-al

Appendix:Variations of "al" English Etymology 1 en adjectival suffix :inh enm:-al<id:adjectival suffix> From en enm -al, from the en la - adjective suffix la -ālis, or French, Middle French and Old French fr -el, fr -al. Distant en -ar 1. Alternative forms en -all obsolete en -ial en -ual en -arial Pronunciation en /əl/ [l̩] [ɫ̩] en LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--al.wav Southern England Suffix s en adjectival Of or pertaining to. Adjectival suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to produce an adjective form. Often added to words of Latin origin, but used with other words also. en base basal en cranium cranial en spine spinal en distant distal en nominal Forming nouns, especially of verbal action. en propose proposal en deny denial en bestow bestowal Usage notes Most adjectives with this ending were not formed in English, but were taken from Latin (or French). In Latin, the ending la -ālis (whence en -al) had the alternative form la -āris (whence en -ar), which was often used when the base word contained l. The use of -al or -ar is inconsistent: While words like en formular, en fibular, en capsular, and en bulbar follow the Latin norm, words like en molal, en phylal, en salmonellal, and en zooxanthellal do not. Some words show variation between en -al and en -ar, such as en lobar and en lobal, en acinar and en acinal; variation also existed in Latin, as with la līneāris and hence en linear vs la līneālis and hence en lineal. However, the ending en -al is always used if the last l in the base word is followed by r, e.g. en cultural, en scleral, en microfloral, en pleural, en loral, en labral (compare en glomerular, where the last l in en glomerulus is not followed by r). The ending also appears in the extended forms en -ial and en -ual, as in en manorial and en eventual. If the base word ends: with la -us us, um or a, it is dropped (e.g. en viral, from en virus; en bronchial (la-new bronchiālis), from en bronchium; en corneal from en cornea); with er / re (mostly derived from the Latin ending -rum), the e is dropped (e.g. en membral, from en member (la membrum); en central, from en center center/centre (la centrum)); or with a consonant + le (mostly derived from the Latin endings la -ulus -ulus, -ulum, -ula), the latter usually changes to ul (e.g. en muscular, from en muscle (la mūsculus); en vehicular, from en vehicle (la vehiculum); en arbuscular, from en arbuscle (la arbuscula)). As a nominalizer, some verbs have two corresponding nouns, one ending in en -al and the other in en -tion/en -sion (more common suffix), with one or the other being more common, sometimes with different nuances. Notable examples: en disposition/en disposal (en dispose), en proposition/en proposal (en propose), en submission/en submittal (en submit), en transmission/en transmittal (en transmit). Some superficial pairs are actually of different origin, notably en reversion/en reversal (respectively related to en revert and en reverse). Final silent e is dropped before this suffix, e.g. en casal, from en case. Derived terms adjectival en -al forming nouns, especially of verbal action en arousal, en arrival, en bestowal, en betrothal, en denial, en disposal, en proposal, en rental, en rival, en revival, en reversal, en removal, en subdual, en submittal, en transmittal, en upheaval en -ical See also en -an -ar -ate -esque -ese -id -ian -ing -ish -like -oid -ory -ous -ship en -tion (en -ion, en -sion) -ure -y Etymology 2 en aldehyde :clip aldehyde + 1 Pronunciation en /æl/ Suffix en suffix en organic chemistry Forms the names of aldehydes. Derived terms en -al (aldehyde) Translations aldehyde Danish: da -al Dutch: nl -al Galician: gl -al Hungarian: hu -al Polish: pl -al m Swedish: sv -al Anagrams en al L. A. L.A. LA La La- La. la lä en noun-forming suffixes Abenaki Suffix abe suffix A suffix used to form the plurals of inanimate words. abe pessimen currant → abe pessimenal currants abe wôbigen it is white → abe wôbigenal they are white Usage notes -al is the most common suffix used to form the plurals of inanimate words, including most body parts and some words ending in the vowel a. See the usage notes at -ak. Asturian Etymology ast la -ālis. Pronunciation Suffix -ales en -al of or pertaining to Suffix f -ales en tree forms names of trees ast peruyu wild pear peruyal pear tree ast nuez walnut nozal walnut tree ast ablana chestnut ablanal chestnut tree forms names of areas ast llamarga mud llamargal mire ast maíz corn maizal corn field ast pataca potato patacal potato field Derived terms ast Catalan Etymology ca :inh la:-ālis ca la -ālis. Pronunciation Suffix mf in adjectives, indicating relation ca estructura<t:structure> estructural<t:structural> Derived terms ca Danish Etymology From da la -ālis. Suffix en -al, of or pertaining to; forming an adjective from a noun da -el da organic chemistry en -al Declension Adjectives en er Common nouns et er Neuter nouns Derived terms da See also da -ig da -isk da -lig da -som References Dutch Pronunciation nl /ɑl/ nl Nl--al.ogg Suffix m - - nl functional group suffix en -al Synonyms nl oxo- Derived terms nl Esperanto Pronunciation LL-Q143 (epo)-Lepticed7--al.wav Suffix eo suffix for [...] reason (ending for correlatives of reason) Derived terms eo kial<t:for what reason, why> tial<t:for that reason, therefore> ĉial<t:for every reason> ial<t:for any/some reason> nenial<t:for no reason> alial<t:for another reason> French Etymology fr :inh frm:-al<ety:inh<fro:-al>> fr frm -al, from fr fro -al, borrowed from fr la -ālis. fr -el, which is inherited. The masculine plural in -x comes from the letter's usage as a ligature to abbreviate -us. Pronunciation fr LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00--al.wav <<France>> (<<Lyon>>) Suffix en -al; appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form; often added to words of Latin origin, but used with other words also Derived terms fr Descendants nb -al tr -sal 1 1 Galician Etymology gl :inh roa-opt:-al<ety:inh<la:-ālis<alt:-ālem>>> 2 1 Pronunciation gl -al Suffix -ais en -al of or pertaining to gl industria factory; industry industrial industrial Suffix mfbysense -ais appended to noun X, forms nouns meaning “a place where there is plenty of X” or "field where a plant is cultivated" gl trigo wheat trigal wheatfield gl pedra rock pedregal rocky field Derived terms gl German Etymology de :bor la:-ālis de la -ālis. Pronunciation de [aːl] de LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--al.wav de De--al.ogg <<Germany>> (<<Berlin>>) Suffix de suffix adjective-forming suffixes pertaining to, using; adjectival suffix appended to nouns Derived terms de Hungarian Etymology From hu -a- -l linking vowel verb-forming suffix y. Pronunciation Suffix hu suffix noun-forming suffixes verb-forming suffixes hu verb-forming suffix Added to a noun to form a verb. hu szárny a wing szárnyal to soar hu noun-forming suffix Added to a verb to form a noun. No longer productive in this role. hu von to pull vonal line hu organic chemistry en -al forms the names of aldehydes hu etanal ethanal Usage notes noun-forming suffix Variants: hu -al is added to back-vowel words hu -el is added to front-vowel words Derived terms hu verb hu noun See also Appendix:Hungarian suffixes K'iche' Pronunciation quc /aːl/ Suffix quc suffix Forms nouns from adjectives quc tew cold tewal coldness quc k’ak’ new k’ak’al youngster Forms nouns from quc -aj verb suffix quc mujaj to shade mujaj shadow quc q’ebaj to go across q’ebal large earthen jar Forms nouns from adverbs quc nojim slowly nojimal slowness quc nabe firstly nabeal firstborn Forms nouns from nouns quc k’o’x gourd cup k’o’xal shell of a dead animal quc süb tamalito of corn sübal pot for making tamales References Latin Alternative forms la -āle la -ar -āre when containing /l/ Etymology From the recurrent substantivation of apocopated adjectives in la -āle, the nominative neuter singular ending of la -ālis. Compare the nominal suffixes la -ārium, la -ium and la -cum (among others), all derived from the neuter stem of adjective-forming suffixes. Suffix -al<3> noun-forming suffix Declension -al<3.N> Derived terms la Lepontic Suffix xlp romanization xlp -𐌀𐌋 Malay Etymology ms nl -aal and ms en -al. Pronunciation ms [-əl] English-based ms [-al] SB,uncommon ms -al Suffix ـل en -al ms konvensional conventional Derived terms ms ms unproductive suffixes Manx Alternative forms gv -ail Etymology 1 Extracted from gv goaill. Suffix n f suffix used to form verbal nouns Etymology 2 Extracted from gv goaill. Suffix v suffix used productively to form denominative verbs and their associated verbal nouns gv yiarn iron yiarnal to iron gv post post postal to post Etymology 3 From gv mga -amail (compare ga -úil, gd -ail, gd -eil), from gv sga -amail. Suffix a An adjectival suffix applied to various words, usually nouns, to make an adjective. Derived terms gv See also gv -ee Middle English Alternative forms enm -ale -all -alle -eel -el -ele -ell -elle Etymology enm adjectival suffix :bor fro:-al<id:forming adjectives> fro:-el<id:adjective> la:-ālis<id:adjectivizing suffix> enm fro -al, fro -el and its source enm la -ālis.-al suf MED988 Pronunciation enm /-ˈal/ /-al/ from fro -al and la -ālis 2 68 enm /-ˈɛːl/ /-ˈɛl/ /-ɛl/ from fro -el 2 83 Suffix enm suffix enm chiefly not productive Forms adjectives from Latin and Romance vocabulary. Derived terms enm Descendants en -al sco -al References Munsee Suffix umu suffix A suffix used to form the plurals of inanimate words. umu síipuw river → umu siipúwal rivers umu máxkeew it is red → umu maxkéewal they are red Usage notes -al is the most common suffix used to form the plurals of inanimate words, including most body parts and some words ending in the vowel a. Norman Etymology From nrf fro -al, from nrf la -ālis. Suffix nrf suffix en -al of or pertaining to; adjectival suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form Derived terms nrf Norwegian Nynorsk Etymology 1 From nn non -all, a variant of nn -ull inclined to, from nn gem-pro *-ulaz doing, inclined to. Compare is -ull. Alternative forms nn -all pre-1917 nn -æl -øl -ål -åle -aillj -ell dialectal nn -ol -ul poetic or dialectal Suffix nn no longer productive forms adjectives from verbs, denoting inclination nn gråta<t:to cry> gråtal<t:weepy> nn teia<t:to stop talking> tagal<t:taciturn> nn våga<t:to dare> vågal<t:daring> nn no longer productive forms adjectives from nouns, referring to a state nn frost<t:frost> frostal<t:cold-sensitive> nn sorg<t:sorrow> sorgal<t:sorrowful> nn liv<t:life> lival<t:lively> Usage notes The suffix -al is rather uncommon in the standard language, with nn -sam, nn -ete and nn -leg being much more productive. Aasen noted that -al varied greatly in productivity across the dialects; it was e.g. very rare in the dialects of Hardanger. A handful of terms feature nn -ol or nn -ul. These are often archaic and usually borrowed directly from Old Norse (e.g. nn sannsogol). Derived terms nn blåsal blåstal brekal frostal kneal grinal gråtal lekal hatal beigal krakal lidal vågal yppal hugal svikal sannsogol vidforul vimul tumul tomul åtal vindal kostal skridal smygal stormal gøyal fådugal keival kvikul tagal References %al *all search Aasen, Ivar (1864) Norsk grammatikk: Afledede Adjectiver Etymology 2 Borrowed from nn fro -al, ultimately from nn la -ālis related to. nn -ell and nn -il. Suffix nn suffix forms nouns from latin and greek roots, equivalent to en -al nn areal, nn spiral, nn urinal forms adjectives from latin and greek roots, equivalent to en -al nn global, nn liberal, nn ekvatorial See also nn -ant References nn adjective-forming suffixes nn noun-forming suffixes Old French Alternative forms fro -el Etymology fro forming adjectives :lbor la:-ālis<id:adjectivizing suffix> fro la -ālis. Compare the inherited fro -el. Suffix fro suffix suffix used to form adjectives from nouns fro mesnal domestic; household 1 from mesnee Descendants frm -al fr -al Polish Etymology pl nominal :inh sla-pro:*-aľь<id:nominal> + 1 Pronunciation Suffix pl suffix m forms masculine nouns, usually augmentative in nature pl nos nochal Declension Animate/personal: Inanimate: Surnames: -alowie alów Derived terms pl Further reading Portuguese Pronunciation pt aw<a:Brazil> al<a:Portugal> 1 pt -al Etymology 1 pt pertaining to :inh roa-opt:-al<ety:inh<la:-ālis<alt:-ālem>>> 1 * Alternative forms pt -ar -eal -ial -ual Suffix en -al of or pertaining to pt -ar -ário -eiro -ico -eal -ial pt abismo abyss abismal abyssal; abysmal pt indústria factory; industry industrial industrial pt rarely productive forms synonyms of adjectives containing the suffix pt -ico pt angélico angelic angelical angelical Suffix mfbysense appended to noun X, forms nouns meaning “a collection X” or “a large quantity of X” pt -ário pt ninho nest ninhal a bunch of nests pt edito edict edital notice board appended to noun X, forms nouns meaning “a place where there is plenty of X” or "field where a plant is cultivated" pt -açal -egal -eiro pt trigo wheat trigal wheatfield pt sobreiro cork oak sobreiral an orchard of cork oaks pt pedra rock pedregal a rocky field pt colmeia beehive colmeal a place with many beehives pt cátedra clergy catedral a large or important church building Usage notes Usage notes about the use of -al or -ar in English are fully applicable to their Portuguese cognates. false In addition, if the base word ends: with la -us, it may be dropped, e.g. pt viral (from pt vírus) and pt anal (from pt ânus); with a stressed falling diphthong, the semivowel is dropped, e.g. pt real (from pt rei) and pt ideal (from pt ideia); or with an unstressed o not following an i (mostly derived from Latin fourth declension), the form pt -ual may be used instead, e.g. pt textual (from pt texto) but pt predial (from pt prédio) instead of *prediual. The ending may appear as pt -ial or pt -eal (e.g. pt racial, from pt raça, and pt floreal, from pt flor). Derived terms pt Etymology 2 pt chemistry From the first syllable of pt álcool álcool alcohol and pt aldeído aldeído aldehyde. Suffix m pt organic chemistry forms the names of alcohols pt organic chemistry en -al; forms the names of aldehydes Further reading pt Agriculture Romanian Etymology ro :lbor la:-alis + 1 Compare fr -al, it -ale. Pronunciation ro /al/ Suffix 1 en -al; of or pertaining to, forms adjectives from nouns. ro săptămână week săptămânal weekly Declension Derived terms ro Related terms ro -aie Spanish Etymology es :inh la:-ālis<id:adjectivizing suffix> + 1 Suffix indicates relation es cultura culture cultural cultural Suffix m indicates a place where something is grown, or where there is plenty of it es maíz corn maizal corn field es naranja orange naranjal orange grove es escoria scoria escorial bed of lava See also es -ar es -ero Derived terms es Further reading Swedish Suffix sv suffix en -al, of or pertaining to; forming an adjective from a noun Derived terms sv See also sv -ell sv -ig sv -isk sv -lig sv -sam Anagrams sv al l:a la Turkish Pronunciation Suffix tr suffix form -el a u