-리-

리 -리 Korean Etymology 1 From ko okm - -이〮- -Gí-, an allomorph of -기〮- -kí- causative/passive-deriving suffix formed by lenition of the initial consonant /k-/ in intervocalic environments. Beyond Middle Korean, the causative is the original meaning as attested in Old Korean, and the passive is a later development from the causative, first attested in the written language some time between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.Vovin Alexander Alexander Vovin Koreo-Japonica: A Re-evaluation of a Genetic Origin University of Hawaii Press 2010 978-0-8248-3278-0 6ko:고대국어의 파생접미사 연구 A study of Old Korean derivational suffixes ko:장윤희 Gugyeol yeon'gu 47 2006 91—144 /-ɣ-/ ⟨-G-⟩ had stopped the allomorphy of ㄹ l to [ɾ] intervocalically, preserving it as [l]. This continued to be the case even after /-ɣ-/ ⟨-G-⟩ was deleted in late Middle Korean, which meant that -이〮- -Gí- had effectively morphed to -리- -li, as simple -이- -i- without some initial consonant would lead to a realization of ㄹ l as [ɾ]. Suffix -li- A verbal suffix deriving the stems of causative verbs, attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in ko ㄹ, or the irregular ko ㄷ ~ ko ㄹ stems. No longer productive. ko -이- -히- -기- -우- -구- -추- ko 풀다 -리- 풀리다 to solve to make someone (e.g. a student) solve -li- ko 날다 -리- 날리다 to fly to fly, to cause to fly -li- ko 닫다 -리- 달리다 to run to run; to make someone run -li- A verbal suffix deriving the stems of passive verbs, attaching to verb stems which end in ko ㄹ, or the irregular ko ㄷ ~ ko ㄹ stems. No longer productive. ko -이- -히- -기- ko 듣다 -리- 들리다 to hear to be heard -li- ko 풀다 -리- 풀리다 to solve to become solved -li- Usage notes Although still very common in Korean, the causative/passive suffixes are no longer productive for forming new verbs. Verbs that do not already have a morphological causative or passive must employ auxiliaries: ko -게 하다 for causatives ko -어지다 for passives The causative/passive suffixes ko -이-, ko -히-, ko -리-, and ko -기- all stem from the same etymon, and are fairly complementary in distribution. ko -리- attaches to verb stems which end in ko ㄹ, or the irregular ko ㄷ ~ ko ㄹ stems. Etymology 2 Suffix For the prospective/future suffix, see the entry at ko -리. References