suffix used in the formation of weak preterites and past participles. Compare nn -t, da -t and sv -t weak-verb supine and past-participle ending. Suffix nb suffix An inflectional suffix forming the supine of certain weak verbs. nb kjøpe to buy → nb kjøpt bought nb lese to read → nb lest read nb sende to send → nb sendt sent nb tenke to think → nb tenkt thought nb Jeg har kjøpt ei ny bok. I have bought a new book. Forming the basic indefinite form of the past participle of the same verbs. nb Boka ble kjøpt i går. The book was bought yesterday. nb et nøye gjennomtenkt svar a carefully considered answer Usage notes With verbs ending in unstressed -e, that vowel is removed before the ending: nb kjøpe → nb kjøpt, nb lese → nb lest. The addition of the suffix may be accompanied by consonant changes or spelling simplification: nb tenke → nb tenkt, nb selge to sell → nb solgt sold. Verbs with a supine in nb -t commonly have a simple past ending in nb -te: nb kjøpte bought — nb kjøpt bought nb leste read — nb lest read nb sendte sent — nb sendt sent nb tenkte thought — nb tenkt thought The supine is used after nb ha, while the participle is used in passive constructions or adjectivally: De har kjøpt huset. — “They have bought the house.” supine Huset ble kjøpt. — “The house was bought.” past participle The basic participle is normally identical in the masculine, feminine and neuter indefinite singular. The definite singular and plural generally end in -e: en kjøpt bok, et kjøpt hus, den kjøpte boka, kjøpte bøker. The final ⟨t⟩ is pronounced. Other weak verbs form their supines and participles with nb -d, nb -dd, nb -et or nb -a. The correct ending must be checked for the individual verb. Some forms permit more than one analysis. nb vist, for example, may be the supine or past participle of nb vise to show, or the neuter form of the adjective nb vis wise. See also nb -e definite singular and plural adjective ending nb -te weak-verb simple-past ending nb -d weak-verb supine and past-participle ending nb -dd weak-verb supine and past-participle ending nb -et noun, verb and adjective ending nb -a noun and weak-verb ending References supinum “supinum – grammatikk”, Store norske leksikon. “Adjektiver og partisipper”, Språkrådet. Norwegian Nynorsk Suffix nn suffix Used to form adverbs from adjectives Used to make neuter forms of adjectives Used to make past participle of some weakly inflected verbs Nuxalk Pronunciation blc /t/ Suffix blc suffix 3rd person plural subject suffix Derived terms blc -t References 425 Old English Suffix ang suf ang -þ,-þu See also ang Old Norse Etymology non Suffix non suffix non -a; used in between vowels non -ð; used following hard consonants forms adverbs from adjectives makes neuter forms of adjectives Pipil Suffix ppl suffix Plural verb suffix. ppl ppl ti- Tippl takwika takwikat. We sing. Nominal absolutive suffix. *siwa- → ppl siwat *tutu- → ppl tutut Usage notes The nominal absolutive suffix -t is a truncated form of ppl -ti used for vowel-ending stems. Opposed to absolutive suffixes, construct suffixes used are ppl -w (for vowel-ending stems), -(zero) (for consonant-ending stems) and ppl -yu ("inalienable possession" marker) Scottish Gaelic Suffix gd suffix f Suffix forming a verbal noun from verbs ending in gd -(a)il or gd -(a)ir gd iomair play, undertake, campaign iomairt playing, undertaking, campaign gd geil graze geilt grazing Senhaja de Srair Suffix suffix sjs t- -t Ketama Swedish Suffix sv suffix Suffix to create the definite singular form of neuter nouns ending in an unstressed vowel: sv hjärta heart → sv hjärtat the heart Suffix for creating adverbs out of adjectives: sv långsam slow → sv långsamt slowly Suffix used on the positive form of adjectives to denote that the corresponding noun is of neuter gender, indefinite form: sv en gul bil a yellow car → sv ett gult hus a yellow house, the latter being neuter. However, the sv -a suffix is used for definite form independent of gender: sv den gula bilen the yellow car → sv det gula huset the yellow house. Suffix to form the past participle of weakly inflected verbs, to be used when the corresponding participle belongs with a neuter noun in indefinite singular form. Suffix for forming supine of verbs of the first (ar-verbs) and second (weak er-verbs) conjugations; see also -it and -tt sv -th sv no longer productive sv -d -th -th; used after a voiceless consonant sv näpsa näpst to rebuke a rebuke sv -t sv no longer productive sv -d -t -t; used after a voiceless consonant sv driva drift to drive a drift to drive (to compel) References svetym 0029.html -d Turkish Etymology From tr ota ـت -t causative suffix, from tr trk-pro *-t causative suffix. Cognate with otk 𐱃 -(ï)t causative suffix. Suffix tr suffix Form of tr -dir. Forms causative verbs usually from polysyllabic stems ending in a vowel or 'l' or 'r'. tr köpürmek to foam köpürtmek to cause something to foam Form of tr -ıt Derived terms tr Unami Etymology unm Suffix unm suffix an plural -chik One who is or does, -er. An agentive suffix. Derived terms unm