-er

Appendix:Variations of "er" English Pronunciation en UK en /ə/ RP en /ɐ/ Northumbria ər GA, en /ɚ/ [ɹ̩] en en-us--er.ogg US en -or ; -a<aa:non-rhotic> Etymology 1 en agent suffix :inh enm:-ere<id:agent suffix> :inh enm:-er<id:agentive> 1 en enm -ere, -er agentive, from en ang -ere, from en gmw-pro *-ārī, from en gem-pro *-ārijaz, usually thought to have been borrowed from en la -ārius; see gem-pro *-ārijaz for an alternate theory. Reinforced by en enm -er, from en fro -ier, also from en la -ārius; compare the synonymous but unrelated en fro -or, fro -eor (en xno - variant fro -our), from en la -tor -(ā)tor, from en ine-pro *-tōr. The "inhabitant" sense is sometimes connected to en enm -ware -wær(r)e, -ware, from en ang -ware suffix denoting residency, from en gmw-pro *-wari, from en gem-pro *warjaz inhabitant, from en ine-pro *wer- to protect. 2 cog Cognate with stq -er, fy -er, nl -er, nds-de -er, de -er, da -er, sv -are and is -ari. Alternative forms en -'er following an abbreviation, or sometimes following a number en -r following <ee> Suffix s en agent noun en added to verbs A person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb; used to form an agent noun. en -ee en read reader en see seer en cook cooker en compute computer en run runner en toast toaster en swim swimmer en do good do-gooder en patient en added to verbs informal A person or thing to which the root verb is done or can be done satisfactorily. en look looker an attractive person en keep keeper a person or thing worth keeping en occupation en added to nouns, chiefly denoting occupations A person whose occupation is the root noun; en more broadly occasionally with adjectives a person characterized by the root. en astrology astrologer en baby boom baby boomer en conlang conlanger en cricket cricketer en trumpet trumpeter en zine ziner en measurement en added to numbers, measurements or nouns denoting quantified sets A person or thing to which a certain number or measurement applies. en six sixer en six foot six-footer en three-wheel three-wheeler en first grade first grader en entertainment en slang chiefly entertainment with few limitations Used to form nouns shorter than more formal synonyms. en percent percenter commission agent en one hand one-hander one-man show en oat oater a Western-themed movie en ideology en added to nouns A person who is associated with, or supports a particular theory, doctrine, or political movement. en birth birther en flat earth flat-earther en truth truther en woke woker en relational en added to nouns or occasionally adjectives A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose. en bacon baconer pig raised for bacon en chocolate chip chocolate chipper cookie containing chocolate chips en sternwheel sternwheeler vessel driven by a sternwheel en correspondent en slang added in slang speech to verbs or adjectives Indicates a correspondence or coincidence between the action or condition indicated by the root and the noun being described. en piss pisser a hilariously funny event or situation en inhabitant en added to a proper noun Suffix denoting a resident or inhabitant of (the place denoted by the proper noun); used to form a demonym. en New York New Yorker en London Londoner en Dublin Dubliner en New England New Englander Suffix denoting residency in or around a place, district, area, or region. en island islander en highland highlander en East End East-Ender Usage notes The suffix may be used to form an agent noun of many verbs. In compound or phrasal verbs, the suffix usually follows the verb component (as in en passerby passerby and en runner-up runner-up) but is sometimes added at the end, irrespective of the position of the verb component (en do-gooder do-gooder) or is added to both components, often with humorous effect (en washer-upper washer-upper). Rarely, it may even appear three times, as in en picker-upperer. The occupational sense is often applied generally to members of a group, as in en crewer a member of a crew and en Z-lister one on the Z-list; fans and hobbyists, as in en K-popper a fan of K-pop, and those who use a particular tool or instrument, as in en JavaScripter a programmer who uses JavaScript. The entertainment slang sense is sometimes referred to as the Variety -er. Derived terms en agent noun en patient en occupation en measurement en entertainment en ideology en relational en inhabitant Translations The translations below are a guide only. For more precise translations, see specific words ending with this suffix. (used to form agent nouns) person or thing that does... Afrikaans: af -er Albanian: sq -es m, sq -ese f, sq -ës m, sq -ëse f, sq -tar m, sq -tare f American Sign Language: ase OpenB@SideChesthigh-OpenB@SideChesthigh OpenB@SideTrunkhigh-OpenB@SideTrunkhigh Arabic: ar مُـ Egyptian Arabic: arz مِـ mi- Armenian: hy -իչ Azerbaijani: az -çı, az -çi, az -çu, az -çü, az -an, az -yan, az -ən, az -yən, az -ıcı, az -ici, az -ucu, az -ücü Bashkir: ba -сы, ba -се, ba -со, ba -сө Catalan: ca -dor m, ca -dora f, ca -triu f, ca -er m, ca -era f Chinese: Mandarin: cmn 者 -zhě ...者, cmn 家 -jiā ...家 Czech: cs -ič m, cs -ač m, cs -itel m, cs -átor m, cs -ec m Danish: da -er Dutch: nl -er Egyptian: egy -y Faroese: fo -ari Finnish: person that does fi -ja, fi -ri; thing or tool that does fi -in, fi -uri, fi -ari French: fr -eur m, fr -euse f Galician: gl -eiro m, gl -eira f German: de -er m Greek: el -άς m, el -ού f Guarani: Paraguayan Guarani: gug -hára Hebrew: participle (present tense) Hungarian: hu -ó/hu -ő Icelandic: is -ari m Ido: io -er Igbo: ig onye- Indonesian: id peng-, id pem-, id pe Interlingua: ia -ero m, ia -era f, ia -ario m, ia -aria f, ia -ista m f Irish: ga -éir m Italian: it -ore m, it -tore m Japanese: ja 者 ...しゃ, -sha ...者, ja 家 ...か, -ka ...家, ja 手 ...て, -te ...手 Kongo: kg mu- Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: kmr -van, kmr -er Kyrgyz: ky -чы, ky -чы -чи, ky -чы -чу, ky -чы -чү Lao: lo -ການ Latin: la -tor m Latvian: lv -ājs m, lv -āja f, lv -ējs m, lv -ēja f, lv -ents m, lv -ente f, lv -ists m, lv -iste f, lv -ors m, lv -ore f, lv -ers m, lv -eris m, lv -ere f, lv -ieris m, lv -iere f Malay: ms peng-, ms pem- Māori: mi kai- Mongolian: mn -гч Nahuatl: Classical Nahuatl: nci -qui Navajo: nv -é Nupe: nup -ci Old English: ang -ere m, ang -a f Pashto: ps -ونکی Persian: fa ـکننده -konande, fa ـگر -gar Portuguese: pt -dor m Romanian: ro -tor m, ro -toare f Russian: ru -тель m (ru -а́тель m / ru -я́тель m / ru -и́тель m), ru -ник m, ru -о́вщик m, ru -щик m, ru -щи́к m, ru -чик m, ru -ик m, ru -и́к m, ru -ец m, ru -а́тор, ru -а́ч m, ru -ер m Sanskrit: sa -क m Scottish Gaelic: gd -adair, gd -air, gd -aire, gd -ear, gd -iche Spanish: es -dor m, es -dora f, es -ero m, es -era f Swahili: sw m- Swedish: sv -re Tagalog: tl taga- Tamil: ta -இ Thai: th นัก นัก... nák..., th ผู้ ผู้... pûu..., th คน คน... kon..., th ช่าง ช่าง... châang... Turkish: tr -cı, tr -çı, tr -cu, tr -çu, tr -ci, tr -çi, tr -cü, tr -çü, tr -an, tr -yan, tr -en, tr -yen Ukrainian: uk -тель m, uk -ник m, uk -щик m, uk -чик m, uk -їк m, uk -ік m, uk -ець m, uk -а́тор, uk -а́ч m, uk -ер m, uk -ар m Unami: unm -t Welsh: cy -wr m, cy -ydd m, cy -wraig f Wiradjuri: wrh -daayn Yoruba: yo oní- person whose occupation is... Afrikaans: af -er American Sign Language: ase OpenB@SideChesthigh-OpenB@SideChesthigh OpenB@SideTrunkhigh-OpenB@SideTrunkhigh Armenian: hy -իչ Azerbaijani: az -çi, az -çı, az -çu, az -çü Bashkir: ba -сы, ba -се, ba -со, ba -сө Catalan: ca -er m, ca -era f Chinese: Mandarin: cmn 员 -yuán ...员 general, cmn 工 -gōng ...工 of physical work, cmn 手 -shǒu ...手 of sports, games or instruments, cmn 师 -shī ...师 of a skilled job, cmn 家 -jiā ...家 honorific, cmn 的 -de ...的 informal Czech: cs -ař m, cs -ář m, cs -íř m, cs -ník m, cs -ista m, cs -ák m, cs -ec m, cs -ik m, cs -log m, cs -graf m, cs -ér m, cs -er m, cs -or m Esperanto: eo -isto Finnish: fi -ja, fi -ri French: for players of instruments or games, often translated as joueur m/joueuse f de followed by the name of the instrument or game played, but some words have specific translations Galician: gl -eiro m, gl -eira f Greek: el -άς m, el -ού f Hebrew: he ־אי m -ay -ַאי, he ־ן m -an -ָן Hungarian: hu -us, hu -ász/hu -ész, hu -s/hu -os/hu -as/hu -es/hu -ös, hu -lógus Icelandic: -is maður m Ido: io -ist Interlingua: ia -ero m, ia -era f, ia -ario m, ia -aria f, ia -ista m f Irish: ga -éir m Italian: for players of instruments -ista m/f, for players of sports -ista m/f, giocatore m/giocatrice f di followed by the name of the sport Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: kmr -kar, kmr -er Kyrgyz: ky -чы, ky -чы -чи, ky -чы -чу, ky -чы -чү Mongolian: mn -чин, mn -ч Nupe: nup -ci Persian: fa کار -kâr ـکار Polish: pl -arz m, pl -arka f, pl -acz m, pl -aczka f, pl -ca m, pl -czyni f, pl -nik m, pl -niczka f, pl -ciel m, pl -cielka f Portuguese: pt -eiro Scottish Gaelic: for players of sports gd -air m, gd -adair m Spanish: es -ista m f, es -dor m, es -dora f, es -ero m, es -era f Swedish: for players of instruments sv -are, sv -ist, sv -spelare; for players of sports sv -spelare Tagalog: tl taga- Tamil: ta -ஆளர் c, ta -ஆளன் m, ta -ஆளி c, ta -காரர் c, ta -காரன் m, ta -காரி f, ta -அர் c, ta -அன் m, ta -அள் f, ta -இ f Thai: th นัก นัก... nák..., th ช่าง ช่าง... châang... Turkish: tr -cı, tr -ci, tr -cu, tr -cü; tr -çı, tr -çi, tr -çu, tr -çü Welsh: cy -wr m, cy -ydd m, cy -wraig f Wiradjuri: wrh -daayn Yucatec Maya: yua -náal (with numbers, measurements or quantified sets) ranked by or having... Czech: cs -ák m Finnish: fi -inen, fi -nen French: fr Hungarian: hu -s/hu -os/hu -as/hu -es/hu -ös, hu -ú/hu -ű/hu -jú/hu -jű Italian: it Latvian: lv -nieks m, lv -niece f Polish: pl -ak m Yoruba: yo oní- (used form a demonym) resident or inhabitant of... American Sign Language: ase OpenB@SideChesthigh-OpenB@SideChesthigh OpenB@SideTrunkhigh-OpenB@SideTrunkhigh Armenian: hy -ցի Catalan: ca -er m, ca -era f Czech: cs -an m, cs -ec m, cs -ák m Dutch: nl -er m, nl -se f Esperanto: eo -ano Finnish: fi -lainen French: often translated as habitant m/habitante f de followed by the name of the place, but some words have specific translations Galician: gl -eiro m, gl -eira f Georgian: ka -ელი Hungarian: hu -i, hu lakó -lakó Ido: io -an Japanese: ja 人 -jin Malay: ms orang Nupe: nup -ci Persian: fa ـی -i Portuguese: pt -ês, pt -ense, pt -ão, pt -eiro, pt -ista, pt -enho Russian: ru -ец, ru -анин, ru -анка, ru -ка Scottish Gaelic: gd -ach, gd -each Swedish: sv -bo, sv -are Yoruba: yo oní- See also en -eer Etymology 2 en plural :inh enm:-re<id:plural> 1 en enm -re plural, enm -er, from en ang -ru plural suffix, from en gem-pro *-izō plural suffix. Cognate with nl -er plural ending, de -er plural ending. See also en -ren. Suffix inflectional suffixes en plural en obsolete no longer productive Suffix used to form the plural of a small number of English nouns. en childer childer, en calver calver, en lamber lamber, en linder linder "loins" Derived terms en -ren Etymology 3 en comparative :inh enm:-ere<id:comparative> 1 From en enm -ere comparative, from en ang -ra, from en gmw-pro *iʀō, gmw-pro *-ōʀō, from en gem-pro *-izô or en gem-pro *-ōzô (a derivative of Etymology 4, below); related to superlative en -est. Suffix en comparative en added to certain adjectives and adverbs, now especially short ones More; used to form the comparative. en hard harder en wet wetter en motley motlier en eerie eerier en clayey clayier en The younger child was outgoing, the older quite reserved. Usage notes more; used to form the comparative Most adjectives whose comparatives are formed using the suffix -er also form their superlatives using the suffix en -est. Final en -y preceded by a consonant becomes en -i- when the suffix -er or en -est is added. easy → easier → easiest; gray → grayer → grayest When the stress is on the final (or only) syllable of the adjective, and this syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled when the suffix is added. dim → dimmer → dimmest The suffixes -er and en -est may be used to form the comparative and superlative of most adjectives and adverbs that have one syllable and some that have two or more syllables. hot → hotter → hottest; fast → faster → fastest; funny → funnier → funniest; sugary → sugarier → sugariest Some adjectives and adverbs form their comparatives and superlatives irregularly: good → better → best; far → farther → farthest, or far → further → furthest, depending on the meaning The comparatives and superlatives of other adverbs and adjectives that have two or more syllables, and adjectives that are participles are formed with en more and en most. rigid → more rigid → most rigid; enormous → more enormous → most enormous; burnt → more burnt → most burnt; freezing → more freezing → most freezing If in doubt, use en more to form the comparative and en most to form the superlative; for example, en thirsty may become en thirstier and en thirstiest, but en more thirsty and en most thirsty are also acceptable. Words ending with -ng are pronounced /ŋ/ by most dialects instead of /ŋɡ/. However, when -er or -est is added to an adjective, the /ɡ/ appears in most dialects (but not in wrong) long (/lɒŋ/) → longer (/ˈlɒŋ.ɡə(ɹ)/); young (/jʌŋ/) → youngest (/ˈjʌŋ.ɡɪst/) Translations used to form the comparative of adjectives American Sign Language: ase OpenA@SideChesthigh OpenA@SideNeckhigh Armenian: hy ավելի Azerbaijani: az daha, az -raq, az -rək Basque: eu Breton: br -oc'h Burmese: my Czech: cs -ejší, cs -ější, cs -čí, cs -ší Dutch: nl -er Esperanto: eo pli used before the adjective Finnish: fi -mpi French: fr plus used before the adjective Galician: gl máis Georgian: ka German: de -er Greek: el -τερος Ancient Greek: grc -τερος, grc -ίων Hungarian: hu -bb Italian: it più used before the adjective Japanese: ja より yori, ja もっと motto Khmer: km ជាង Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: kmr -tir Lao: lo ກວ່າ Latin: la -or, la -ior Lü: khb Macedonian: mk по- Mari: Eastern Mari: mhr -рак Old English: ang -ra Old Norse: non -ari Persian: fa ـتر -tar Polish: pl bardziej used before the adjective Portuguese: pt mais Romani: rom -eder, rom po used before the adjective, rom maj used before the adjective Russian: ru бо́лее used before the adjective, ru -ее various suffixes exist Serbo-Croatian: -и m, -а f, -е n Shan: shn Spanish: es más used before the adjective Swedish: sv mer used before the adjective, sv -are Tagalog: tl mas used before the adjective Thai: th กว่า -กว่า Tibetan: bo Turkish: tr daha Vietnamese: vi hơn ... hơn Welsh: cy -ach, cy mwy used before the adjective only if polysyllabic Zhuang: za Etymology 4 en adverbial comparative From en enm -er, from en ang -or, from en gmw-pro *-ōʀ, en gem-pro *-ōz. Suffix en added to certain adverbs More; used to form the comparative. Translations used to form the comparative of adverbs Czech: cs -eji, cs -ěji Dutch: nl -er Finnish: fi -mpi French: fr plus used before the adverb Galician: gl máis German: de -er Hungarian: hu -bb Italian: più used before the adverb Macedonian: mk по- Persian: fa ـتر -tar Polish: pl bardziej used before the adverb Portuguese: pt mais Spanish: es más used before the adverb Swedish: sv mer used before the adverb, sv -are Etymology 5 en frequentative :inh enm:-eren 1 From en enm -eren, enm -ren, enm -rien, from en ang -erian, ang -rian, from en gmw-pro *-rōn, gem-pro *-iʀōn, from en gem-pro *-rōną or gem-pro *-izōną. Cognate with fy -erje, nl -eren, de -eren, de -ern, da -re, sv -ra. Suffix en frequentativeen added to a verb or imitative sound Frequently; used to form frequentative verbs. en twitter twitter, en clamber clamber, en bicker bicker, en mutter mutter, en wander wander, en flutter flutter, en flicker flicker, en slither slither, en smother smother, en sputter sputter Synonyms used to form frequentative en -le Translations used to form frequentatives Finnish: fi -ella -(e)lla, -(e)llä Hungarian: hu -g Portuguese: pt -ejar See also Frequentative Etymology 6 en action noun :inh enm:-er<id:infinitival> 1 From en enm -er infinitival, from en xno -er, en fro -er, the infinitive verbal ending. Suffix noun-forming suffixes en action noun en chiefly law added to a verb Instance of (the verbal action); used to form nouns from verbs. en disclaim disclaimer en remit remitter en misname misnomer en rebut rebutter en attain attainder Derived terms en action noun Etymology 7 en diminutive From en enm -er, enm -ere diminutive diminutive suffix. Compare en -el. Suffix en added to a verb or noun Used to form diminutives. en shive shiver en slive sliver en splint splinter Etymology 8 en Oxford Oxford "+" Attested in the UK since the 19th century. Originally Rugby School slang. Later adopted by Oxford University and then wider British society. Suffix en originally _ public school slang Used to form slang or colloquial equivalents of words. en association soccer association football en football footer association football en rugby rugger en Radcliffe Radder a building at Oxford University Derived terms en -zza en Oxford Related terms en -ers Translations used to form slang equivalents Finnish: fi -is Hungarian: hu -ci Etymology 9 en prone to From en enm -er, from en ang -er, ang -or, from en gem-pro *-raz. Compare en -le. Suffix en suffix en now _ chiefly _ dialectal A suffix creating adjectives from verbs, indicating aptitude, proneness, or tendency toward a specified action: en clive cliver apt to cleave or adhere to, tenacious, expert as seizing en slip slipper tending to make slip, slippery en wake waker tending to wake, watchful Synonyms en -le Etymology 10 en Chinese name suffix From en cmn 兒 -兒 -ér. Pronunciation ŭr Suffix en suffix en Chinese _ literature Junior, child, younger person. Attached to a name, usually one syllable of the given name. en Li’er said hello to his father. en 1979 Women of China https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=roGyAAAAIAAJ 44 Yue’er began to laugh again and her tears shimmered like dew on a lotus leaf disturbed by a breeze. Then we heard a sound. It was Man’er. en 2002 1934 w:Xiao Hong w:Howard Goldblatt The Field of Life and Death The Field of Life and Death & Tales of Hulan River 0887273920 32 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V3KhI1UutJIC&pg=PA32 The fish was laid out on the table, but Ping’er had not come back, nor had his father. en 2014 1959 Chung Li-ho Zhong Lihe T. M. McClellan The Little Ridge From the Old Country: Stories and Sketches of China and Taiwan 9780231166300 202 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CWqsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT242 Ying’er was not yet three years old. Li’er had always been the one to play with her or to carry her places on his back. Usage notes Especially in Mandarin Chinese literature that has been translated into English, the suffix is often left untranslated in unaccented pinyin. This practice is similar to the use of en -kun / en -chan / en -san or en sensei in English-language Japanese fiction. Often, an apostrophe (used to mark syllable boundaries in pinyin) is inserted before the hyphen (as in Li'er), though it can also be omitted (Yinger). Coordinate terms en -chan See also en -est (comparative) -ess, -ress, -trix (feminine noun extension form) -ee (subject of action) -ed (verb to adjective) -ing (verb to noun) -or -eer more (comparative) References Anagrams en er 're RE Re Ré r.e. re re- en productive suffixes er Afrikaans Etymology From af nl -er. Pronunciation af LL-Q14196 (afr)-Oesjaar--er.wav Suffix af suffix en -er Bavarian Etymology From bar gmh -er, from bar goh -ari, from bar gmw-pro *-ārī. Cognates include de -er and lb -er. Pronunciation bar /-a/ Vienna Suffix bar suffix Used to form agent nouns from verbs; -er Derived terms bar Breton Pronunciation br /ɛʁ/ Suffix br suffix person or thing that (does the action indicated by the root); used to form an agent noun. br brezhoneg Breton (language) brezhoneger Breton-speaker br c'hoari game; to play c'hoarier player, actor br tredan electricity tredaner electrician Derived terms br Catalan Etymology ca verbal :inh la:-ārius ca la -ārius. Compare the borrowed doublet ca -ari 1. Pronunciation [é(r)] Suffix m forms nouns meaning the location or object where something is usually found ca vespa wasp vesper wasp nest forms nouns meaning a plant which is cultivated to produce something ca garrofa carob garrofer carob tree forms nouns meaning the purpose of something or an object used for that purpose ca tovallola towel tovalloler towel rail Usage notes The equivalent suffix ca -era can be used to form feminine nouns with these meanings, but usually only the masculine or feminine form will be found in Catalan. Suffix forms nouns and adjectives referring to an inhabitant of somewhere ca Brasil Brazil brasiler Brazilian forms nouns and adjectives referring to engaging in a profession ca camió truck camioner truck driver forms nouns and adjectives referring to being prone to some activity or characteristic ca mentida lie mentider liar, deceptive forms relational adjectives ca llet milk lleter milk [relational adjective], dairy ca pel·lícula film pel·liculer film [relational adjective], filmic, cinematic Usage notes Because these senses are used to form adjectives of two forms or nouns referring to animate objects, both the masculine and feminine forms will be found in Catalan, with the lemma entry found at the masculine form. See also ca -dor Derived terms ca References Central Franconian Pronunciation gmw-cfr /ʌ/ Etymology 1 From gmw-cfr gmh -er, from various gmw-cfr gem-pro - suffixes. Regarding the use in masculine pronouns, the medieval documentation shows that, for “who” and “that one”, Ripuarian had forms with and without -r alongside (gmh wer/wē, der/dē), but for “he” only gmh hē. Today these forms have been unified to r-less gmw-cfr wä, dä, hä, but the r-form still survives in the unstressed article gmw-cfr der the. The use in indefinite pronouns is analogical; in comparison to other High German dialects, this expansion was very limited, encompassing neither determiners nor adjectives. Suffix gmw-cfr suffix inflectional forms comparatives forms feminine dative forms of pronouns, determiners and adjectives forms masculine nominative/accusative forms of indefinite pronouns: gmw-cfr eener, keener, mäncher, selver, welcher (only in independent use) Etymology 2 gmw-cfr goh gmw-pro 2 From gmw-cfr gmh -er -er(e), gmh -ære, ultimately from gmw-cfr la -arius. Suffix gmw-cfr suffix derivational en -er, en -or; forms agent nouns Chungli Ao Etymology 1 njo-jgl nominal Suffix njo-jgl suffix simple present verb suffix Etymology 2 njo-jgl numeral See njo-jgl sit-aao-pro *th-ra ten (whence also njo-jgl ter ten). Suffix njo-jgl suffix Forms numerals denoting multiples of ten. Derived terms njo-jgl numeral Further reading 50 17-18 Chuukese Pronunciation chk /ˈɛɾ/ Suffix chk suffix chk added to possessive nouns their chk added to verbs as an indirect object them Related terms Cornish Etymology From either kw la -or or kw en -er. Suffix m yon eo Forms masculine agent nouns kw -yas -ydh kw kig meat kiger butcher Forms adjectives for spoken languages; en -phone kw Sowsnek English Sowsneger Anglophone Usage notes Feminine suffix kw -es changes this suffix to -ores. Derived terms kw Danish Etymology da :inh non:-ari From da non -ari, from da la -ārius. Pronunciation da [-ɐ] Suffix Forms agent nouns from verbs, with the sense "someone or something that verbs". Forms plural forms of many nouns. Forms the present tense of many verbs. Forms demonyms. da Berlin -er berliner da Paris -er pariser Forms informal action nouns from verbs. da especially definite Forms informal abbreviations of nouns, with elision. da hotdog hotter da fjernsyn television fjerner Forms a piece of currency from numbers. da fem five femmer fiver, five pounds/dollars/kroner/etc. Forms a die throw result from numbers. da Du skal slå mindst en treer for at komme videre. You must throw at least a three to move on. Usage notes Senses 1 and 3 often lead to heteronymic pairs. For example, from da løbe run [ˈløːb̥ə] comes da løber runs [ˈløːˀb̥ɐ] (verb form) and da løber runner [ˈløːb̥ɐ] (noun), distinguished by stød. Derived terms da References Dutch Alternative forms nl -der Pronunciation nl /ər/ Etymology 1 From nl odt *-āri, nl -ere, from nl gem-pro *-ārijaz, borrowed from nl la -ārius. Cognate with nl -aar.A. van Loey, "Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands", Zutphen, 8. druk, 1970, 90-03-21170-1; § 175 Suffix nl suffix noun-forming suffixes m plural -ers feminine -ster nl agent nounForms agent nouns from verbs. nl -aar nl hoeden hoeder nl spelen speler Forms nouns for a person associated with something. nl schip schipper Derived terms nl agent noun Descendants af -er Etymology 2 nl :inh odt:*-āri<ety:inh<gem-pro:*warjaz>> From nl odt *-āri, odt -ere, from nl gem-pro *warjaz. Suffix nl suffix noun-forming suffixes adjective-forming suffixes nl inhabitantForms nouns denoting male inhabitants or residents of a place. Een Amsterdammer A (male) inhabitant of Amsterdam nl -aar Formings adjectives denoting something originating from a place. Het Groninger museum The museum of Groningen nl -s Antonyms male inhabitant nl -se female inhabitant Derived terms nl inhabitant Etymology 3 From nl dum -er, from nl odt -iro, odt -oro, from nl gem-pro *-izô, gem-pro *-ōzô. Suffix nl suffix inflectional suffixes Forms the comparative form of adjectives. Derived terms Dutch comparative adjectives Etymology 4 From nl dum -er, from nl odt -ro, from nl gmw-pro *-eʀā, from nl gem-pro *-aizōz. Suffix nl suffix inflectional suffixes nl archaic except in fixed expressions Used to form the (strong) feminine singular genitive. nl onverrichter zake nl de schoonheid ener vrouw the beauty of a woman nl archaic except in fixed expressions Used to form the (strong) feminine singular dative. nl te goeder trouw in good faith Usage notes Mostly encountered vestigially, such as in fixed expressions; see for example the descendants at nl -wijs. References French Pronunciation -é fr LL-Q150 (fra)-Pamputt--er.wav <<France>> (<<Brétigny-sur-Orge>>) Etymology 1 fr verbal :inh frm:-er<id:verb> 1 + For the loss of final -r in pronunciation, compare another suffix fr -ier (but not its feminine form fr -ière), and nouns fr gars and fr monsieur. Elsewhere, -r is not silent (e.g. fr hiver, fr mer). Suffix forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs fr aimer to love Usage notes In newly formed verbs, this suffix may be preceded by a euphonic consonant /t/ after a base ending in an oral vowel to avoid hiatus. In verbs formed from bases ending in nasal vowels, /n/ is inserted and the nasal vowel is denasalized: fr agio -er agio agioter to speculate fr blabla -er chit-chat blablater to chit-chat fr bourdon -er bumblebee; drone bourdonner to buzz, drone Conjugation Derived terms fr verbal Descendants 1 partially derived from French sv -era Etymology 2 fr nominal :inh frm:-er<id:noun> 1 ++ Suffix m forms nouns indicating the person who exercises a particular activity fr -ère female equivalent fr boulanger baker Derived terms fr nominal Gagauz Alternative forms gag -ii -iy Cioc-Maidan Avdarma Vulcănești Etulia Cișmichioi Etymology gag trk-oat -yorır, -yörir, trk-oat -yor, -yör, ultimately from gag trk-pro *yorï-. Irregular evolution is explained as ıyor > *ıor > *ıar > êr, with contamination from the suffix gag -ar.Dinçaslan, M.F. (2023). Gagavuz Türkçesi Ana Ağız Alanları ile Alt Ağız Gruplarının Şimdiki Zaman Ekinin Varyantlarına Göre Tasnifi. Uluslararası Türk Lehçe Araştırmaları Dergisi / International Journal of Turkic Dialects (TÜRKLAD). 7. Cilt, 2. Sayı, 369-38 Compare tr -iyor, tk -ýar. gag örümää. Pronunciation gag /eˑɾ/ Suffix gag suffix back vowel variant -êr marks the present imperfective tense gag olmaa olêr to happen is happening gag yaşamaa yaşêêr to live is living gag görmää görer to see s/he sees gag istemää isteer to want s/he wants References Further reading 641 German Pronunciation de /ər/ [ɐ] de De--er.ogg <<Germany>> (<<Berlin>>) Etymology 1 de agent noun :inh gmh:-ære<ety:inh<goh:-āri<id:agent noun>>> suffix From de gmh -ære, gmh -er, from de goh -āri, from de gmw-pro *-ārī, from de gem-pro *-ārijaz, further etymology unknown but possibly from de la -ārius.A. van Loey, "Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands", Zutphen, 8. druk, 1970, 90-03-21170-1; § 175 Suffix m in Forms agent nouns etc. from verbs, suffixed to the verb stem. de arbeiten to work Arbeiter worker de bohren to drill Bohrer drill Forms instance nouns from verbs. de husten to cough Huster single cough, instance of coughing de hüpfen to hop Hüpfer hop, instance of hopping Indicates something defined by a number; in the plural often all numbers with the same first digits de 16 16er the 16, the 16er, e.g. a bus, a football player, etc. de 200 200er a 200, the 200s, e.g. a 200-euro note, or the list items 200 to 299, etc. de 1990 1990er 1990s, the years 1990 to 1999 Declension m Derived terms de agent noun Related terms de -ler, de -ner Etymology 2 de plural :inh gmh:-er From de gmh -er, a plural ending for some neuter nouns. Suffix de inflectional suffixes Used to form the plurals of some nouns, especially of neuter ones. de Kind<t:child> Kinder<t:children> de Lied<t:song> Lieder<t:songs> Usage notes The plural ending -er is used in a fairly large number of neuters (including all those in de -tum) and a small number of masculines. Etymology 3 de inhabitant :inh gmh:-ære<ety:inh<goh:-āri<id:inhabitant>>> suffix 1 From de gmh -ære,-er, from de goh -āri, from de gem-pro *warjaz. Suffix m in Forms nouns indicating an inhabitant of a place, or a person originating from a place. Declension m Derived terms de inhabitant Etymology 4 de genitival suffix :der -er<id:inhabitant><unc> + Probably originated from the prepositioned genitive plural of etymology 3 above, e.g.: der Berliner Pfannkuchen = "the Berliners’ pancake", and then "the Berlin(er) pancake", reanalysed as an adjective instead of a noun and seen as being in the nominative singular (due to the ambiguity of the definite article de der, which is both masculine nominative and plural genitive).Johann Christoph Adelung, Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart, vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1793), pages 1848-1852, sub verbo 4. -ErHermann Möller, Ahd. frôno (nhd. fron-) als elliptischer Plural, in the Zeitschrift für deutsche Wortforschung, volume 4 (editor Friedrich Kluge; Straßburg, 1903), page 95 Suffix de suffix Forms invariable adjectives from place names, with a genitival meaning, indicating origin from or association with that place. Usage notes In contemporary German, words formed with this suffix -er are written with a capital letter (§ 61 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2018), e.g. ein Berliner Pfannkuchen. In the past, they were sometimes written with a lowercase letter like most other adjectives, e.g. ein berliner Pfannkuchen.The current official spelling rules prescribe the capital letter without further explanation and without indicating the part of speech of the words formed with the suffix (compare de -isch/de -sch, derivatives of which are labelled adjectives in § 62). In case of placenames which are written with a space, the derived word can be written with a space or with a hyphen (§ 49 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2011), e.g. Bad Schandau → Bad Schandauer or Bad-Schandauer. Since adjectives in -er are undeclined, they cannot normally support genitives by themselves. However, in the feminine and plural the ending -er happens to be same as that of a declined (strong) adjective and according pseudo-genitives may be encountered, such as de Meldungen Berliner Zeitungen reports of Berlin newspapers instead of more proper de Meldungen von Berliner Zeitungen. Such usage has been discouraged, but is no longer considered an error. Derived terms de genitival Etymology 5 de comparative :inh gmh:-er From de gmh -er. Suffix de inflectional suffixes Forms the comparative form of adjectives. de lang länger de schön schöner de exakt exakter References Further reading _erin -erin Hungarian Etymology Possibly an hu en -er y, by analogy of word pairs like hu blog and hu blogger (whose doubled final consonant is consistently pronounced long in Hungarian, as opposed to English) and/or perhaps earlier borrowed word pairs like hu stop and hu stoppol. Other existing slang terms ending in hu -er, like hu vaker, haver, sóder, might have played some role. hu Pronunciation Suffix hu suffix hu slang slightly derogatory Added to a shortened form of a noun, lengthening the first consonant following its first vowel, to derive a noun. hu kalauz ticket inspector → hu kaller hu nyugdíjas pensioner → hu nyugger hu mami mommy; elderly woman → hu mammer hu jobboldali rightist → hu jobber Derived terms hu noun See also hu -esz as in hu alkesz, hu pálesz; slang terms Appendix:Hungarian suffixes Further reading A szavak megoszlása az élő nyelvhasználathoz viszonyítva. Section: Formai neologizmusok (Judit Szépe, linguist) Jamtish Etymology From gmq-jmk non -r. Same as sv -er. Suffix gmq-jmk suffix gmq-jmk archaic not productive Old masculine singular nominative case suffix. gmq-jmk gmq-jmk ałder = sv ålder ålder - Latin Pronunciation er Suffix la suffix form la -ō 1 s pres pasv subj first conjugation Luxembourgish Pronunciation lb [ɐ] Etymology 1 From lb gmh -er -er(e), older gmh -ære, from lb goh -āri, from lb gem-pro *-ārijaz, from lb la -ārius. Suffix lb suffix derivational en -er forms agent nouns from verbs Derived terms lb Etymology 2 From lb gmh -er, from a confluence of various Old High German endings. The use for all feminine datives (rather than only strong ones as in German) is found in Central Franconian from the earliest records (as in Dutch). The use with independent plural adjectives goes back to the original genitive (generalized from partitive constructions). Compare the corresponding neuter form in lb -es (as in lb vill Guddes), which is likewise from a genitive. Suffix lb suffix inflectional forms the comparatives of some adjectives in limited use, see notes at lb méi lb grouss gréisser forms the feminine dative of determiners and adjectives lb Et ass déi zweet Dier op der rietser Säit. It’s the second door on your right hand. forms the independent nominative/accusative plural of adjectives (when used with neither a preceding determiner nor a following noun) lb Ech hunn zwou Zorte Brieder kaaft: décker an dënner. I bought two kinds of boards: thick ones and thin. Middle Dutch Etymology From dum odt -iro, odt -oro, from dum gem-pro *-izô, gem-pro *-ōzô. Suffix dum suffix adjective-forming suffixes en -er. Forms the comparative of adjectives. Alternative forms dum -re Derived terms See :Category:Middle Dutch comparative adjectives. Related terms dum -st Descendants nl -er Middle English Etymology 1 enm :bor fro:-ier<id:nouns> agentive enm fro -ier, from enm la -ārius agent noun. Alternative forms enm -eer -ere -ier -ir -yr Pronunciation enm /-ˈeːr/ /-ər/ Suffix enm suffix noun-forming suffixes enm mostly non-productive Reflects Old French deverbal formations forming agent or instrument nouns. Usage notes Due to vowel reduction, this suffix is often indistinguishable from enm -ere agentive; especially in Late Middle English, it further tends to be conflated with enm -our (see that entry for forms reflecting such confusion). Derived terms enm Descendants en -er agent noun conflated with enm -ere gmw-msc -er -ar sco -er conflated with enm -ere References -ē̆r(e suf.(1) MED14294 Etymology 2 enm infinitival enm fro -er, from enm la -āre verb suffix, from enm itc-pro *-āzi. Alternative forms enm -ar -eer -ere Pronunciation enm /-ˈeːr/ /-ər/ Suffix enm suffix noun-forming suffixes enm non-productive Reflects Old French infinitives in nominal use. Derived terms enm -er (infinitival) Descendants en -er action noun gmw-msc -er -ar sco -er References -ēr suf.(4) MED14274.5 Etymology 3 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -ere agentive suffix agentive Etymology 4 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -ere comparative suffix comparative Etymology 5 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -er abstract nominal abstract nominal suffix Etymology 6 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -re plural suffix plural Etymology 7 Suffix enm suffix 1 enm -eren Middle French Etymology 1 frm verb :inh fro:-ier<id:infinitive suffix> 1 suffix frm fro -ier//-er, from frm la -āre. Alternative forms frm -ier typically early Middle French Suffix frm suffix frm 1conj Forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs Usage notes Many of these verbs are directly descended from Latin, rather than from stem + suffix Derived terms frm verb Descendants fr -er Etymology 2 frm noun :inh fro:-ier<id:nouns> suffix 1 + Alternative forms frm -ier typically early Middle French Suffix frm suffix frm suf Forms nouns, often denoting professions frm bouc boucher<t:butcher> Derived terms frm noun Descendants fr -ier -er 1 en -eer -er Norman Etymology nrf :inh la:-āre<id:verb suffix> verb suffix nrf la -āre. Suffix nrf suffix nrf -ier, verbal suffix Derived terms nrf Northern Kurdish Etymology Most probably not a cognate of en -er or la -ōr or la -tōr, and instead a back-formation from kmr -ker (a variant of kmr -ger -ist) understood as "k-" (present stem of kmr kirin) + "-er". Natively only exists with the most basic verbs such as kmr kirin (-ker), kmr birin (-ber), kmr xistin (-xer or -xîner or -êxer), kmr dan (-der), kmr anîn/kmr înan (-îner)... Later also conflated with kmr -kar suffix indicating a job or duty and kmr -dar suffix indicating a possessor. Popularized in the 20th century under the influence of similar suffixes in European languages. Before that (and now natively) diminutives such as kmr -ok, kmr -oke, kmr -ek, kmr -ik was used to form agent nouns; which are also present participle suffixes. Despite being less likely, can still be from kmr ine-pro *-tḗr, but the -r- is lost in Northwestern Iranic and that would have given *-it, *-id or lost entirely depending on the position, compare fa برادر and kmr bira. Pronunciation kmr ɛɾ 1 kmr -er Suffix kmr suffix noun-forming suffixes f used to form nouns referring to doer or who works on something kmr bû to be -er bûyer event kmr destpêkirin to start -er destpêker starter Derived terms kmr Norwegian Bokmål Pronunciation nb Etymology 1 nb :inh da:-er numerical From nb da -er. Suffix nb suffix nb added to numbers order, position, value or similar indicated by the numeral Etymology 2 nb :inh da:-er -ian From nb da -er, from nb non -ari, from nb la-med - and nb gml - words, both from nb gem-pro *-ārijaz, from nb la -ārius. Suffix nb suffix nb added to verbs person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb nb added to place names person or thing that originates in the place indicated by the place name Etymology 3 nb :inh da:-er indefinite plural suffix From nb da -er. Suffix nb suffix suffix added to most of indefinite plural nouns, usually identical to Danish, but unlike Nynorsk and Swedish Derived terms nb References nb noun-forming suffixes Norwegian Nynorsk Suffix nn suffix Used to form indefinite plurals for most feminine nouns. Used to form indefinite plurals for some masculine nouns. Used to form present tense for one class of weak verbs. nn obsolete Used to form present tense for strong verbs. Suffix nn suffix form nn -era imperative Old English Pronunciation -er Suffix ang suf ang -or Old French Etymology 1 fro :inh la:-āre<id:verb suffix> verb suffix fro la -āre. Suffix fro suffix fro -ier, verbal suffix Usage notes All varieties of Old French use -er but it's more common in Anglo-Norman than in France, specifically before certain consonants such as c and g. Etymology 2 From fro la -ārius. Suffix fro suffix fro chiefly Anglo-Norman fro -ier, suffix indicating a profession fro falconer, fauconer falconer Old Frisian Alternative forms ofs -ere Etymology From ofs gmw-pro *iʀ, from ofs gem-pro *iz, from ofs ine-pro *ís. Cognates include goh er, non er and got 𐌹𐍃. Pronunciation ofs /ˈer/ Pronoun ofs pronoun enclitics ofs hī enclitic nominative Descendants stq er fy er Old Swedish Etymology gmq-osw :inh non:-r<id:inflectional adjectives> From gmq-osw non -r. Suffix gmq-osw suffix denotes the nominative singular of adjectives, masculine a-stem, i-stem, u-stem, and an-stem, as well as feminine ijo-stem nouns denotes the nominative and accusative plurals of r- and consonant stem nouns gmq-osw fisker fish gmq-osw dø̄ver deaf Polish Etymology pl agent suffix :bor en:-er<id:agent suffix> + 1 Pronunciation Suffix pl suffix m -er, creates an agent noun pl aport aporter Declension Animate: Animal: Inanimate: Derived terms pl Further reading Portuguese Etymology pt roa-opt -er, from pt la -ēre. The short la -ere of some Latin verbs was reinterpreted as either -er or pt -ir. Pronunciation -êr pt eɾ Portugal, São Paulo eʁ Brazil e Brazil, with r-dropping 1 Suffix forms the infinitive of the second-conjugation verbs Conjugation Further reading Saterland Frisian Etymology stq gem-pro 1 From stq ofs -ere, from stq gmw-pro *-ārī. Cognates include fy -er and de -er. Pronunciation stq /-ər/ Suffix stq suffix Forms agent nouns from verbs; -er Declension stq Scots Etymology From sco enm -ere, from sco ang -ere. Pronunciation sco /-ər/ Suffix sco suffix Forms agent nouns from verbs; -er Spanish Etymology es la -eō -ēre (second conjugation infinitive suffix). Cognate with fr -oir, it -ere, ro -ea. Suffix a verb ending for infinitives for the second conjugation Conjugation Below are the suffixes for the regular conjugation of -er verbs Related terms es -ar es -ir See also es Appendix:Spanish verbs in -ar es Appendix:Spanish verbs in -er Swedish Etymology sv :inh gmq-osw:-er From sv gmq-osw -er. Suffix sv suffix One of two suffixes for indefinite plural for nouns of the third declension (common and neuter); the second one is -r Suffix for present tense, active voice, indicative mood for one of the groups of Swedish verbs Agent noun suffix, often for loan words ending with -ik. sv matematik mathematics -er matematiker mathematician sv fysik physics -er fysiker physicist sv slarv sloppiness, carelessness -er slarver someone sloppy or careless Usage notes See the usage notes for sv -r. See also plural suffix sv -or sv -ar sv -r sv -n present tense suffix sv -r (-ar) sv -as agent noun suffix sv -are sv -erska sv -inna Anagrams sv er -re re- Turkish Pronunciation [ˈæɾ] Etymology 1 tr tense marker tr ota ـر -r, -er, from tr trk-pro *-ür. Cognate with otk 𐰼 -(e)r. Negative tr -mez are from tr trk-pro *-meŕ, from tr trk-pro *-me + trk-pro *-er or trk-pro *-ür (az -ər indefinite future suffix — az -məz, but az -ir simple present suffix — az -mir). Suffix tr suffix simple present and aorist tense marker future tense marker; see usage notes Suffix -er -mez as soon as tr Eve gelir gelmez duş alırım. As soon as I get home, I take a shower. Usage notes Can change to tr -ir (tr almak → tr alır, but tr içmek → tr içer). There are some rules governing the usage of -er/ir, the former is used in case of monosyllabic stems, while the latter is used elsewhere; with the exceptions of 14 verbs below which uses -ir on the aorist tr almak — tr alır tr bilmek — tr bilir tr bulmak — tr bulur tr denmek — tr denir tr durmak — tr durur tr gelmek — tr gelir tr görmek — tr görür tr kalmak — tr kalır tr olmak — tr olur tr ölmek — tr ölür tr sanmak — tr sanır tr varmak — tr varır tr vermek — tr verir tr vurmak — tr vurur The suffix -r is used after verb stems ending in a vowel. Unlike most negations of tense suffixes which regularly uses the suffix tr -me, negative aorist suffix is tr -mez instead of *-mer. Is more often used to indicate a future tense (perhaps due to habitual meanings not often occurring in informal speech), roughly equivalent to English en will, as opposed to tr -ecek, which more closely corresponds to en be going to. tr Sen gidersen ben de giderim. If you go I'll go too. tr Ben hallederim onu. I'll take care of/can take care of that. tr Eve gelirken alırım ondan, evet. Yeah, I'll get some on my way home. Related terms tr -r tr -ar tr -ir tr -mez Etymology 2 tr deverbal Suffix tr suffix Makes adjectives out of verbs Makes nouns out of verbs tr kesmek keser kes- to cut adze tr Yağmur diner gibi oldu. The rain seems to be stopping. 1 Derived terms tr deverbal Etymology 3 tr ota ـر -er, from tr trk-pro. Suffix ar er ş tr distributive suffix for distributive numbers tr bir birer tr iki ikişer tr dört dörder tr beş beşer Derived terms tr distributive Walloon Etymology wa fro -ier, from wa la -āre. Pronunciation wa /e/ Suffix wa suffix forms infinitives of first conjugation verbs. wa inmer to love Conjugation - Welsh Pronunciation cy /ɛr/ Etymology 1 Suffix cy suffix cy literary verb suffix for the impersonal present subjunctive cy literary verb suffix for the impersonal imperative Etymology 2 Borrowed from cy en -er.-er Suffix cy suffix m suffix forming nouns cy brig branches, sprigs, shoots briger stamens cy tafl sling, catapult tafler sling, catapult cy col awn colier awner, chobber References Yola Suffix yol suffix yol -eare Derived terms yol -er