Beijing

bèijìng bèijǐng Běijīng English thumb|right|250px|Central Beijing, with the boundaries defined by the Ming and Qing era city walls still distinct to the east and south thumb|right|250px|Xinhuamen, the south gate of Zhongnanhai in central Beijing, with the slogan "Serve the People" Alternative forms en Peking dated en Pei-ching Peiching uncommon Wade-Giles en Pekin Peh-king Pachin Paquin Pequin obsolete Etymology 1958, borrowed from en cmn-pinyin -en 2017 Languages Other than English The Chicago Manual of Style Seventeenth https://archive.org/details/chicagomanualofs0017unse/ University of Chicago Press 10.7208/cmos17 2017020712 988171830 652 https://archive.org/details/chicagomanualofs0017unse/page/652/ Wade-Giles Postal atlas PinyinPei-ching (Pei-p’ing) Peking (Peiping) Beijingen 1998 Blunden Caroline Gazetteer Cultural Atlas of China https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofc00blun_0/ Revised Facts on File 0-8160-3814-7 98-34322 43168341 232 https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofc00blun_0/page/232/ Names in italics represent the Wade-Giles equivalent of the preceding Pinyin transcription.Beijing/Pei-ching cmn Běijīng, romanization of the en cmn - en zh 北京 Běijīng northern capital. The name Beijing was to distinguish the city from Nanjing to the south, and first applied informally during the reign of the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, who preferred to rule from Beijing but was obliged to treat Nanjing as a secondary capital by the dynastic injunctions of his father the Hongwu Emperor. The name continued a practice of several preceding dynasties—especially those of nomadic conquerers from the north such as the Jin and Liao—of maintaining a number of separate capitals designated by their cardinal directions. en Pronunciation en /beɪˈd͡ʒɪŋ/ /ˌbeɪˈd͡ʒɪŋ/ en /beɪˈʒɪŋ/ /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ hyperforeignen 2016 Chung Karen Steffen Wade–Giles Romanization System The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language https://web.archive.org/web/20221225034901/https://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~karchung/Karen/RoutledgeChinLangch42KSCWadeGilesp795to815.pdf https://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~karchung/Karen/RoutledgeChinLangch42KSCWadeGilesp795to815.pdf December 25, 2022 w:Taylor & Francis 9781317382485 946887394 769 Some good choices still ended up causing confusion, such as the now nearly universal pronunciation of the Pinyin 'j' as in 'Beijing' as [ʒ] instead of [dʒ] as in jingle, which would be a very close approximation of the correct [tɕ]. bā′jĭng′Beijing geographical name Bei·​jing ˈbā-ˈjiŋ nonstandard -ˈzhiŋ variants or Peking ˈpē-ˈkiŋ ˈpā- or formerly Peiping ˈpā-ˈping ˈbā-Peking 1446 1 Chinese Pei-ching or Peking (both: bāʹjǐngʹ) en en-us-Beijing.ogg US /ˌbeɪˈd͡ʒɪŋ/ en LL-Q1860 (eng)-Zazollo-Beijing.wav US /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ en Bei jing en ɪŋ 2 Proper noun en Q956 en direct-administered municipality/capital city c/China. from c. 1958 en 1976 1966 Hao Ran Debut Wong Kam-ming Revolutionary Literature in China: An Anthology https://archive.org/details/revolutionarylit0000unse/ White Plains, New York w:M. E. Sharpe, Inc. 0-87332-103-0 76-51581 492484128 92 https://archive.org/details/revolutionarylit0000unse/page/92/ Liu Lao-zheng sidled right up to Zao-hua and said: “That’s right. I went to Beijing [Peking] to visit with my daughter. Zao-hua, I hear that you have become the workpoint recorder.”Liu Lao-zheng pulled out an abacus from a sack he was carrying over his shoulder. “Huala, huala,” he shook it several times and said: “I bought one in Beijing. I’ll lend it to you to use.” en Aug. 7, 2020 Steven Lee Myers; w:Keith Bradsher Beijing Launches Another Demolition Drive, This Time in Its Bucolic Suburbs w:The New York Times https://web.archive.org/web/20200807091010/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/world/asia/china-beijing-crackdown-housing.html 07 August 2020 0362-4331 1645522 Asia Pacific https://archive.is/qLd4w Backhoes moved house by house, laying waste to a community called Xitai that was built in a plush green valley on the northern edge of Beijing, only a short walk from the Great Wall of China. en October 24, 2022 Li Yuan A Lonely Protest in Beijing Inspires Young Chinese to Find Their Voice w:The New York Times https://web.archive.org/web/20221024091034/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/24/business/xi-jinping-protests.html 24 October 2022 0362-4331 1645522 Business https://archive.is/sJjQs A protester unfurled two banners on a highway overpass in central Beijing on Oct. 13, denouncing Xi Jinping as a “despotic traitor.” China’s censors went to great lengths to scrub the internet of any reference to the act of dissent, prohibiting all discussion and shutting down many offending social media accounts. en 03/22/2023 China: Sandstorms blanket Beijing as air pollution spikes https://web.archive.org/web/20230322170255/https://www.dw.com/en/china-sandstorms-blanket-beijing-as-air-pollution-spikes/a-65074736 22 March 2023 https://www.dw.com/en/china-sandstorms-blanket-beijing-as-air-pollution-spikes/a-65074736 w:Deutsche Welle https://archive.ph/A4jVE Beijing regularly faces dust storms in March and April due to its proximity to the Gobi desert as well as deforestation throughout northern China. en en Q148 en metonymy The government of the People's Republic of China. from late 20th c. en Zhongnanhai en 1980 Melvin Gurton; Byong-Moo Hwang China under Threat: The Politics of Strategy and Diplomacy https://archive.org/details/chinaunderthreat0000gurt/ w:Johns Hopkins University Press 0-8018-2397-8 80-7990 470966163 210 https://archive.org/details/chinaunderthreat0000gurt/page/210/ In Beijing’s view, in the absence of an explicit treaty provision, the central line of the main channel—the Thalweg principle—provided a legal basis for delimiting the boundary in the two rivers. On this basis, Beijing claimed that 600 of the rivers’ 700 islands—including Zhenbao Island on the Ussuri River, just 180 miles southwest of an important Soviet city, Khabarovsk—belonged to the P.R.C. en 1992 w:Richard Nixon The Pacific Triangle Seize the Moment https://archive.org/details/seizemomentameri00nixo/ w:Simon & Schuster 0-671-74343-0 91-37743 440652941 181 https://archive.org/details/seizemomentameri00nixo/page/181/ In the Shanghai Communiqué of 1972, we recognized the fact that both Beijing and Taipei viewed Taiwan as part of China but unequivocally expressed our support for a peaceful settlement of the unification issue. While we should not alter the fundamental pillars of our policy, we should consider certain steps that will raise Taiwan's international standing. en June 2, 2022 Cate Cadell; w:Ellen Nakashima Beijing chafes at Moscow’s requests for support, Chinese officials say w:The Washington Post https://web.archive.org/web/20220606004628/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/06/02/china-support-russia-ukraine/ 06 June 2022 0190-8286 2269358 https://archive.is/a6jbT Russian officials have raised increasingly frustrated requests for greater support during discussions with Beijing in recent weeks, calling on China to live up to its affirmation of a “no limits” partnership made weeks before the war in Ukraine began. But China’s leadership wants to expand assistance for Russia without running afoul of Western sanctions and has set limits on what it will do, according to Chinese and U.S. officials. en June 15, 2023 Didi Tang Spotify removes protest song Glory to Hong Kong w:The Times https://archive.is/yuNOG 15 June 2023 https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/spotify-removes-protest-song-glory-to-hong-kong-ssd7362s0 0140-0460 181820531 World https://web.archive.org/web/20230615114006/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/spotify-removes-protest-song-glory-to-hong-kong-ssd7362s0 While Beijing has credited the law with restoring peace and order to the city, it has been criticised by rights groups and western governments for imprisoning pro-democracy activists and undermining civil freedoms. en Usage notes Rarely used until 1979.Wade-Giles-romanization, in Encyclopædia Britannica: "The Chinese themselves experimented with several systems to transcribe local expressions for non-Chinese publications, but in mainland China these were all replaced officially in 1979 by the clearer Pinyin romanization system." Can appear as cmn Běijīng in English-language texts with code-switching. Note that cultural terms such as en Peking duck, en Pekingese, en Peking opera and Peking University usually still occur with en Peking, though en Beijing is sometimes still used: compare en Beijing duck, en Beijingese and en Beijing opera etc. Synonyms en Yan<qq:historical> Yanjing<qq:historic> Yen-ching<qq:historical, obsolete> Zhongdu<qq:historical> Chung-tu<qq:historical, obsolete> Dadu<qq:historical> Ta-tu<qq:historical, obsolete> Khanbalik<qq:historical> Khanbaliq<qq:historical> Cambaluc<qq:historical archaic> Beiping<qq:historical> Peiping<qq:historical> Pei-p’ing<qq:historical, obsolete> Derived terms en Beijing bikini Beijing duck Beijinger Beijingese Beijing opera Beijing Time Translations capital city of China Abkhaz: ab Беиӡин, ab Пекин Afrikaans: af Beijing Albanian: sq Pekin m Amharic: am ፔኪንግ Arabic: ar بِكِين f, ar پِكِين f rare Hijazi Arabic: acw بِكِّين f bikkīn Armenian: hy Պեկին Assamese: as বেইজিং Asturian: ast Pequín Azerbaijani: az Pekin Bashkir: ba Пекин Belarusian: be Пекі́н m, be Бэйцзі́н m transliteration; be Пэкі́н m Taraškievica orthography Bengali: bn বেইজিং, bn পিকিং Bulgarian: bg Пеки́н m Burmese: my ပေကျင်း, my ပီကင်း Buryat: bua Бээжэн Carpathian Rusyn: rue Пекі́н m Zakarpattia, rue Пекі́нґ m Prešov Catalan: ca Pequín Chechen: ce Пекин Chinese: Cantonese: yue 北京 Dungan: dng Быйҗин Eastern Min: cdo 北京 Hakka: hak 北京 Pet-kîn Hokkien: nan-hbl 北京 Pak-kiaⁿ Mandarin: cmn 北京 Wu: wuu 北京 Chinese Pidgin Russian: crp-cpr Печинесеки Chuvash: cv Пекин Corsican: co Pechinu Crimean Tatar: crh Pekin, crh Hanbalıq Czech: cs Peking m Danish: da Beijing n, da Peking n uncommon Daur: dta Bejin Dhivehi: dv ބީޖިންގ Dutch: nl Peking n Esperanto: eo Pekino, eo Bejĝingo Estonian: et Peking Farefare: gur Pekɩŋ Faroese: fo Beijing, fo Peking Finnish: fi Peking French: fr Pékin m, fr Beijing m Galician: gl Pequín Georgian: ka პეკინი German: de Peking n; only specialist, sinologist also de Beijing n Greek: el Πεκίνο n Gujarati: gu બેઇજિંગ Hebrew: he בֵּייְגִ׳ינְג f beijing, he פֶּקִינְג f peking Hindi: hi बेजिंग f, hi बेइजिन्ग f Hungarian: hu Peking Icelandic: is Peking, is Beijing Irish: ga Béising Italian: it Pechino f Japanese: ja 北京 ペキン, Pekin, ja ペキン Pekin Kalmyk: xal Бееҗн Kannada: kn ಬೀಜಿಂಗ್ Kashubian: csb Pekin m Kazakh: kk Бейжің Khmer: km ប៉េកាំង, km ប៉ីជិង Korean: ko ^베이징, ko ^북경(北京) Kurdish: Central Kurdish: ckb پەکین Northern Kurdish: kmr Beijing, kmr Pekîn Kyrgyz: ky Бээжин Lao: lo ປັກກິງ Latin: la Pecinum n Latvian: lv Pekina f Lithuanian: lt Pekinas m Lü: khb ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ Macedonian: mk Пекинг m Maltese: mt Bejġing, mt Peking Manchu: mnc ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ Māori: mi Pīkini Mongolian: mn ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ Cyrillic: mn Бээжин, mn Бэйжин Nepali: ne बेइजिङ Norwegian: Bokmål: nb Beijing Nuosu: ii ꀙꏢ Occitan: oc Pequin m Odia: or ବେଜିଂ Ossetian: os Пекин Pannonian Rusyn: rsk Пекинґ m Pashto: ps بېجېنګ m bejing, ps پيکنګ m peking, ps بيجنګ m beijing Persian: fa پِکَن pekan Polish: pl Pekin m Portuguese: pt Pequim, pt Beijing Punjabi: pa ਬੀਜਿੰਗ Romanian: ro Beijing n Russian: ru Пеки́н m, ru Бэйцзи́н m transliteration, academic Sanskrit: sa बीजिङ्ग् Serbo-Croatian: Cyrillic: sh Пѐкинг m, sh Бѐјџинг m Latin: sh Pèking m, sh Bèjdžing m Shughni: sgh Байҷӣн Silesian: szl Bejdżing m Sindhi: sd بیجنگ beijing Sinhalese: si බෙයිජිං Slovak: sk Peking m Slovene: sl Peking m Sorbian: Lower Sorbian: dsb Peking m Upper Sorbian: hsb Peking m Spanish: es Pekín m, es Pequín m, es Beijing m Swedish: sv Beijing n, sv Peking n Tagalog: tl Beijing, tl Peking Tajik: tg Пекин Tamil: ta பெய்ஜிங் Tatar: tt Ханбалык, tt Пекин Telugu: te బీజింగ్, rare te బేజింగ్ Thai: th ปักกิ่ง, th เป่ย์จิง Tibetan: bo པེ་ཅིན, bo པེ་ཅིང Turkish: tr Pekin, tr Hanbalık Ottoman Turkish: ota خانبالق hanbalık, ota پكینك peking Turkmen: tk Pekin Tuvan: tyv Бээжин Ukrainian: uk Пекі́н m, uk Бейцзі́н m Urdu: ur بیجنگ m bejing Uyghur: ug بېيجىڭ Uzbek: uz Pekin Vietnamese: vi Bắc Kinh (vi 北京) Welsh: cy Beijing Xibe: sjo ᠪᡝᡞᡪᡞᡢ beijing Yakut: sah Пекин Yiddish: yi פּעקינג n, yi בייזשינג Zhuang: za Baekging Zulu: zu See also References Further reading Beijing, Peking, Pei-ching, Peiching pn en 2008 Beijing Saul B. Cohen The Columbia Gazetteer of the World https://archive.org/details/columbiagazettee0000unse_l7h3/ 2nd 1 New York Columbia University Press 978-0-231-14554-1 2008009181 212893637 359-360 https://archive.org/details/columbiagazettee0000unse_l7h3/page/359/ en 2-syllable words en Chinese politics Asturian Proper noun ast Beixín Central Huasteca Nahuatl Proper noun nch proper noun nch capital city c/China Beijing Finnish Etymology From fi cmn-pinyin Běijīng. Pronunciation Proper noun fi rare fi Peking Declension sg Beijing ä 0 French Etymology fr cmn - 北京. fr Pékin. Pronunciation [ei:é,j:dj] fr LL-Q150 (fra)-DSwissK-Beijing.wav <<Switzerland>> (<<Valais>>) Proper noun fr chiefly North America fr Pékin German Pronunciation de /ˈbeɪ̯dʒɪŋ/ de Bei jing Proper noun toponym de uncommon de Peking de Shi Ming Chinas neue Westpolitik: Lieber zweimal hinsehen Die Tageszeitung: taz 2023-12-03 https://taz.de/!5973793/ 0931-9085 Als im September die deutsche Außenministerin Annalena Baerbock im US-Fernsehen Chinas Staats- und Parteichef Xi Jinping unverhüllt als Diktator bezeichnete, bestellte Beijing umgehend den deutschen Botschafter ein. When German foreign minister Annalena Baerbock openly referred to Chinese Head of State and Party Leader Xi Jinping as a dictator on U.S. Television in September, Beijing immediately summoned the German ambassador. Further reading Beijing, Peking 31 1900 Norwegian Bokmål nb: 250px|thumb|China Central Television Headquarters, located in Beijing, China. Alternative forms nb Peking Peking Etymology From nb cmn - nb zh 北京 Beijing, first part from zh 北 northern, from nb sit-pro *bə(q) to carry (on back), shoulder. Last part from zh 京 capital, either from nb sit-pro *s-gaŋ hill, ridge, mountain, or of nb aav origin. Pronunciation nb /bæjˈdʒɪŋ/ nb ɪŋ nb Bei jing Proper noun nb proper noun nb capital city c/China Beijing Historisk har Beijing først og fremst vært et sentrum for administrasjon, kultur og åndsliv. Historically, Beijing has primarily been a center of administration, culture and intellectual life. Derived terms nb beijinger Beijinger nb beijingsk Beijingese References “Beijing” in Store norske leksikon Portuguese Etymology pt :ubor cmn:北京 + 1 Pequim Proper noun pt Pequim Romanian ro: Etymology ro :bor cmn:北京 + 1 Pronunciation ro [bejˈʒiŋ] [bejˈʒiŋɡ] Proper noun n ro direct-administered municipality/capital city c/China Beijing Declension sg Spanish Etymology es :bor cmn:北京 + 1 Pekín Pronunciation beiyíng + Proper noun es Pekín