-ਏ

Punjabi Etymology 1 The singular oblique case and the vestigial singular locative and instrumental cases are the result of many Syncretism (linguistics) mergers of case endings in Apabhramsa, which led to the use of postpositions to disambiguate grammatical cases. Additional influence for the singular oblique case in masculine extended nouns may derive from the Persian ezafe, which links words together (similar to how the oblique case functions by activating postpositions). The direct plural case is pa inc-apa -अय -aya 1 and cognate with hi -ए. Similarly, the singular vocative case on feminine nouns is possibly pa inc-apa -अए -ae 1, from pa pra -ए -e, which however comes from inflections of feminine pra -आ stems in both. Suffix pa suffix case ending for masculine extended nouns ending with pa -ਆ: plural direct case singular oblique case pa rare singular locative case pa rare singular instrumental case case ending for masculine unextended nouns: pa rare singular locative case pa rare singular instrumental case case ending for feminine extended nouns ending with pa -ਈ: singular vocative case case ending for feminine unextended nouns: singular vocative case pa rare singular locative case pa rare singular instrumental case Etymology 2 From the singular oblique case of masculine extended nouns ending with pa -ਆ, which may have also functioned as a singular vocative case (prior to that becoming distinct from the singular oblique case). The use of the singular vocative case as a combining form is prevalent in the grammar of Sanskrit and Prakrit due to its frequent overlap with oblique word stems. This behavior can still be found in some modern Indo-Aryan languages like Hindustani, though it is not nearly as obvious in the latter due to extensive case syncretism. See Word stem#Oblique stem Oblique stem for examples of combining forms in Latin and Ancient Greek, distantly related to Sanskrit and Prakrit. Suffix pa suffix creates the combining form of masculine extended nouns ending with pa -ਆ: pa ਜੱਥਾ ਜੱਥੇਦਾਰ group group leader (with Persian suffix pa -ਦਾਰ) pa ਮੂਸਾ ਮੂਸੇਵਾਲਾ Moosa, Mansa district Moosa Sidhu Moose Wala Moose Wala (with non-Persian suffix pa -ਵਾਲਾ) pa ਸੇਵਾ ਸੇਵਾਦਾਰ service volunteer (indeclinable) Usage notes This ending is generally used with suffixes of Persian origin such as pa -ਦਾਰ or pa -ਦਾਨ, and uncommon otherwise. Indeclinable words that end with pa -ਆ, usually feminine or inanimate nouns such as pa ਕਲਾ or pa ਸੇਵਾ, do not morph before combining with suffixes or words. This ending can also be used to affix additional case endings, in which case it shortens to pa -ਇ: for example, pa -ਆਂ -ਇਆਂ. Etymology 3 Compare with hi -ए, a vocative case ending preserved in Hindi. May also be borrowed from the singular vocative case for feminine nouns. Suffix pa suffix pa uncommon creates the polite/respectful form of proper names ending with pa -ਆ: pa ਭਿੰਡਰਾਂਵਾਲਾ ਭਿੰਡਰਾਂਵਾਲੇ Damdami Taksal Bhindranwala Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale Bhindranwale Etymology 4 Merging from a few sources: pa pra -𑀅𑀲𑀺, from pa sa -असि, from pa iir-pro *-asi, from pa ine-pro *-esi second person present. pa pra -𑀅𑀤𑀺, from pa sa -अति, from pa iir-pro *-ati, from pa ine-pro *-eti third person present. pa pra -𑀏𑀲𑀺, from pa sa -अयसि, from pa iir-pro *-áyasi, from pa ine-pro *-éyesi second person causative present. pa pra -𑀏𑀤𑀺, from pa sa -अयति, from pa iir-pro *-áyati, from pa ine-pro *-éyeti third person causative imperfective. Suffix pa suffix Marks the second-person singular subjunctive. Marks the third-person singular subjunctive. pa ਕਰ do verb stem ਕਰੇ