Hsiung-nu

English Etymology From en cmn 匈奴, en cmn-wadegiles - romanization: Hsiung¹-nu².Xiongnu, Wade-Giles Hsiung-nu, in Encyclopædia BritannicaHsiung-Nu "Etymology Chinese (Pekingese) hsiung¹ nu², from hsiung¹ cruel, fierce + nu² slave, servant" Noun 1 p en Xiongnu. en https://archive.org/details/eastturkistantot0000unse/ 1964 East Turkistan to the Twelfth Century William Samolin Mouton & Co The Hague 27 During this period the Hsiung-nu were weak and failed to assert their power in the region. The more powerful states, Shan-shan (75) in the Lop region, So-ch'e (76) (Yarqand) and Yü-t'ien (77) (Khotan) had begun to absorb their lesser neighbors. en 1970 w:René Grousset Naomi Walford The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia https://archive.org/details/threeleggedhorse00chen/ New Brunswick, NJ w:Rutgers University Press 0-8135-0627-1 77-108-759 899101303 22081029M 127 https://archive.org/details/threeleggedhorse00chen/page/127/ The founder of the Han dynasty, the emperor Kao-ti, hastened to the scene, drove back the Hsiung-nu, but was then blockaded by them on the Paiteng plateau near Pingcheng, in the present-day district of Tatung, on the frontiers of Shansi. en 1972 Owen Lattimore Owen Lattimore GREAT WALL OF CHINA w:Encyclopedia Britannica 10 https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri10chic/ 0-85229-162-0 77-149817 243587 779 https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri10chic/page/779/ 2 In the 3rd century B.C. the "first emperor of Ch’in" — Ch’in Shih Huang Ti — after uniting China, linked up some already existing walls and built new sections to create the Great Wall, defending China from the Hsiung-nu or Huns on the north. en 1979 w:Yasushi Inoue Lou-lan w:Edward Seidensticker Lou-lan and Other Stories https://archive.org/details/loulanotherstori00inou/ w:Kodansha International 0-87011-389-5 79-66239 6014345 14 https://archive.org/details/loulanotherstori00inou/page/14/ The men of Lou-Ian thought that they would not again see the Hsiung-nu. They had heard that the Han had routed the nomads and they were not beyond believing the rumors. They had been told by travelers that there were Han stations at Chiu-ch'üan and Tun-huang, once Hsiung-nu strongholds, that the Great Wall had been extended to Chiu-ch'üan, that to the west of Tun-huang there were numerous beacon towers and strong points, among them the Jade Gate and the Yang Barrier, and that communication routes between Han China and the Western Marches had been secured. en 1979 China in Central Asia: The Early Stage: 125 BC - AD 23 Anthony François Paulus Hulsewé 61 There are instances in which a state accepted a princess both from Han and from the Hsiung-nu, and "once Lou-lan had surrendered and presented tributary gifts [to the Han emperor], the Hsiung-nu heard of those events and sent out troups to attack [Lou-lan]. Whereupon [the king of] Lou-lan sent one son as a hostage to the Hsiung-nu and and one as hostage to Han." en 2001 w:George Fetherling CHING K'o The Book of Assassins https://archive.org/details/bookofassassinsb0000feth/ 2006 Edison, NJ Castle Books 978-0-7858-2181-6 70170972 8103880M 98 https://archive.org/details/bookofassassinsb0000feth/page/98/ The remaining major kingdoms (Han, Ch'u, Chao, Yen and Ch'i) searched for a means to stop the aggressive Ch'in, who appeared to have more in common with the Hsiung-nu than with the Chinese. en References Further reading