-y

Appendix:Variations of "y" English Pronunciation -ē, en /-i/ 1 en LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--y.wav Southern England Alternative forms en -e -ey -ie en -i- when followed by another suffix Etymology 1 en adjectival :inh enm:-y<id:adjectives> 1 From en enm -y, enm -i, from en ang -iġ -y, -ic suffix, from en gmw-pro *-g, from en gem-pro *-īgaz -y, -ic, from en ine-pro *-kos, ine-pro *-ikos, ine-pro *-iḱos -y, -ic. Cognate with sco -ie -y, fy -ich -y, nl -ig -y, nds -ig -y, de -ig -y, sv -ig -y, got -𐌹𐌲𐍃 -y, la -icus -y, -ic, grc -ικός, sa -इक. en -ac -ic. Suffix er en productive suffixes en adjectival Added to nouns and adjectives to form adjectives meaning “having the quality of”, either “involving the referent” or “analogous to it”. en mess messy messy en mouse mousy mousy en blue bluey bluey en clay clayey clayey en tree treey treey en hole holey holey en sponge spongy spongy en cake caky caky en dice dicey dicey en guts gutsy gutsy en https://books.google.com/books?id=9-RC2Gj12SYC&pg=PT60 Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom w:Cory Doctorow Macmillan 2003 9781429972543 Tim keeps trying to make it all more impressionistic, less computer-y. en verbal Added to verbs to form adjectives meaning "inclined to". en run runny runny en panic panicky panicky en twiddle twiddly twiddly en adjectival informal en chiefly informal rare Added to adjectives to form informal synonyms or adjectives meaning "somewhat, rather". en bald baldy baldy en bitter bittery bittery en posh poshy poshy en sick sick sicky en sour soury soury en tart tarty tarty en yellow yellowy yellowy Usage notes This suffix is extremely productive and can be added to almost any word. When the resulting word is not quite an established or formal word yet (but rather a en nonce word or a en casualism), a hyphen is often used before the suffix (en sandcastle → en sandcastle-y, en tomato-y, etc.); this is sometimes also used when an established term is used very literally, as a form of clarification (en health → en health-y relating to health, distinct from en healthy in a state of wellness). The final consonant is doubled just like any other vowel suffix. For example, en if → en iffy. For nouns and adjectives ending in Y, en -ey is added. For example, en clay → en clayey. But especially for less common or nonce words, some write en -y instead: en clay-y. Nouns and adjectives ending in a silent E often drop it. For example, en ease → en easy. A few long-established words ending with this suffix have distinctive spellings, such as en wintry and en fiery, which English learners might misspell as en wintery *wintery and en firey *firey (the latter misspelling being common even among native speakers). Synonyms form “having quality of” adjectives, denoting “involving the referent” en -al, en -an, en -ial, en -ian, en -ly, en -ous form “having quality of” adjectives, denoting “analogous to the referent” en -esque, en -ish, en -like, en -ly, en -oid Antonyms form “having quality of” adjectives en -less Derived terms en adjectival Translations Note: translations of English words ending in -y do not necessarily end in the suffixes listed below. having the quality of Asturian: ast -osu m, ast -osa f Dutch: nl -ig Finnish: fi -inen Galician: gl -oso m, gl -osa f, gl -ento Georgian: ka -ური, ka -ული German: de -ig Hungarian: hu -os, hu -as, hu -es, hu -ös, hu -s Irish: ga -ach Italian: it -oso Japanese: ja -質 -しつ, -shitsu, ja -状 -じょう, -jou, ja みたい mitai -みたい, ja 様 ような, youna -様な, ja 有り -有り -ari, ja 付き -付き -tsuki Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: kmr -î, kmr -în Latin: la -osus m Middle English: enm -y Norwegian: no -ig Polish: pl -owy, pl -ny Portuguese: pt -oso Romanian: ro -os Russian: ru -ий, ru -ый, ru -ивый Sanskrit: sa -इक, sa -इन् Spanish: es -iento m, es -oso m, es -iego m Swedish: sv -ig, sv -aktig Tagalog: tl ma- Tamil: ta -ஆன Ukrainian: uk -ий inclined to Finnish: fi -va, fi -vä Galician: gl -ento m Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: kmr -ok Polish: pl -liwy Portuguese: pt -ento Russian: ru -ий, ru -ый, ru -ивый Spanish: es -ento, es -iento Swedish: sv -ig Ukrainian: uk -ий German: de -ig Etymology 2 en diminutive :inh enm:-y<id:diminutive><ety:inh<ang:-iġ<id:diminutive>>> 1 Cognate with en sco -ie, being inherited directly from the same source en enm -ie, enm -i, from en ang -iġ -ie, -y diminutive suffix, possibly from en gmw-pro *-ij-, gmw-pro *-j- diminutive suffix. Not related with nl -je, nl -ie, regional nds -je, which are from gmw-pro *-ukīn *-ikīn (en -kin as in en lambkin), nor with de -i, which is from gmw-pro *-īn (en -en as in en maiden). The vowel /i/ has an onomatopoeic quality to it, which may reinforce its occurrence in diminutives. Alternative forms en -ie -ey -ee Suffix +en diminutive suffixes en diminutive Forming diminutive nouns. en suffixes -cule -ee<id:diminutive> -el -et -ette -icle -ie -kin -le<id:diminutive> -let -ling -ole -ule prefixes mini- micro- nano- en grannam gran(nam) granny granny en pinafore pin(afore) pinny pinny en stomach (s)tom(ach) tummy tummy en familiar Forming familiar names, pet names, nicknames and terms of endearment. en Andrew And(rew) Andy Andy en Bill Billy Billy en John Johnny Johnny en Jones Jonesy Jonesy en love lovey lovey en music Added for metrical reasons to songs, often in children's music where it may carry diminutive associations. en associateden occasionally derogatory Forming colloquial nouns signifying the person or thing associated with suffixed noun or verb. en fridge fridgy fridgy fridge magnet en junk junk junky en town towny towny en nominalizer Forming nouns relative to an adjective. en bald baldy baldy en dumb dum(b) dummy dummy en right righty righty en colloquial Forming colloquial interjections or phrases. en alright alright alrighty en oops oopsy oopsy en right righty righty en wake wakey wakey en childish verb Forming childish variants of verbs. en eat eaty eaty en sleep sleepy#Verb sleepy en touch touchy#Verb touchy Synonyms diminutive en mini-, en micro-, en nano-, en -ette, en -ee, en -icle/en -cule/en -ule/en -ole Derived terms en -y diminutive en -y familiar en -y associated en -y nominalizer en -y colloquial Translations Note: translations of English words ending in -y do not necessarily end in the suffixes listed below. forming diminutive nouns Armenian: hy -իկ, hy -ուկ, hy -ակ Asturian: ast -ín m, ast -ina f Catalan: ca -et m, ca -eta f Chinese: Mandarin: cmn 子 zǐ, cmn 兒 ér Dutch: nl -je, nl -tje, nl -etje, nl -pje, nl -ie, nl -ken, nl -ke, nl -che, nl -kijn Esperanto: eo -et- Finnish: fi -nen French: fr -et m, fr -ette f, fr -in m, fr -ine f Galician: gl -iño Georgian: ka German: de -chen, de -lein, de -i, de -erl Hebrew: he ־ון m -ón, he ־ית f -ít Hungarian: hu -ka, hu -ke Interlingua: ia -etto m n, ia -etta f n Irish: ga -ín m Italian: it -etto m, it -etta f, it -ino m, it -ina f Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: kmr -ik, kmr -ok Low German: Middle Low German: gml -eken Mansi: Northern Mansi: mns-nor -кве mns-nor check that this is Northern Mansi and not some other variety Neapolitan: nap -illo Polish: pl -ek m, pl -ka f, pl -ko n Portuguese: pt -inho Romanian: ro -uț m, ro -aș m, ro -ior m, ro -el m, ro -ușor m, ro -uleț m, ro -uță f, ro -iță f, ro -ică f, ro -ioară f Russian: ru -ик m, ru -ок m, ru -ек m, ru -ёк m, ru -ка f, ru -ко n, ru -це, ru -цо Spanish: es -ito m, es -ita f, es -iño m, es -iña f, es -ico m, es -ica f, es -uelo m, es -uela f, es -illo m, es -illa f, es -ino m, es -ina f, es -ucho m, es -ucha f, es -ete m, es -eta f, es -uco m, es -uca f, es -iello m, es -illa f, es -ullo m, es -ulla f, es -ejo m, es -eja f Swedish: sv -is Turkish: tr -cık, tr -cik, tr -cuk, tr -cük, tr -çık, tr -çik, tr -çuk, tr -çük, tr -cak, tr -cağız, tr -ceğiz Welsh: cy -ig m f, cy -cyn m, cy -os m-p f-p forming familiar names Japanese: ja ちゃん chan Polish: pl -ś m Etymology 3 en abstract nouns :inh enm:-y<id:abstract nouns> 1 From en enm -y, enm -ie, enm -ee, enm -e, from en xno - and en frm -ie and frm -é, from en la -ia, la -ium, la -tās, en grc -ίᾱ, grc -ειᾰ, grc -ιον. Cognate (as far as la -ia is involved) with de -ei and nl -ij. Suffix ~ en abstract noun Forming abstract nouns denoting a condition, quality, or state. en modest modesty en honest honesty en -nym -nymy as in en toponym toponymy en -logue -logy as in en analogue analogy en location Used in the name of some locations which end in la -ia in Latin. en Italy, en Germany, en Saxony, en Hungary, en Sicily, en Lombardy, en Tuscany, en Albany, en Brittany, en Gascony, en Burgundy, en Picardy, en Normandy, en Romandy, en Savoy, en Muscovy, en Tartary, en Arcady, en Thessaly, en Troy, en Turkey. Derived terms en abstract noun en location Translations Note: translations of English words ending in -y do not necessarily end in the suffixes listed below. forming abstract nouns Armenian: hy -ություն Dutch: nl -heid, nl -nis Finnish: fi -uus, fi -yys French: fr -é Galician: gl -dade f Georgian: ka სი- -ე German: de -heit, de -keit, de -nis Hungarian: hu -ság, hu -ség Italian: it -à Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: kmr -î, kmr -yî, kmr -tî Latin: la -ia, la -ium, la -tas Polish: pl -ość f, pl -stwo n Portuguese: pt -ia f, pt -idade f Romanian: ro -ie, ro -ime, ro -itate, ro -enie Spanish: es -ia, es -tad, es -dad, es -ie, es -io, es -tud, es -edumbre Swedish: sv -het, sv -dom, sv -skap, sv -else Ukrainian: uk -ий m used in the name of some locations ending in -ia in Latin French: fr -ie f Polish: pl -ia f Russian: ru -ия f Spanish: es -ía f, es -ia f Etymology 4 en infinitival en enm -y infinitival, enm -ie, for earlier enm -ien infinitival, from the Old English weak class 2 infinitival suffix ang -ian, enm ang -iġan, by syncope from earlier gmw-pro *-ōjan, North Sea Germanic form of en gmw-pro *-ōn, from en gem-pro *-ōną; reinforced by the suffix ang -ian, ang -ġan in Old English verbs of weak class 1 with roots ending in -r (and the exceptional strong class 6 verb en swerian). Compare en -en infinitive infinitive ending. Alternative forms en -ee infinitival Suffix en suffix inflectional suffixes en West Country obsolete Denotes the infinitive of verbs when used intransitively. en November 1771 c. Early 18th century An Exmoor Scolding Bout the Second Exeter A. Brice & B. Thorn (printers and sellers) Peter Lock of North-Moulton or whereabouts (author of the original manuscript) Wilmot 10 https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_an-exmoor-scolding-in-t_lock-peter-of-north-mo_1771/page/n13/mode/2up?view=theater But thee, thee wut ruckee, and ſquattee, and doattee in the Chimly Coander lick an Axwaddle ; and wi' the zame tha wut rakee up, and gookee, and tell doil, tell Dildrams“To talk strangely and out of the Way.” (en 1771 A. Brice; B. Thorn An Exmoor Scolding 43 https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_an-exmoor-scolding-in-t_lock-peter-of-north-mo_1771/page/n45/mode/2up?view=theater A Vocabulary or Glossary, D, s.v. To tell Dildrams […]) and Buckingham Jenkins.“[S]eems to be an Allusion to some old incredible Story or Ballad concerning one Jenkins of Buckingham[.]” (ibidem) But you, you would crouch and squat, and dote at the chimley corner like an ash-waddlerA collector and dealer of ashes. (ib., p. 40 s.v. An Axwaddle or Axwaddler); then in the same way you would rake up and gook“To have an awkward nodding of the Head, or bending of the Body backward and forward.” (ib., p. 45 s.v. To Gookee), rave1 tell delirium, doil likely being from an old, unattested French reflex of la delirium., and prate nonsense and old wives' tales. en 1886 Gig, Gig-mill 284 The West Somerset Word-Book 1 Elworthy Frederic Thomas London Trübner & Co. https://archive.org/details/westsomersetword00elwouoft/page/284 Where's your Tom now? Au! he do worky down to factory— he've a-workèd to the gig's two year en 18 March 2008 c. 1955 Wagner Suzanne English dialects in the Southwest: morphology and syntax Varieties of English 1: The British Isles Bernd Kortmann; Clive Upton 432 Mouton de Gruyter Berlin 9783110208399 10.1515/9783110208399 d. wiː də ˈbɽɪŋ æʊɽ ˈʃiːp ɪn l̴ami / ‘We bring our sheep in (to) lamb.’ (36 Co 6, book I) Usage notes This suffix could be added to any verb regardless of its conjugation in Old or Middle English. Translation notes Afar Etymology 1 Pronunciation -y Suffix aa suffix clitics aa clitic Used to form an interrogative copulative sentence: is it? aa Qafár af macáy? What is the Afar language? Etymology 2 Pronunciation -y Suffix aa suffix clitics aa clitic Used to join together noun phrases: and, also 1 1 Fulte Racmattaay, Gunê Racmattale Yallih Migaaqal Qimbisa. I begin in the name of God, who gives mercy and surpasses mercy. Usage notes When following a short vowel, -y lengthens that vowel: aa gaalá camel gaaláay and the camels References 282; 292 447 Asturian Alternative forms ast -ye Western ast -ḷḷe Paḷḷuezu Pronunciation ast /i/ Pronoun ast pronoun third-person singular indirect pronoun, ast elli,ella,ello dat: (to) him/her/it ast Da-y pan Give him bread Usage notes It is always spelled with the hyphen, unlike other pronouns in the language. Related terms ast -yos, ast -ys (third-person plural indirect pronoun) Czech Suffix -ly: from adjectives forms adverbs cs logický logicky Derived terms cs Further reading Egyptian Pronunciation Etymology 1 Suffix i-i egy Old Egyptian Middle Egyptian Forms the plural imperative of verbs, particularly weak verbs. egy Old Egyptian Middle Egyptian Optionally used to form the subjunctive of weak verbs. Usage notes The plural imperative can also appear without this suffix, in a form identical to the singular imperative. Etymology 2 Suffix i-i Forms agent nouns from verbs. Etymology 3 Suffix i-i egy Old Egyptian Middle Egyptian Optionally marks the masculine imperfective active participle, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings. Alternative forms y -j Etymology 4 Suffix i-i egy Old Egyptian Middle Egyptian Optionally marks the masculine singular perfective passive participle of strong verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings. Alternative forms W -w w -w Etymology 5 Suffix i-i egy Old Egyptian Middle Egyptian Optionally marks the perfective passive participle of weak verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings. egy Old Egyptian Middle Egyptian Optionally marks the perfective relative form of weak verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings. egy Late Egyptian Marks the perfective passive participle of mostly third-weak transitive verbs, following the stem. egy Late Egyptian Occasionally marks the perfective active participle of mostly third-weak transitive verbs, following the stem. Alternative forms i-i-A -yꜣ Late Egyptian i-i-t -yt Late Egyptian Etymology 6 Suffix i-i egy Old Egyptian Middle Egyptian Rarely marks the imperfective relative form of all verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings. Alternative forms W -w w -w References 328–329, 354 66 Finnish Suffix noun fi Front-vowel variant -u. Declension - y ä -y ä Ingrian Pronunciation Suffix izh suffix form izh Front vowel variant -u Declension Derived terms izh -u Lower Sorbian Suffix dsb suffix adjective-forming suffixes dsb -i used after “hard” consonants Middle English Etymology 1 enm adjectives :inh ang:-iġ<id:adjectives> From enm ang -iġ, from enm gmw-pro *-g, from enm gem-pro *-gaz, from enm ine-pro *-kos. enm -ik. Alternative forms enm -e -eg -ege -ey -i -ich -iche -ie -ig -ige -iȝ -iȝe -ik -ike -ye Pronunciation enm /-iː/ Suffix enm suffix adjective-forming suffixes enm -y Designates an adjective, in many cases formed by being appended to a noun. Derived terms enm Descendants en -y -ie -ey sco -ie -y yol -ee References -i, suf MED21577 20 June 2018 -i(e suf.(2) MED21729 20 June 2018 Etymology 2 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -yf Etymology 3 enm abstract nouns -ie<id:abstract nouns> Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -ie Etymology 4 enm infinitival Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -ien infinitival infinitival suffix Northern Ohlone Alternative forms cst -i after consonants Suffix cst suffix plural -iṭ Used to form the imperative mood of verbs References Old Polish Etymology zlw-opl adjectival :inh sla-pro:*jь<id:determiner> 1 zlw-opl sla-pro *jь *-ъjь, the definite form of hard-stem adjectives. See sla-pro *jь. Pronunciation y: Suffix zlw-opl suffixes forms adjectives Derived terms zlw-opl Descendants pl -y Old Tupi Pronunciation tpw /ɨ/ [ɨ]<qq:unstressed> Suffix tpw suffix excrescent suffix (adding sound but not changing meaning) I 1v E ainda que pareção pronunciar, Apâbne, 🙰c. he pella delicadeza com que tocão o i. & ainda no meſmo preſente o exprimem as vezes, vt Apábi. E, ainda que pareçam pronunciar “apabne” etc., é pela delicadeza com que tocam o “y”, e, ainda no mesmo presente, o exprimem às vezes, como “apaby”. And, although they may seem to pronounce “apabne” etc., it is because of the delicacy with which they touch the “y”, and, even in the same present tense, they sometimes express it, as “apaby”. 1 386 Eresabáipore eté amó ramé, até ára ocanhémo ndeçuî? Eresabaipori-eté amõramẽ, até 'ara okanhemu nde suí? Did you get really drunk on one of those occasions, until consciousness was lost to you? 776 Descendants tpw-lga -i -u<ll:dialectal> yrl -i -u<ll:non-productive> See also tpw -y- Polish Etymology pl adjectival :inh zlw-opl:-y<id:adjectival> + 1 Pronunciation y,-y- Suffix pl suffix forms adjectives Derived terms pl Quechua Suffix qu suffix Infinitive marker. qu mikhuy mikhuy to eat Nominalizes verbs. The act of doing something. "-ing." qu pampachay pampachay pardon, remission Indicates first-person singular possessive. qu mikhuna food → qu mikhunay mikhunay my food Conjugative suffix for the second-person imperative mood. qu uyariy Uyariqu -wa way! ("(You) listen to me!") Scots Suffix sco suffix sco -ie References suff Slovincian Etymology zlw-slv adjectival :inh sla-pro:*jь<id:determiner> 1 zlw-slv sla-pro *-ъjь, the definite form of hard-stem adjectives. See sla-pro *jь. Pronunciation - - Suffix zlw-slv suffixes forms adjectives zlw-slv aptécznjik aptécznjiczy Derived terms zlw-slv