-um-

Appendix:Variations of "um" Esperanto Etymology eo :der la:-um 1 + Interfix related in an unspecified way. A lexical affix with no fixed meaning or part of speech.eo Wennergren Bertilo 2011-06-02 https://bertilow.com/pmeg/vortfarado/afiksoj/sufiksoj/um.html UM Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko 2010-11-20 eo brako arm brakumi to hug eo dekstra right dekstruma clockwise eo komuna common komunumo community eo mondo world mondumo high society eo proksima near proksimume approximately eo kruco cross krucumi to crucify eo kolo neck kolumo collar eo sankcio official approval sankciumo a coercive measure Usage notes Because meanings of words derived with this affix cannot be predicted, each derivation requires a separate dictionary entry. The part of speech is specific to each coining, and not inherent in either the affix or the stem to which it is attached. Among other uses: eo covering With body parts, eo -um- may signify a related piece of clothing: eo kolumo, eo manumo, eo plandumo, eo nazumo, eo hufumo. Or it may signify an action using that body part: eo brakumi, eo palpebrumi, eo okulumi. With things used to kill people, eo -um- may signify a method of execution: eo gasumi, eo ŝtonumi, eo krucumi. eo numeric base With numbers, eo -um- may signify a numeric base: eo duuma, eo okuma, eo dekuma. With things enjoyed at leisure, eo -um- may signify a leisure activity: eo butikumi, eo fumumi, eo bierumi, eo esperantumi. This affix should be used with care when wanting to create new words, because they would likely not be understood by most speakers because of its unpredictable meaning. Derived terms eo eo covering eo numeric base References Further reading -um -um 1 Hiligaynon Etymology From hil poz-pro *-um-, from hil map-pro *-um-. Infix hil infix an agent trigger infix Ido Etymology From io eo -um-. Suffix io suffix suffix to be used only in specific cases where the meaning is also specified io honoro honor → io honorumala honorary io kruco cross → io krucumar to cross (another road etc.) io orelo ear → io orelumo ear-covering, earlap Usage notes The suffix io -um- has an indeterminate meaning. The derivations of this suffix is only made by the Language Committee of Ido. It forms derivation, of which the meaning has an indefinite relation with the idea expressed by the prime root. The link which remain between them helps with the memorization, but, when one doesn't know the meaning of the derivation, only the lexicon can surely provide it.io http://www.ido-france.org/KGD/sufixi-ik-yun.htm KGD Kompleta gramatiko detaloza 2015-12-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20120127014347/http://www.ido-france.org/KGD/sufixi-ik-yun.htm 27 January 2012 There exists only a total of 30 words with this suffix in Ido. Derived terms io References Ilocano Alternative forms ilo -um- -V- Infix ilo infix perfective -imm- progressive CumVC- nominalized gerund iCV- nominalized locative neutral -um- -an nominalized locative perfective -imm- -an nominalized frequentative CumV- When placed before the first vowel, forms intransitive, actor focus verbs ilo antonym ag-: implies the action is of less duration or singular implies the possibility of the action to take place ilo locative indicates residents or inhabitants of a place Derived terms ilo Affixes with -um- -um- -an puma- pumi- -uman- ilo References 396 Kankanaey Pronunciation Infix infix 1 kne -om- Nias Etymology From nia poz-pro *-um-, from nia map-pro *-um-. Infix nia infix intransitive verb affix nia southern inflectional affix marking irrealis mood with transitive verbs Old Javanese Etymology From kaw poz-pro *-um-, from kaw map-pro *-um-. Infix kaw infix active verb Synonyms kaw a- kaw ma- Derived terms kaw Tagalog Alternative forms tl um- prefix tl -im- when first vowel is /i/ obsolete Etymology tl :inh poz-pro:*-um-<id:affix> infix 1 ++ affix Pronunciation Infix infix + 1 actor trigger: to do something tl Kumain ako. I ate. (I is focused.) no trigger: expresses natural phenomena tl Lumindol kanina. An earthquake occurred earlier. (Nothing is focused.) actor trigger: to become or get tl Parang pumayat si Gloria. It looks like Gloria got thinner. (Gloria is focused.) actor trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there {{ux|tl|Kumakain-kain ako pag wala akong magagawa.|I eat a little bit when I have nothing to do. (I is focused.)}} Usage notes The affix tl mag- is usually used for verbs which involve an exterior object, whereas um- is used for verbs which don't. tl Nagtanong ako sa guro. I asked the teacher. tl Umalis na ako. I already left. Mag- is also used for deliberate actions, while um- can be used for involuntary actions. tl Lumalaki ang bata. The child is growing. Some words can also change meaning if either one of them is used. Root word: alis = to go tl mag-alis = to remove tl umalis = to leave Root word: sakay'' = riding tl magsakay = to load tl sumakay = to ride Historically, the affix had the variant tl -im-, that is used when affixed to words that have /i/ as its first vowel. This variant is no longer used in modern Tagalog. tl linaw -im- liminaw tl inom im- iminom Tagalog also used to have a separate infix tl -ungm- (and variant tl -ingm- before /i/) for the complete aspect and progressive aspects in the active trigger. The affixes had since fallen out of use in favor of tl -um-, merging with the infinitive form of the active trigger. Related terms tl -ingm- -ungm- See also tl