-chen

Appendix:Variations of "chen" Dongxiang Etymology From sce xgn-pro *-gcï agentive suffix and xgn-pro *-cïn. Compare mn -гч, mn -чин. Pronunciation Suffix sce suffix progressive participle suffix Usage notes As with the agentive particles in other Mongolic languages, forms built using this suffix can also be used to derive names of occupations. The primary usage is to form relative clauses which denote an ongoing event relative to the rest of the sentence. See also sce -san perfective suffix sce -ku imperfective suffix German Alternative forms de -ken colloquial in northern Germany de -gen Etymology de :inh gmh:-echen<ety:inh<goh:*-ihīn<ety:inh<gmw-pro:*-ukīn>>>> From de gmh -echen, gmh -ichen, from de goh *-ihīn, goh *-uhīn, from de gmw-pro *-ukīn. Native to the Central German dialects, -chen has widely replaced the southern-based de -lein in standard usage. Cognate with nds-de -ken, nds-de -ke as well as nl -tje and nl -ken. More at en -kin. Pronunciation de /çən/ [çən] [çn̩] The use of a syllabic nasal [n̩] is less common in this ending than otherwise. The vowel tends to be preserved and often fronted, yielding [çɪn]. de /jən/ variant, especially after fricatives like s. Never after a vowel or sonorant. de De--chen.ogg <<Germany>> (<<Berlin>>) Suffix de suffix noun-forming suffixes n genitive -chens plural -chen or -erchen diminutive suffixes nowadays the most common suffix to create a diminutive form de Hund dog Hündchen little dog de Backe cheek Bäckchen little cheek de Nicker nap Nickerchen catnap Usage notes Words ending in the suffix -chen are always neuter, whatever the gender of the basic word. Generally, with few exceptions, diminutives with -chen have an umlauted stem vowel. Double vowels must be singled as the combinations ää and öö are not permitted in modern German orthography (e.g. de Härchen from de Haar, de Bötchen from de Boot). Word-final -e and -en are lost before the diminutive ending: de Kärtchen from de Karte, de Gärtchen from de Garten. Words ending in -ch (and some others) use the double suffix de -elchen, e.g. de Strichelchen from de Strich. However, the suffix de -lein is more common for these words in writing (de Strichlein). The plural diminutive is generally unchanged, but some words with a plural in de -er may carry this ending over to the plural diminutive, yielding de -erchen. This is standard in de Kindchen → de Kinderchen; most other forms (like de Lämmerchen, etc.) are slightly informal or dated. Derived terms de See also de -lein de -erl de -i Luxembourgish Alternative forms lb -elchen see usage notes below lb -che Eifel rule Etymology From lb gmw-pro *-ikīn, gem-pro *-ukīn, a double diminutive, from gmw-pro *-ik, gmw-pro *-uk + gmw-pro *-īn. Pronunciation lb /χen/ [ɕən] Suffix lb suffix plural -ercher or -cher diminutive suffixes creates a diminutive noun lb eng Kaz eng Kätzchen a cat a little cat, kitten Usage notes Luxembourgish diminutives, unlike German, keep the gender of the basic word. With few exceptions, diminutives exhibit umlaut if possible. Stems ending in -k, -g, -ch, -ng use the extended suffix lb -elchen. Some diminutives are irregular: lb Wäin → lb Wéngchen. When the syllable immediately before -chen is stressed, the plural is of the form -ercher, otherwise -cher: lb Kätzchen → lb Kätzercher, but lb Äppelchen → lb Äppelcher. Nouns with an irregular plural often exhibit a similar irregularity in the plural diminutive: lb Hand → lb Hänn and analogously lb Händchen → lb Hännercher. Derived terms lb Middle English enm Alternative forms enm -chin Etymology From enm ang -ċen, ang -cen, ang -ċin, from enm gmw-pro *-ikīn, gmw-pro *-ukīn, equivalent to enm -ok -en diminutive diminutive suffix. Suffix enm suffix diminutive suffixes Suffix forming diminutives of nouns enm bulchin enm clouchin enm ticchen